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22 May 2017, Volume 36 Issue 5
    

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    Orginal Article
  • Zhi-Yuan ZHANG, Xiao ZOU, Yan-Feng HAN, Zong-Qi LIANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 535-541. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160259
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    A Microsporum strain, GZUIFR-EB2001M, was isolated from the soil in Guizhou Province. Based on molecular phylogeny, the strain was clustered to a separate subclade and distinguished from the other species. The fungus was identified as a new species and named as M. guizhouense. Its main characteristics were as follows: racquet hyphae absent; macroconidia smooth or rough, fusiform, tenuous; microconidia clavate to cylindrical.

  • Zhu-Liang YANG, Zai-Wei GE
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 542-551. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160221
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    During the compilation of lepiotaceous fungal flora of China, we have found that several taxonomic treatments should be done. Based on morphological data and partial molecular phylogenetic evidence inferred from ITS and nLSU, six new combinations, namely Cystolepiota squamulosa, Lepiota ompnera, Leucoagaricus atrosquamulosus, Leucoagaricus lacrymans, Leucoagaricus nivalis and Leucoagaricus purpureoruber, were proposed.

  • Cheng-Jin GUO, Li-Rong ZHANG, Rui-Qing SHEN, Bing-Liang XU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 552-562. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160083
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    Two hundred and fifty-seven fungal isolates belonging to 26 genera were isolated from 108 rhizosphere soil samples collected from sand-fixation plants in different habitats in Tengger Desert of Ningxia region, of which species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Alternaria, Phoma, Mucor, Trichoderma and Monilia were ubiquitous. Diversity analysis showed that species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou eveness in desert region were the highest, reaching 16, 2.5893 and 0.9339 respectively, while those in steppe region were the lowest, being 14, 2.0891 and 0.7961 respectively. Jaccard similarity survey indicated that similarity of fungal species within the four habitats in Tengger Desert ranked on a medium dissimilar level. Semi-desert region and closing protective region had the highest species similarity while steppe region and desert region the lowest. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that the species and quantity of soil fungi were closely related to variation of soil character. N content and K content were the main among nine soil characters affecting variation of fungal community in sand-fixation plants’ rhizosphere.

  • Zhi-Yuan ZHANG, Huan ZHENG, Yan-Feng HAN, Wan-Hao CHEN, Zong-Qi LIANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 563-572. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160156
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    Using selective media with chicken feather as sole carbon and nitrogen sources, 1 100 isolates of keratin-degrading fungi were isolated from dog hair at the back of ears, abdomen, cheek, dorsum, toenail and inside of hind legs of different pet dogs living in different three habitats. Fifty-two species in 26 genera were identified by morphology, Barcode of Life Data Systems and phylogenetic analysis. According to the literatures and the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology rDNA-ITS Database, Alternaria alternata, Arthrinium phaeospermum, Aspergillus flavus, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Curvularia pseudorobusta, Epicoccum cf. nigrum and Schizophyllum commune were of potential pathogenicity to human. The results showed that the diversity of keratin-degrading fungi and potential pathogenic fungi including some non-dermatophytes are varied and rich on the surface of pet dog. Pet dog lovers and people who close contact with dog should pay attention to contagious diseases caused by these fungi.

  • Jun-E ZHANG, Ying-Mei LIANG, Cheng-Ming TIAN
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 573-581. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160149
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    This paper describes the development process of pycnidia in Cytospora chrysosperma. In initial stage, hyphal septa and branches were produced frequently and the hyphal cells became subglobose and shorter. Mycelia interwove and expanded around the center point, then the pycnidial formed symphogenetically. Subsequently, the primordial cells proliferated continuously, and a center loculus was formed through the assemblage of inner thick-walled mycelia. Several relatively independent loculi linked with the center loculus and eventually formed a mature pycnidium. During this process, inner surface cells of the loculus developed into branched conidiophores varied in length. The sausage-shaped conidia were then produced from the conidiogenous cells enteroblastically. Finally, with the maturation of central loculus, the pycnidia broke through the surface of plant tissues and the opening ostiole formed. Mature conidia were then released from the opening ostiole under suitable environment. The mature pycnidia were usually located in the cortex of host plants.

  • Fei ZHENG, Ge MENG, Qi AN, Xue-Jun WU, Jing SI, Hong-Xia LIU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 582-597. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160095
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    The variations of physiological indexes, viz. mycelial biomass, laccase activity, reducing sugar content, polyphenol content, MDA content, T-AOC, SOD activity, CAT activity, H2O2 level, AA content, RAHFR, and DPPH radicals scavenging ability, of white rot fungus Trametes orientalis were investigated during laccase-producing process under liquid cultivation. The results demonstrated that laccase could directly affect the nutrient utilization of white rot fungus, and its activity was closely related to the fungal growth and secondary metabolism. Laccase activity was positively correlated with polyphenol content, MDA content, CAT activity, and AA content. However, higher RAHFR and H2O2 level had a negative influence on laccase activity. It was concluded that a stable dynamic balance dependent on the above-mentioned indexes was maintained in fungal cells. When compared with the physiological indicators obtained from liquid mediumⅠ, T. orientalis in liquid medium Ⅱ was shown to exert higher mycelial biomass, SOD activity, RAHFR, and DPPH radicals scavenging activity, as well as lower H2O2 level, suggesting that the liquid medium Ⅱ with absence of nutrition at a certain degree could stimulate the antioxidant activity to protect the fungus from oxidative damage. This study could be used as a theoretical guidance for exploring the laccase-producing characteristics and batch liquid cultivation of white rot fungus T. orientalis.

  • Yao WANG, Yan-Feng HAN, Zong-Qi LIANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 598-603. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160113
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    The study aims at constructing Taifanglania strains’ combination with high rice straw degradation capacity. The compatibility of straw-lignin-degrading T. cinerea strain H57.1 and straw-cellulose-degrading T. hechuanensis strain H08.1 was first tested during rice straw degradation. The effectiveness of single and the combined strains on rice straw degradation was measured using the weight loss method and Van-Soest detergent. Extracellular enzyme activity was monitored to study the pattern of enzyme production during solid-state fermentation of rice straw. H57.1 and H08.1 were found to be highly compatible. Combined strains H57.1+H08.1 had the highest capacity for straw degradation, exhibiting a straw degradation rate of 55.7% and lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose degradation rates of 48.9%, 72.6% and 57.0%, respectively. Analyses of enzyme production further proved that the combined strains had a high rice straw degradation capacity and that this factor is closely related to enzyme production.

  • Xiao-Yun HE, Qing-Feng GUO, De-Lai FU, Xiang-Yun ZANG, Jun-Zhi QIU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 604-610. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170040
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    The entomogenous fungi Hypocrella spp. can infect whiteflies and scale insects, have been used as biological control agents for centuries. However, little is known about the natural products from this kind of fungi and their antitumor activity. In present research, six compounds were isolated and purified from submerged culture of Hypocrella sp. (isolate WYTY-23) by using chromatographic technologies such as silica gel, HPLC and Sephadex LH-20. Chemical structures of extracted compounds were determined as 5α,8α-epidioxy-24(R)-methylcholesta-6,22-diene-3β-ol (1), dustanin (2), 3β-acetoxy-15α,22-dihydroxyhopane (3), ergosterol (4), 7β,15α,22-trihydroxyhopane (5) and flufuran (6) based on analysis of spectroscopic data. Interestingly, compounds 1 and 6, the metabolites originally determined from plants and other fungi, were extracted for the first time from insect pathogenic fungus Hypocrella sp. Compounds 1 and 5 displayed a strong antitumor activity against hepatoma cells (cell line BEL-7404), with an IC50 of 28μmol/L and 12.4μmol/L, respectively, while none of the fungal natural products was toxic to normal human liver cells (cell line HL-7702) or to normal human kidney epithelial cells (cell line HEK-293T). Our results also pave the way for the clarification of Hypocrella metabolites and their activities and provide new resources for the exploitation of new antitumor drugs.

  • Wei WANG, Yao-Hui WU, Ji-Lie LI, Yue-Fei YAO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 611-617. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160172
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    In order to understand the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) on gibberellin acid (GA3) fermentation and obtain the optimization DO control strategy, the batch fermentation experiments of GA3 production by Gibberella fujikuroi were studied under the different DO conditions. The mycelium concentration, residual sugar concentration and GA3 concentration in the fermentation broth were detected opportunely. Then, through the calculation of the differential derivation, the mycelium specific growth rate and the specific product synthesis rate were obtained. Based on the effect of DO on kinetic parameters and yield analysis, a DO control strategy was proposed. At initial stage (0-50h), the fermentation was performed at DO 30% to maintain a high growth rate, and at medium and later stages (50-184h), the DO was maintained at 15% to keep a high GA3 production rate. High mycelium concentration (19.24g/L), final GA3 concentration (2 180mg/L) and average synthetic rate [0.616mg/(g·h)] of GA3 were achieved by applying this strategy, being increased by 8.33%, 13.25% and 4.58% respectively as compared with the batch fermentation with no DO control. It indicated that GA3 production was effectively promoted by using DO control strategy.

  • Jun-Jie YAN, Lei ZHANG, Bin XIE, Qian-Hui HUANG, Ying LONG, Bao-Gui XIE
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 618-624. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160188
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    Alternative splicing is the primary mechanism leading to protein diversity. Recently, transcriptome data have been demonstrated to be useful for identifying alternative splicing events, especially for the fungi with small genome size. ZOOM software is one of the primary next-generation sequencing (NGS) read mapping software tools available for both Microsoft Windows and Unix/Linux operating systems. It focuses on aligning short DNA reads to a reference genome and searching for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our study has discovered an expanded function of ZOOM software that comprises an effective and accurate method to analyze the fungal alternative splicing sites using transcriptome data. Four genes of Fusarium graminearum were analyzed to proof this method and the results were verified by RT-PCR.

  • Huan ZHENG, Zhi-Yuan ZHANG, Yan-Feng HAN, Wan-Hao CHEN, Zong-Qi LIANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 625-632. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160160
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    The community of culturable fungi from the soil suspended in tree holes of Robinia pseudoacacia and subsurface soil in Huaxi District, Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, was studied by combining phenotypic characteristics and molecular identification. In total, 315 fungal isolates were obtained from the soil suspended in the tree holes, belonging to 19 species in seven genera. Penicillium commune was dominant, and its relative abundance was 81.11% of the total isolates. Totally 156 isolates belonging to 18 species in six genera were obtained in subsurface soil. It was indicated that the fungal quantity in the soil suspended of tree holes was obviously more than that in subsurface soil. Although Penicillium commune was also dominant in the subsurface soil, its relative abundance was only 24.93% of the total isolates. Indexes of fungal diversity in the soil suspended, including Shanon-Wiener index (H=0.8291), Simpson index (D=0.3373), Pielou index (J=0.2815) and Margalef index (R=1.3300), were lower than those in subsurface soil. Some unique fungi, such as Cunninghamella elegans, Chaetopyrena penicillata, and Humicola nivea, were isolated from the soil suspended in tree holes, but not from the subsurface soil. By means of statistical analysis, the similarity coefficient between the soil suspended in tree holes and subsurface soil was low (Cj=0.2300).

  • Ji-Ling CAO, You-Zhi FENG, Xian-Gui LIN
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 633-641. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160132
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    Rhizosphere fungi play an important role in soil ecosystems. In this study, a pot experiment was established to investigate the responses of fluvo-aquic soil fungal assemblages in maize rhizosphere to different application level of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (0.025, 0.25, 2.5mg/kg) using Illumina sequencing analysis method. The sequencing data revealed that fluvo-aquic soil fungal community in maize rhizosphere was dominated by Ascomycota, followed by Basidiomycota, Blastodimycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomermycota and Zygomycota. AgNPs at 2.5mg/kg greatly shifted the AM fungal community composition, showing as decreased proportion of Rhizopus, Fusarium and Mortierella. It was found that the values of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05) under the high (2.5mg/kg) application level of AgNPs. Statistical analysis revealed that changes in fungal community composition and diversity were strongly (P<0.05) correlated with changes in soil DOC contents induced by AgNPs.

  • Ying AN, Yu LI
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 642-647. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160091
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    Fatty acid components of six species of dictyostelid cellular slime molds were detected. It was indicated that six dictyostelids species could be separated completely by using fatty acids as biomarkers, and the taxonomic results was consistent with those based on morphological characteristics. It was suggested that fatty acid components could be used as a criterion of classification of dictyostelid cellular slime molds.

  • Dan DAI, Bo ZHANG, Yan-Shuang LI, Dong-Yue WANG, Yu LI
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 648-653. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160176
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    The developmental process of Stemonitis herbatica from spore germination to plasmodium formation and sporulation was studied. It is obvious that the spore germinates by opening pore. The plasmodial type is aphanoplasmodium. It forms yellowish coralloid plasmodium before sporulation. Light was necessary for the fructification of S. herbatica. The sporulation process is irreversible which needs about 6-7h.

  • Zhao-Qing ZENG, Wen-Ying ZHUANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(5): 654-662. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160101
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    Three new Chinese records, Clonostachys impariphialis, C. rossmaniae and Protocrea farinosa, are reported based on the hypocrealean fungal collections from Heilongjiang and Guangdong provinces. Morphological and molecular comparisons are made between the Chinese materials and the original descriptions. In addition, C. compactiuscula and Stilbocrea macrostoma are collected for the first time from the mainland and Ochronectria calami is new to Guangdong.