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15 November 2013, Volume 32 Issue 增刊
    

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  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 14-19.
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    Tremella fuciformis is one of the edible mushroom with high economic value and a renowned medicinal mushroom in China. The studies of T. fuciformis by generations of mycologists and technicians have been focused on pure strain isolated and cultured, life cycle, ecosystem, genetics and breeding, molecular biology, artificial cultivation and so on. Researches were full of innovation and obtained quite a lot of high level scientific achievements to promote productivity and create significant social and economic benefits. Recalling the research history of T. fuciformis, the Chinese mycologists, especially the pioneer generation, combined effectively theoretical research with application and production of economic mushroom and made eminent contribution to the field of research, which will motivate the followers to promote innovation of mycology in China.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 20-44.
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    A historical review of studies on the genus Pythium in mainland China was conducted, covering the occurrence, distribution, taxonomy, pathogenicity, plant disease control and its utilization. To date, 64 species of Pythium have been reported and 13 were described as new to the world: P. acrogynum, P. amasculinum, P. baisense, P. boreale, P. breve, P. connatum, P. falciforme, P. guiyangense, P. guangxiense, P. hypoandrum, P. kummingense, P. nanningense and P. sinensis. The dominant species is P. aphanidermatum causing serious damping off and rotting of roots, stems, leaves and fruits of a wide variety of plants throughout the country. Most of the Pythium species are pathogenic with 44 species parasitic on plants, one on the red alga, Porphyra: P. porphyrae, two on mosquito larvae: P. carolinianum and P. guiyangense and two mycoparasitic: P. nunn and P. oligandrum. In comparison, 48 and 28 species have been reported, respectively, from Taiwan and Hainan Island with one new species described in Taiwan: P. sukuiense. The prospect of future study on the genus Pythium in mainland China was discussed.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 45-56.
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    Successive subculture of Beauveria bassiana is subject to degenerative variation, with phenotypic nourishing hyphal growth and gradual decline of sporulation and virulence on hosts, resulting in dramatic loss of production and application of fungal insecticides. Degeneration also happens to transgenic strain with inserted virulent gene not lost. Components and water content of medium, and environmental factors such as incubation temperature and illumination variously induce saltation, but degeneration is mainly controlled by genetic mechanisms, including mutation of mitochondrial genome, heterokaryosis, parasexuality, mutation of nuclear genome as well as sexual recombination; saltation is essentially a sign of ageing. As a strategy of degeneration control for fungal insecticide production, environment control details should be carried out based on specific isolate, in addition to decrease of subculturing.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 57-61.
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    Mushroom cultivation is shown to be equally important as crop cultivation and animal breeding. Yield and quality of mushrooms are the bottleneck of industrial mushroom cultivation in wild conditions. Cultivation of Agaricus mushrooms and their rotation with vegetables is discussed, which will become a new direction of mushroom farming industry in our country.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 62-69.
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    Small endogenous microRNAs (miRNAs), known as posttranscriptional repressors in plants and animals, have mostly been thought lost in the Kingdom of Fungi. Here, we describe the identification of miRNAs from Cryptococcus neoformans. With bioinformatics and Northern blotting approaches, we found the miRNAs and their hairpin precursors in this fungus. The size of miR1 and miR2 are 22nt and 18nt, respectively. The precursors are about 70nt that is close to mammalian pre-miRNAs. We demonstrated that miR1 and miR2 caused transgene silencing via the canonical RNAi pathway. Numerous possible targets of miR1/2 are located number of identical sequences of the miR1/2 in transposable elements (TEs) and pseudogenes, indicating that fungal miRNAs might be involved in the regulation of the activity of transposons and the expression of pseudogenes.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 70-78.
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    In the paper, the textual research on name evolution and medicinal value of “Sanghuang” were reported. The “Sanghuang” was recorded earliest in ‘Sheng Nong’s Herbal Classic’ as “Sang’er”, and the “Sanghuang” two Chinese words first appeared in ‘Yao Xing Lun’ published in Tang dynasty. We believe that the Chinese “Sanghuang” should be the fungi from Phellinus, Inonotus and Fomitiporia etc. that belong to Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes, Aphyllophorales and Hymenochaetaceae, including the fruiting bodies of wood rotting fungi as Phellinus igniarius, Phellinus vaninii, Phellinus baumii, Fomitiporia ellipsoidea, and Inonotus hispidus which are significant in antitumor activity, and of regional characteristic utilizations.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 79-88.
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    Fungicolous fungi are important nature resources. They grow on fungi as endophytes, mycoparasites or saprophytes. In this paper, fungicolous ascomycetous fungi reported from China belonging to the classes Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota were briefly reviewed. Based on literature search, as well as our previous studies, 132 species of nonlichenized fungicolous Ascomycota are so far known from China. Among them, 63 species grow on fruitbodies of Basidiomycota, 38 species are reported on ascomycotous fungi, and the rest of taxa either do not show host specificity or their host range is unclear. Some fungicolous fungi have been used as biocontrol agents and beneficial to plant disease control and environmental protection; and a few others cause diseases of cultivated mushrooms. Information provided above will be useful to the related applied research.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 89-107.
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    Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms on the planet, colonizing a diversity of environments and substrates, and performing various functions. Unusual niches are herein defined as ecological systems which cannot support growth and reproduction of most fungi. Only a small number of fungi are able to survive in these unusual niches and develop special cell structures, metabolic pathways and evolution mechanisms for adaption. In this review, we divide the unusual niches into three categories: i) the niches with specific physical or chemical limit factors; ii) the niches with special substrates; iii) the unusual niches limited by complicated factors. The fungal diversity and their adaptive mechanism in these niches were discussed.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 108-114.
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    Botryosphaeria and its anamorphs are economically important. Taxonomic studies of the group from China at early stage and progress achieved recently were briefly reviewed. A key to the known taxa from China was provided. The combination of traditional taxonomic studies and molecular systematics of the group showed that Botryosphaeria is not monophyletic and can be divided into several lineages in agreeing with their anamorphs. Perspective?on the future research in biodiversity and phylogeny is suggested.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 115-126.
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    Fungi are a major group of eukaryotes, including yeasts, molds, mushrooms and many others. There show huge differences in ecosystem, life cycle and morphology. There are about 1,500,000 species in the world, however, only 5% of them are currently known. The concept of genome was brought up by Thomas Roderick in 1986. The start up of several genomic projects in 1990s turned a new page. With the development and improvement of biological experiment technology, as well as information process technology, bioinformatics was born, which aims at resolution of biological problems by mathematics, informatics, statistics and computer science. The sequencing technologies and analytical approaches are described in this paper. Several fields, including genomics, transcriptoics and proteomics, are involved in fungal informatics and presented in this paper. The future research on the bioinformatics of fungi is prospected.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 127-132.
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    A new species, Pseudoarmillariella bacillaris, is described from southwestern China based on both morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence. This species differs phenotypically from the remaining two known species in the genus by its bacilliform basidiospores. The discovery of the new taxon in Asia indicates the genus Pseudoarmillariella has a much wider geographical distribution range than had previously been known.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 133-135.
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    A new species, Pseudocercospora yui Y.L. Guo on Polygonum sp. is reported. Latin diagnosis, description, illustration and discussion are provided. Type specimen is deposited in HMAS.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 136-144.
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    A new Aspergillus species, A. keveioides (AS3.15305T=CBS 132737) was isolated from soil in Shandong Province, China. Morphologically, it resembles A. pseudodeflectus, A. germanicus, A. insuetus, A. keveii and A. thesauricus, but is readily different from them by sparse sporulation, smooth and warty stipe walls with conspicuous concretions, and globose warty conidia. The analyses of partial calmodulin gene (CaM), β-tubulin gene (BenA) and rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence data showed that although A. keveioides was accommodated in the clade with A. keveii, A. insuetus, A. germanicus and A. thesauricus, it is distinctive and lack close relatives among described species of Aspergillus sect. Usti.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 145-151.
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    Five new Chinese record, Colletotrichum ficus Koord on Ficus elastica Roxb., Colletotrichum fici-elasticae on Ficus elastica Roxb., Sphaceloma euonymi-jasponici on Euonymus japonicus Thunb., Cylindrosporium chryanthem on Chrysanthemum coronarium L. and Gloeosporium araliae on Araliaceae from China were described and illustrated. Specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Fungi in Northwest Agricultural & Forestry University (FHNWAC), Yangling and the Mycological Herbarium of Yunnan Agricultural University ( MHYAU).
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 152-159.
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    Four species of the genus Hymenoscyphus (H. cf. crataegi, H. dehlii, H. macroguttatus and H. scutuloides) are reported for the first time from China. Descriptions and illustrations of these fungi are provided. Their taxonomic positions within the genus are explored using analyses of ITS sequences.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 160-166.
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    Three species of Cortinarius in the subgenus Telamonia, C. bivelus, C. subbalaustinus and C. subtorvus, are newly recorded in China. Cortinarius bivelus was found in the Northeast and the Southwest of China, while C. subbalaustinus was collected from Yunnan Province and C. subtorvus from Xizang Autonomous Region. The full descriptions of the species, accompanied with illustrations of macro- and microscopic characters, are provided in this paper.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 167-169.
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    A new Chinese record, Suillus asiaticus, was reported in the paper. Description, illustration, habitat, and discussion of this species are given based on the materials collected from Greater Hinggan Mountains of Heilongjiang Province, Northeastern China. The specimens examined were deposited in the Herbarium of Cryptogams, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HKAS).
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 170-189.
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    This is a provisional list of rusts hitherto found in Xinjiang, a Chinese autonomous region located in Central Asia. The list is based on the specimens deposited in Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae (HMAS), Mycological Herbarium of Xinjiang Agricultural University (HMAAC), and Herbarium Mycologicum Universitatis Tarimensis (HMUT), largely collected by the authors in the past years. These are the results of our own identification. A total of 181 species belonging to 16 genera are recorded, including unconnected species of form genera, Aecidium, Roestelia and Uredo. The aim of this study is to acquire further knowledge on fungal biodiversity in Xinjiang and to lay foundations for compilation of the rust flora of Xinjiang.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 190-199.
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    Around 800 specimens of wood-inhabiting fungi were collected in six nature forests of Henan Province, central China. One hundred and eighty-three species belonging to 75 genera were identified from these specimens, out of which 56 species were new to the province.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 200-206.
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    In this paper, twenty-four species of the genus Diderma from China were reported based on identification of the newly collected materials and reexamination of herbarium specimens, as well as literature research. The extended distributions of some species were provided. The patterns of distribution and substrate preferences were discussed.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 207-212.
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    During the mycological expeditions to Gaoligong and Nu Mountains in 2005–2011, a large numbers of fungi were collected by the authors and their colleagues. Eighteen species of Exobasidium and 11 species of Septobasidium are listed in the paper.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 213-223.
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    The differences of stable carbon isotopic compositions were analyzed for clarifying the trophic manner of Morchella spp. The results showed that EM/SAP (etomycorrhizal fungi/sprophytic fungi) divide was δ13C=-24‰ in the habitat of morels from the Pangquangou Nature Reserve, Guandi Mountain, Shanxi Province, and that the morels with black pileus are saprophytic and those with yellow pileus are mycorrhizal. Similar patterns are founded in the samples collected from Yunnan, Sichuan and Beijing.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 224-235.
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    Filamentous mycoflora in a Chinese spirit Jiuqu was investigated by using six different culture media and incubating at 25℃, 32℃, 42℃ and 50℃, respectively. A total of 886 fungal strains were isolated. Forty-five taxa of 20 genera were identified, including 10 Zygomycetes, 7 ascomycetes, and 28 anamorphic fungi. The main components of the functional fermenting fungi were the thermophilic and thermotolerant species, such as Paecilomyces variotii, Absidia corymbifera, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Rhizomucor pusillus, Chrysosporium sp. and Monascus spp. The characters of some important species and their potential roles in the process of fermentation and/or their relevant properties were discussed.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 236-243.
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    To investigate conserved homologs of filamentous ascomycete genomes as marker genes, the complete gene set of Aspergillus nidulans was compared against 30 other genomes of filamentous ascomycetes separately using Standalone BLASTN. The number of matches between A. nidulans and each genome seemed to reflect the evolutionary relationships. The comparison of the A. nidulans genome (10,560 genes) against 15 other Eurotiomycetes showed the number of pairwise matching homologs ranged from 5,179 to 7,747, while matches between A. nidulans and seven other Aspergillus species ranged from 7,434 to 7,747. The matches between A. nidulans and two more distantly related species, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Leotiomycetes), were 4,318 and 4,242, respectively. Of 10,560 genes in A. nidulans, the total number of matches found in common in over 20 other filamentous ascomycete genomes was 3,509, accounting for over 33% of all the genes, of which 924 genes were found in all 30 other filamentous ascomycetes tested. Furthermore, the homologous sequences at E-values in the ranges of 10-30 to 0.1 showed greater polymorphisms, while those at E-values of 0 to 10-100 were highly conserved. With increasing genome sequence data, comparative genomics will play an increasing important role in fungal systematics.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 244-248.
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    Pythium guiyangense is a mosquito-killing fungus with application potential. Its asexual zoospore is the stage to invade mosquito larvae. In this study, time needed and influence factors for sporangia formation were investigated. In addition, the process of zoospore differentiation and release was observed. All above are valuable for application design of the fungus.
  • Mycosystema. 2013, 32(增刊): 249-254.
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    The effects of NaCl solution of different concentrations on Pythium guiyangense in terms of mycelial growth, sporulation capacity and mosquito control ability were investigated. The experimental results showed that the growth and sporulation capacity of P. guiyangense were promoted in low concentrations of NaCl solution, while at higher concentrations, the growth and sporangium formation of the fungus were depressed. The fastest growth and strongest sporulation capacity were observed in 0.01% NaCl solution at the 24th hour, and the difference from the control significant. The sporangium formation speed slowed down and the number decreased along with the increase of NaCl solution concentrations. In 0.75 % NaCl solution, mycelial growth and sporangial formation were stopped. Mosquito bioassay results showed that the mosquito infection rates by P. guiyangense were higher in 0.01% NaCl solution at the 72th and 96th hours than in distilled water, although the differences were not significant statistically. At the 120th hour, mosquito infection rates were higher in distilled water than in NaCl solutions of different concentrations. Mosquito total infection rates were significantly higher in distilled water than in various NaCl solutions.