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15 May 2008, Volume 27 Issue 3
    

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    Review
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 325-334.
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    Three fungal isolates, KF-1, HN-14 and K-12, from barnyardgrass leaf blight, which were collected from Hunan and Beijing, were studied morphologically and molecularly. The results showed that there were differences between the three isolates and the two Exserohilum monoceras strains G-9 and X-27 which were accurately identified and deposited in culture collections of China Agricultural University in colonial morphology, sporulation and spore morphology especially septa of spore. G-9, KF-1, X-27 and HN-14 grow quickly and produce abundant spores on PDA plate, but K-12 grows slowly and produced less spores. To further identify the relationship of 5 isolates, 5.8S-ITS sequence were compared. Results indicated that the similarity of ITS sequence of five isolates were over 98% and the phylogenetic tree based on ITS1 and ITS2 sequence also revealed that G-9, KF-1, K-12, X-27, and HN-14 were all clustered into one group and distinct from the other outgroup and suboutgroup. Based on the above data, these three isolates were proved to be E. monoceras.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 335-342.
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    Twenty species of Aspergillus and their teleomorphs were isolated from naturally fermented soybean pastes collected in 42 regions of China. Of which A. tubingensis, A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. candidus and A. fumigatus were predominant. The high frequency of A. flavus from the samples indicates that the traditional making method of soybean paste might possibly be harmful to food safety. Some Aspergillus species or strains isolated from the traditional food samples may be hopeful of using in pure leaven making and industrial production of soybean paste with special flavor.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 343-350.
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    Eighteen isolates of Botrytis cinerea were obtained from the diseased plant tissue collected in Hefei, Bengbu, Changfeng and Hexian in Anhui province, by means of tissue isolating method. The pathogenicity of the isolates of B. cinerea from different hosts to the fruits and leaves of tomato were investigated by applying wound inoculation with mycelial blocks. The results showed that all of the tested isolates caused grey mould on tomato fruits, but there was significant difference in the average diameters of the lesions caused by different isolates, suggesting that there was significant differentiation in pathogenicity of B. cinerea strains to tomato fruits among isolates. According to the average diameters of the lesions on tomato fruits, the pathogenicity of the all isolates was classified into three categories: strong, intermediate and weak. In general, the isolates from tomato were more strongly pathogenic to tomato fruits than the isolates from strawberry, grape and capsicum. However, there was difference in pathogenicity among the different isolates from the same host, and the pathogenicity difference was not obviously related to the localities of isolates. After inoculating of tomato leaves, all of the tested isolates except CF3 caused grey mould on tomato leaves, but there was significant difference in the average diameters of the lesions caused by different isolates; and the difference in pathogenicity to tomato leaves was not obviously related to the host and locality of isolates.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 351-359.
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    The genetic diversity of the populations of Phytophthora infestans from some major potato production regions in China were detected by amplified restriction fragment polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Among 200 combinations of primer pair screened, 12 combinations could generate consistent polymorphic bands using six tested isolates. The twelve combinations were used to amplify the genomic DNA of 50 isolates collected in China from 1997 to 2002. A total of 922 AFLP bands were obtained, and 530 of them,covering 57.5%, showed polymorphism. Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) separated 50 isolates into five AFLP groups which were correlated to groups defined by geographical origin, however, they were not correlated to groups defined by mating type, or response to metalaxyl and virulence. Parameters of genetic diversity calculated by POPGENE software indicated that the genetic diversity level of Phytophtora infestans population in China was not high.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 360-367.
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    One hundred and seventy-six isolates were obtained from corn sheath blight samples in Huanghuai Plain and Haihe Plain (including Shandong, Henan, Hebei Provinces and Northern regions of Jiangsu Province) of China. Anastomosis group identification and 5.8S rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis showed that the isolates belonged to multinucleate Rhizoctonia AG1-IA, AG1-IB, AG4-HG-I, AG-5 and WAG-Z and binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A and AG-Ba. Of these, AG-1-IA was the major anastomosis group(AG)(64.20% of total isolates), followed by AG-Ba (12.50%), WAG-Z (10.23%), AG1-IB (5.11%), AG4-HG-I (3.98%), AG-5 (2.27%) and AG-A (1.70%). AG-Ba was isolated for the first time from maize in China. 5.8S rDNA-ITS sequence analysis showed that the isolates could be distinctly separated based on their AG types. The isolates belonging to the same AG (or sub-AG) showed 97%-100% sequence identity.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 368-376.
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    Nematophagous fungi, one of the natural enemies of nematodes, have been employed in biological control. Extracellular enzymes secreted from nematophagous fungi, including protease, chitinase and collagenase serve as virulence factors of infection. In this study, we found Lecanicillium psalliotae can penetrate the eggs of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and influence development of the eggs. A chitinase gene Lpchi1 was isolated from L. psalliotae using degenerate primers and DNA-walking technique. Comparison of the chitinase amino acid sequences from different pathogenic fungi revealed that the enzymes were highly similar. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the chitinases derived from different fungi were clustered into three main clades corresponding to different molecular weight.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 377-384.
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    The green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been expressed in a variety of organisms and has been used extensively as a marker in the study of host-pathogen interaction. We have expressed GFP in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana through transformation with a vector that confers resistance to phosphinothricin. Conidia expressed GFP and were readily detected by fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescent hyphae and conidia were easily distinguished in the tissue of the cabbage worm. GFP-tagged strains of B. bassiana could be used to study the developmental fate of the fungus within its insect hosts. Thus, this method is useful for screening and monitoring the engineered strains even after infection.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 385-394.
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    Citrus unshiu “Guoqing No.1” was used as material for elucidating the effect of Kloeckera apiculata suspension post-harvest treatment on preventing fruit decay during storage period. The result showed that K. apiculata preparation of 2×106CFU/mL (CFU, cloning forming unit) significantly reduced the development of decay caused by green mold, blue mold and stem rot, showing the same effect of carbendazim treatment after storage period of 100 days, and the disease incidence was controlled under 1%. The antagonist population was between 3.5×105CFU/mL and 1.7×107CFU/mL in citrus fruit, and increased 1.7×107CFU/mL after 40 days storage, and then stabilized for the remaining storage period. After storage at 5℃ for 100 days, K. apiculata strain 34-9 did not alter any quality parameters of fruit. During storage, the change of relative electrical conductivity (REC) showed a coordinate tendency with malondlaldehyde (MDA) content, which kept continuously growing from the beginning to the end of the storage. In the storage period of 25 days, the REC value and MDA content of the treatments were all significantly lower than those of water treatment, but had no obvious difference from those of carbendazim treatment. K. apiculata strain 34-9 had no effect on the enzyme activity of super oxide dismutase (SOD), but significantly improved peroxidase (POD) activity after 100 day storage.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 395-404.
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    Pot experiment was conducted to explore whether nursery inoculation of cucumber with Glomus etunicatum could alleviate fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Four-week-old seedlings inoculated with Glomus etunicatum were infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum by pouring conidial suspension. Biomass, contents of malonaldehyde (MDA), soluble sugar and free proline in roots, as well as the quantity of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere were determined. The results indicated that the root dry weight of seedlings preinoculated with Glomus etunicatum increased by 9.3%; contents of soluble sugar and free proline in roots increased, and the quantity of fungi in rhizosphere decreased significantly. The disease incidence and disease index of Fusarium wilt were reduced. On the contrary, root dry weight of seedlings without inoculation with Glomus etunicatum was reduced by 28.0%. It is concluded that Glomus etunicatum is beneficial to biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of cucumber seedlings.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 405-412.
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    DPPH-TLC and DPPH-Microplate assays were used to determine the free radical scavenging activities of methanol extracts from the fermentation broth and the mycelia of Paecilomyces cicadae P3. The results revealed that the extracts had strong free radical scavenging activities. At the concentration of 5.0mg/mL the methanol extract from fermentation broth of P3 could decrease 74.86% of 0.4mg/mL DPPH radicals after incubating at 37℃ for 10 minutes. An anti-fungal TLC assay was applied to test antimicrobial metabolites of Paecilomyces cicadae P3. Meanwhile, an anti-Candida albicans Oxford Cup assay was made to confirm their anti-fungal activities. At the concentration of 5.0mg/mL the methanol extracts from fermentation broth and mycelia of P3 had significant anti-Candida albicans activities and the diameters of inhibition zone were 21.42mm and 11.23mm respectively.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 413-419.
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    Pleurotus citrinopileatus polysaccharides ware extracted from fermentation liquid by acetone under the conditions of different solvent concentration, extracting duration and temperature. The optimal design of extraction was analysed by using orthogonal test. The results showed that under the condition of acetone concentration of 75%, extraction duration of 1.5h, and temperature of 70℃, the highest yield of Pleurotus citrinopileatus polysaccharides was obtained.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 420-430.
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    The regulatory effects of blood glucose, lipid metabolism and free radical elimination were compared in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats among the following treatments: Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGB), the biotransformation of EGB by Hericium erinaceus, a cultural filtrate of H.erinaceus, and the cultural filtrate of H.erinaceus plus EGB, together with the normal control, the model control and the positive control (Metformin). The best results were obtained from the biotransformation treatment group, which could significantly reduce the levels of blood glucose and fructosamine. However, the treatment did not increase the blood insulin level. The EGB transformed products could obviously increase the serum superoxide dismutase activity and reduce the malondialdehyde level, but the reduction of malondialdehyde was not obvious as compared with that of the other treatment groups. This study provides a useful information on improving the medical properties of the herb extracts by biotransformation.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 431-438.
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    During a screening of fungal strains with anti-tumor activity against CHO cells, a strain named RCEF0851 of Hirsutella sp. whose extract exhibited significant bioactivity was found. Extraction tests with different solvents revealed that acetylacelate was the best solvent for obtaining the extraction with active components. The extract can be best purified by using RP column Synergi Hydro. Bioactive guided isolations resulted in obtaining a pure active compound Hh-1. The inhibition rate of the compound against CHO cells reached 83.61% at the concentration of 40μg/mL. HPLC-HRMS analysis revealed that the possible molecular formula of the active compound was C30H22O10 which was isolated from entomogenous fungi for the first time.
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 447-451.
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    Fermentation broth of endophytic fungus Trichoderma taxi ZJUF0986 has high antifungal activity to the common 15 species of phytopathogenic fungi. Three bioactive metabolites I, II and III were obtained by extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol and subsequent silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Among them, compound I, the main metabolite, has strong broad-spectrum antifungal activity, especially to Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with IC50 1.06, 1.08 and 1.13 mg/L, respectively.
  • Papers
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 447-451.
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  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 452-454.
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  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 455-458.
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  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 459-460.
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  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 461-463.
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  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 464-468.
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  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 469-473.
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  • short communications
  • Mycosystema. 2008, 27(3): 474-481.
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