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15 May 2009, Volume 28 Issue 3
    

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  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 315-327.
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    The polypores treated in the present list are in wide sense (sensu lato), including the poroid species in Polyporales, Hymenochaetales, Gloeophyllales, Trechisporales, Corticiales, Thelephorales and Russulales, and a few poroid genera of Agaricales, Atheliales, Cantharellales and Auriculariales (e.g. Dictyopanus, Favolaschia, Elmerina, Fistulina and Protomerulius). Based on more than 10 000 collected specimens and other poroid specimens of aphyllophoraceus fungi in the main mycological herbaria in China, the knowledge of Chinese polypores is summarized, and 604 species are recorded in the country so far. All of the polypore names were checked or revised in accordance with the contemporary taxonomy and the latest version of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code). 121 new Chinese names are proposed.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 328-331.
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    Specimens of Nos. L2072 and L2075 collected recently from living branches of Fagus engleriana in Huangshan Scenic Spot of Anhui are identified as Ascodichaena rugosa. This is the first report of Ascodichaena and Ascodichaenaceae in China. Descriptions and discussions are given for the family, genus and species, and illustrations of Ascodichaena rugosa are provided as well. The specimens examined are deposited in the Herbarium of Forest Fungi of Anhui Agricultural University (AAUF).
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 332-335.
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    A new disease infecting grafted plants of Ziziphus jujuba and causing stem dry rot was investigated. The field and laboratory survey indicates that the pathogen only produces conidial stage. Morphological observation and rDNA ITS analysis have proved that the pathogen is Fusicoccum aesculi, the anamorph of Botryosphaeria dothidea.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 336-341.
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    One hundred and eight isolates of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes belonging to 15 genera were found from 59 soil samples collected in central and western of Qaidam Basin covered with desert, gobi, swamp and town-oasis. The species dominance, Shannon-Wiener index, evenness and niche width were used to study the diversity of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes in different ecosystem of Qaidam Basin. The results showed that the species dominant in the four ecosystem types was distinctly different. In desert ecosystem, Alternaria and Ulocladium were more dominant than other genera; Monodictys had the highest dominance in gobi; Phialophora and Cladosporium had the highest dominance in swamp and town-oasis. The diversity index of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes was the highest but the evenness was lower in town-oasis, whereas in desert and gobi the diversity index was obviously lower, and the species evenness was higher. In the four ecosystem types, species of Alternaria and Ulocladium had wider niche breadth and were of widely adaptive species, while species of Bipolaris, Cirrenaria, Curvularia, Doratomyces, Graphium, Myrothecium, Scolecobasidium, Scopulariopsis, Scytalidium and Stachybotrys had narrower niche breadth and were of narrowly adaptive species.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 342-348.
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    Fourteen strains of endophytic Trichoderma were isolated from healthy tea plant by using conventional isolation method. The strain Trichoderma longibrachiatum CSN-18 was used as inoculum for studying its endophytism in tea seedlings. The strain grew quickly in PDA media and yielded masses of conidiospores. After being inoculated to tea seedlings, the endophytic Trichoderma longibrachiatum CSN-18 was re-isolated from the seedlings in 30 days. The tea seedlings inoculated with Trichoderma longibrachiatum CSN-18 did not show any disease symptom, and the tissue-cultured seedlings grew better than un-inoculated seedlings in 6 months. The presence of the fungus in the leaf tissues was studied by means of paraffin-cut section dyed with aniline blue. The results showed that the fungus was observed on the surface and in inner tissues of leaves, indicating that Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain CSN-18 could establish colonization in ground portion of tea seedlings as an endophyte.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 349-353.
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    An endophytic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum Y1 was isolated from the fresh bulbs of Fritillaria pallidiflora Schrenk in Gongliu county, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The fungus showed variable colony features when it was cultured on different media, and could secrete antibacterial metabolites in sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) liquid medium. Further analysis showed all the fractions extracted from the fermentation broth and mycelia had abilities to suppress the growth of bacteria. The acetic ether extract from the fermentation broth and n-butanol extract from the mycelial lysates showed the strongest inhibitions against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea and Escherichia coli with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) lower than 25μg/mL.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 354-362.
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    Yeasts in the rotten wood collected from the rainforest of Hainan, a tropical island in southern China, were isolated by using the enrichment medium X containing xylose as the sole source of carbon and medium E containing glucose and 7.6% (v/v) ethanol. A total of 67 yeast strains were isolated from 56 rotten wood samples using medium X and 75 strains were isolated from 57 samples using medium E. After morphological grouping, these strains were identified based on the 26S rDNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis. A total of 63 species (including 25 proposed new species) belonging to 14 genera were identified from the 147 strains isolated. Thirty seven species belonging to seven genera and 33 species belonging to 11 genera were identified from the yeast strains isolated using media X and E, respectively. Candida Berkhout and Pichia Hansen were the dominant genera identified from the strains isolated using either of the media. However, the species identified from the strains isolated using different media were quite different. Among strains isolated using medium X, Candida quercitrusa S.A. Meyer & Phaff was the most widely distributed species and among the strains isolated using medium E, Pichia anomala (Hansen) Kurtzman, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex Hansen and Pichia subpelliculosa Kurtzman were the most widely distributed species. Strains belonging to the same species were only isolated from two of the 23 rotten wood samples compared using different media. The present study suggests that the species diversity of yeasts colonizing rotten wood is quite high and a considerable number of new yeast species remain to be discovered from this habitat. The yeasts isolated using medium X are usually able to utilize xylose and those isolated using medium E are usually able to tolerate ethanol. These strains may be useful in bio-ethanol production from lignocellulose materials.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 363-369.
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    Biological and physiological characteristics of Neotyphodium endophyte from Festuca sinensis were studied. The results showed that Neotyphodium sp. endophyte was able to grow at 10–30℃, but almost not at 5℃ and 35℃. The optimal temperature and pH values for mycelial growth of the endophyte was 25℃ and 7–9, respectively. The endophyte varied in their viability on media containing different carbon and nitrogen nutrients. The preference of endophyte for carbon and nitrogen source was mannitol and yeast extract, respectively. The endophyte mycelium grew significantly better on potato dextrose agar (PDA) than on oat meal agar (OMA), corn meal agar (CMA) and F. sinensis meal agar (FMA), and most slowly on water agar (WA) and saltwater nutrient agar (SNA).Sporulation of the endophyte on WA and SNA was better than that on others.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 370-377.
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    The effects of different temperature, pH, nitrogen and carbon source on the mycelium growth, dry mycelium weight and conidium production of Botrytis cinerea isolates from different hosts were compared. The tested isolates of B. cinerea were obtained from Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum frutescens, Fragaria ananassa and Vitis vinifera in Anhui, China. The results showed that the ranges of temperature for mycelium growth of the five tested isolates were the same, from 0℃ to 35℃. But the optimum temperature and the thermal death point were different. The optimum temperature and the thermal death point of the isolate HX12 from tomato in Hexian were 20℃ and 47℃ for 10min respectively, while those for the others were 25℃ and 48℃ for 10min respectively. There was significant difference among the mycelial growth rates for B. cinerea strains from different hosts at the same temperature. The effects of pH on the mycelial growth rates B. cinerea strains from different hosts were obviously different. For the mycelial growth of isolate LJ from capsicum in Changfeng, the range of pH values was 2-9, and the favorable pH was 3-6.5 with the optimum being 6. As for the other isolates, the range of pH values was 2-12, and the favorable pH was 3-9 with the optimum being 6. The effects of carbon and nitrogen source on the mycelial growth and conidial production of B. cinerea strains were significant. The utilization of carbon and nitrogen sources among the isolates from different hosts were significantly different. On the condition of the same carbon and nitrogen source, there were significant differences in the linear mycelium growth, dry mycelium weight and conidial production among B. cinerea strains from different host plants. It was suggested that the kind of the hosts had an important effect on the biological characteristics of B. cinerea isolates, and this was discussed in the paper.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 378-384.
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    Six cultivated strains of Flammulina velutipes were used for selfing breeding and integrative evaluation of the progenies was conducted based on mycelial growing rate, yield, primordium formation time and agronomic traits of S1 generations. The results showed that the mycelial growing rate and yield of self-bred populations was lower than that of their parent strains. Yellow strains grow faster than white strains. The yields were found to be unrelated to the mycelial growing rate, but has strong relativity with primordium formation time. In the self-bred populations, the S1 generations of white strain FM has superiority in high yield, and S1 generations of strain F3 showed superior in fast growth, while S1 generations of strain F10 showed comparatively fine in agronomic traits. These characteristics can be used for selective breeding according to different breeding purposes.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 385-392.
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    The teliospore germination process and affecting factors of Puccinia xanthii sp. ambrosiae-trifidae were studied by means of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy. The telia were initially subepidermal and erumpent after maturation. The teliospores tended to be rumpled and formed a cap-like protrusion at the apex before germination, and then basidia arised from underneath of the cap-like protrusion. The upper and lower cells of teliospores were capable of germination. The teliospores began to germinate in water in two hours at 25℃ and reached the maximum germination rate of 12% in 24 hours in vitro. Temperature of 20-25℃, relative humidity above 97% and pH5-7 were favorable to their germination. Light didn’t show any effect on germination. Xylose and lactose could stimulate their germination. Inorganic nitrogen sources tended to inhibit their germination. Among the organic nitrogen sources phaseomannite, nicotinic acid and lactoflavin promoted the teliospore germination. The leaf juice of Ambrosia trifida was found to be the most favorable to their germination, which significantly increased the germination rate by 31%.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 393-398.
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    The melanin produced by Lachnum brasiliense 84-2 is soluble in NaOH solution and dimethylsulfoxide, slightly soluble in water, and not in methanol, ethyl acetate, HCl, anhydrous ethanol, chloroform, acetone and acetonitrile. The melanin is stable in pH≥7, but deposit in pH≤6 The melanin shows stable to temperature, sunlight, ultraviolet light, sodium benzoate, citric acid, sucrose, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Al3+, Cu2+and Na2SO3 but unstable to Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+and H2O2. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the melanin is a kind of sheet crystalloid whose surface is anomalistic. Infrared spectrum analysis shows that it has functional groups of aryl, -OH, -NH, -COOH and thiazinyl. It is concluded that the melanin has the structure model of both eumelanin and pheomelanin.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 399-406.
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    Based on the fluorescent property of specific integration of aniline blue dye and standard functional yeast β-1,3/1,6-glucan, some influencing factors of glucan fluorometry were investigated and β-glucan fluorescent determination method was developed. Under the conditions of buffer solution of pH 9.6, aniline blue reaction on yeast β-1,3/1,6-glucan at 80℃ for 15min in dark, then cooling at room temperature for 30min and fluorescent analysis at 20℃ with an excitation maximum wavelength of 398nm and an emission maximum wavelength of 508nm, the standard curve had a good linearity with a concentration range of 2-20μg/mL (R2=0.9977), and the detectable limit was 45μg/L. The precision and recovery of fluorescent method were both measured with a relative standard deviation (RSD) as 1.86% and 3.40%. The method was also validated by enzyme method and showed preferable time saving and economization of cost. The purity and yield of extracted β-glucans samples of Grifola frondosa, Agaricus blazei, Lentinula edodes and Phellinus baumii were analyzed by the method.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 407-409.
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    Compounds were isolated from Ganoderma duropora fruit-body by silica gel column chromatography. Eight sterols were obtained from CHCl3 fraction of EtOH extract. Eight sterols were identified as ergosterol; ergosta-7, 22-dien-3β-ol; ergosta-7, 22-dien-3-one; 6, 9-epidioxyergosta-7, 22-dien-3β-ol; 5, 8-epidioxiergosta-6, 22-dien-3β-ol; 3, 5-dihydroxy-ergosta- 7, 22-dien-6-one; β-sitosterol; daucosterol by analyses of their Electro spray ionization-mass spectrometry, Electro ionization-mass spectrometry and Neonatal mortality rate data.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 410-414.
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    Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae on growth and ionic content of soybean Glycine max plants were investigated under saline conditions. Results showed that the fungus significantly increased potassium content and K/Na ratio in the leaves, while sodium content was not significantly affected. Biomass of soybean seedlings inoculated with G. mosseae was significantly higher than that of the controls (without inoculation) under NaCl stress, and the stimulating effect increased with the increase of salt concentration. These results suggest that the enhanced growth and salt tolerance of soybean seedlings resulted from AM fungi are related to the increase of K+ uptake and translocation in the plants.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 415-421.
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    Penicillium marneffei is an important opportunistic pathogenic fungus causing a fatal systemic mycosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Based on the genomic work and RNA interference, candidate virulence associated genes and virulence mechanisms are investigated to make it possible for overcoming the Penicillium marneffei infection. We characterized a novel Penicillium marneffei Fus3 gene, which is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family of serine/threonine-specific kinases. To study biological function of Fus3, we constructed a Fus3 gene RNA interference strain (Fus3-i) using dsRNAi mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The activity of RNA interference is under control of promoter xylP, which can be induced by xylose. The reduction of Fus3 activity displays morphogenesis changes including the change of sporogenesis and cell-wall synthesis. We propose that Fus3 gene might be involved in regulation of cell integrity, and therefore these findings might contribute to study of treating fungal diseases.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 422-247.
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    The degenerate PCR and the chromosome walking technique were used to reveal the molecular genetics structure of B mating-type locus in strain No. 135 of Lentinula edodes. A pheromone receptor gene LErcb1-B1 and a pheromone precursor gene LEphb1-B1 were obtained from the protoplast monokaryon strain NO. 1 of L. edodes strain No. 135. The pheromone receptor Lercb1-B1 of L. edodes had the homology with these pheromone receptors from Coprinus cinereus and Schizophyllum commune based on alignment, and was seven transmembrane protein following the analysis using the SOSUI software. The predicted pheromone precursor LEphb1-B1 contains the C-terminal CaaX motif.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 428-434.
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    Screening out a novel Aspergillus niger strain (A-828) which expresses high active acid phytase through combination mutation by Co-60 and UV. To research its enzymatic characterization, the acid phytase was purified by the steps of ultrafiltration and Bio-gel-P-150 chromatography. The purification ratio and yield was 11.2 and 29%. Result shows that its molecular weight was estimated to be about 66kDa by SDS-PAGE. The phytase activity of A-828 reached to the 66,000U/mL, 17 fold than origin. Its optimum pH of the enzyme activity was both at 2.5 and 5.5, but the largest activity at 2.5 was 5 fold than that at 5.5. Its optimum temperature was 55℃. The thermal stability of the phytase could be unchanged during 20℃ to 60℃ for 20 min. The phytase activity was strongly inhibited by 2mmol/L Cu2+ , Fe2+ and Cr2+, while could not be influence by Ca2+, Mn2+, EDTA, DTT.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 435-439.
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    The gene transcription level of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and iNOS in RAW 264.7 was detected by real-time RT-PCR method. The protein expression level of iNOS was also tested by Western-Blot method. It was found that the transcribe level of these genes was all enhanced by Auricularia polytricha polysaccharide APPIIA in a dose-dependent manner and the protein level of iNOS was also enhanced by APPIIA. It could be concluded that APPIIA might promote the expression of these genes and inhibit the tumor markedly.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 440-444.
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    By using single-factor analysis, the effects of the medium composition and initial pH on production of laccase from Polyporus arcularius A08 cultivated in liquid medium was investigated. The results showed that its productivity of laccase was improved when adding NH4Cl and mixed carbon source containing rice bran and hemicellulose in the medium with high C/N. The laccase production in Polyporus arcularius A08 was significantly induced by addition of some substance such as rice bran hydrolysate, Cu2+ or naphthylacetic acid (NAA) in the medium, but obviously inhibited by1-naphthol, benzidine, guaiacol, ethanol tween 80 and the combination of Cu2+ and NAA, respectively. In addition, the suitable initial pH for laccase production was 5.2-5.7. As the result, the laccase productivity of Polyporus arcularius A08 with submerged shaking culture with the utilization of the optimized fermentation medium was increased 0.95 times reaching an enzyme activity of 1480U/L.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 445-450.
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    Crop straw was pretreated by steam-exploded method, and Trichoderma viride was used for degradation of crop straw in the first-step fermentation, then Rhizopus oryzae was used for producing L-lactic acid in the second-step fermentation. The optimal condition for the first-step fermentation was as follows: fermentation temperature of 30℃, aeration rate of 0.12L/(L?min) for 40 hours, including pentose and hexose sugar concentration of about 86g/L when 10g dry biomass from the first-step fermentation was used for the degradation of 1L hydrolyte. The yield of L-lactic acid was about 81.6g/L when the second-step fermentation condition was as follows: temperature of 32℃, aeration rate of 0.4L/(L?min), rotation rate of 450r/min and fermentation period of 48 hours. It was concluded that the two-step fermentation technics for the production of L-lactic acid from crop straw was worthy to be developed on a large scale.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 451-455.
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    The effect of water extracts of Phellinus linteus fruit bodies (WEPL) on the growth of HepG2 human colon cancer cells was investigated. Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that the inhibition ratio of HepG2 cells treated with WEPL increased dose- and time- dependently. Microscopic observation proved the occurrence of apoptotic bodies. Flow cytometry detection showed the cells were positively stained by Annexin-Ⅴ. These were the hallmark features of apoptosis. The mRNA expression level and protein level of Bax were adjusted up while that of Bcl-2 were adjusted down. It seems possible that WEPL induces HepG2 cell apoptosis through down-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 gene and up-regulating the expression of Bax gene.
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 456-462.
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    In order to investigate inhibitory effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on cisplatin-induced vomit, male KM mice used as test animal, and they were divided into 5 treatment groups, normal saline + normal saline treatment group, granisetron + cisplatin treatment group, normal saline + cisplatin treatment group, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides + normal saline treatment group, and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides + cisplatin treatment group. The mice of 5 groups were injected intraperitoneally with first agent followed by intraperitoneal injection of second agent 30min later. These treatments were conducted once a day and lasted for 5 days. Kaolin intake and brain Fos protein expression were assayed for the evaluation of anti-vomit effect. Results showed that granisetron or Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides reduced the enhanced intake of kaolin and Fos expression in brain induced by cisplatin. It was suggested that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides possess inhibitory effects on cisplatin-induced vomit.
  • Papers
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 463-465.
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  • short communications
  • Mycosystema. 2009, 28(3): 466-471.
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