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22 July 2017, Volume 36 Issue 7
    

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  • Run-Jin LIU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 791-799. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170087
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    Any living organisms on earth are not alone living and evolving, actually, which are more closely combined, mutual assistance, requirement complementary, and togetherness development in nature. Among them, there are close relationship between the powerful disintegrator fungi and powerful producer plants in terrestrial ecosystems, especially mycorrhizal fungi, as the representatives of plant symbiotic fungi, form mutual symbiosis with plants. This symbiosis joint with both strong partners is the leading actor in maintaining ecological balance, keeping sustainable ecosystem productivity, and ecology system comprehensive service functions, with wider distribution, more benefit effects, stronger function, and greater contribution. In recent years, great achievements have been made in China in the study of plant symbiotic fungi, occupying the important academic position in the world. In this issue of Mycosystema, twenty-two papers dealing with mycorrhizal fungi are presented, including two review papers and 20 original research papers. The summarizing papers focus respectively on the advance of application of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to ecological remediation in coal mining areas, and nutritional relationships between orchids and mycorrhizal fungi; the research papers report respectively a checklist of AM fungi in the recent taxonomic system of Glomeromycota, diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Betula albosinensis in Xinjiashan forest region of Qinling Mountains, a preliminary study on the mating type genes of Tuber indicum in inoculated seedings of Pinus armandii, effects of AM fungi on phosphorus uptake and phosphatase release in trifoliate orange seedlings, influences of low pH on the arbuscule development and phosphorus uptake of AM fungus, the composted leaves of Bt cotton inhibit AM symbiosis and phosphate uptake, effects of combined inoculation with various AM fungi on plant resistance to root-knot nematode disease in cucumber, effects of AM fungal inoculation on maize and soybean interspecific competition of N uptake on red soil under intercropping condition, and AM fungal inoculation and ferrum addition synergistically reduce arsenic accumulation in Oryza sativa, etc. The content of this special issue basically reflects the latest progress in the study of taxonomy, species diversity, physiology, ecology, physiological and ecological effects and functioning mechanism of mycorrhizal fungi in China, and provide an important leading role in the current and future study of plant-symbiotic fungi.

  • Yin-Li BI
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 800-806. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170115
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    For the sake of overcoming the main obstacle factors of coal mining subsidence land reclamation in arid and semi-arid land, such as low soil fertility, inconsistency of water and fertilizer, reduction of root system function, damage of soil structure, decline in land productivity and the difficulty in ecological restoration, the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been taken as one of the new breakthrough points for reclaiming coal mining subsidence land. The research advances on the mechanism of the AMF on hard dissolved phosphorus absorption and transportation, the coordinating supply of water and fertilizer in reclaimed soil, root function restoration, and soil structure improvement are reviewed in this paper.

  • Yan-Hong CHEN, Xiao-Ke XING, Shun-Xing GUO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 807-819. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160231
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    Orchidaceae are typical mycorrhizal plants. Their seeds are tiny, without endosperm and must depend on suitable mycorrhizal fungi to germinate in natural conditions. As one of the biggest families in flowering plants, Orchidaceae plants have three nutrition types: photosynthetic, mixotrophic and mycoheterotrophic. Recent researches indicated that different nutrition type of orchids tend to symbiosis with different mycorrhizal fungi, showing different nutritional relationship. Research progress of the nutrition relationship between different nutrition type of orchid and mycorrhizal fungi are reviewed. The nutrition mechanism of orchid mycorrhiza and the change of nutritional relations are discussed to provide a reference for orchid plant rapid propagation and conservation.

  • You-Shan WANG, Run-Jin LIU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 820-850. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170078
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    Glomeromycota is a new phylum which was added in Kingdom of Fungi in 2008. This phylum includes one class, four orders, 11 families, 27 genera, 300 species of arbuscular mycorrhzial (AM) fungi. The species name and classification systems were always under changes with the advances of taxonomic researches, bringing about disorder and trouble in the study of AM fungi. On the basis of latest progress of taxonomy of AM fungi, correct names of AM fungal species are listed, and species recorded in China are noted according to literatures and germplasm resources preserved in the Bank of Glomeromycota in China (BGC). Standardized Chinese names are given for each species.

  • Tong-Tong ZHANG, Qiang WANG, Can DU, Dan-Ni ZHANG, Fan ZHANG, Wu-Gong MA, Zhi-Kang WANG, Xin LI, Zeng-Chao GENG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 851-860. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160232
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    The diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Betula albosinensis in Xinjiashan forest region of Qinling Mountains was investigated by using the combination of field investigation and morphological and molecular identification methods. The results showed that there were 33 taxa of ectomycorrhizal fungi under nine genera of eight families; all of them belonged to basidiomycetes. Tomentella was dominant; Russula 1, Russula 5, Sebacina cystidiata, Tomentella 1 were common. Richness index, Simpson index, Shannon index and Pielou evenness index of these ectomycorrhizal fungi were discrepant between site 1 and site 2. Jaccard index and Sorenson index were 0.27 and 0.43, respectively. It is suggested that ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with B. albosinensis in Xinjiashan forest region are relatively abundant, and the diversity index and infection rate in young B. albosinensis population were higher than those in stable-aged population.

  • Jiao-Jiao WANG, Wei QIANG, Hai-Yue LIU, Jia-Li GE, Yi-Ling ZUO, Xue-Li HE
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 861-869. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170058
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    Soil samples (0-30cm deep) in the rhizosphere of Ephedra przewalskii, Reaumuria songarica, Sympegma regelii, Nitrarias phaerocarpa and Salsola passerine were collected in Anxi National Nature Reserve of Extremely Arid Desert in July, 2015. A total of 45 AM fungal species belonging to nine genera were isolated, including 17 species of Acaulospora, 13 species of Glomus, five species of Scutellospora, four species of Funneliformis, three species of Rhizophagus, two species of Claroideum, and one species of Diversispora. Acaulospora and Glomus were the dominant genus. There was significant differences in the community composition of AM fungi in the rhizosphere of different plants. Principal component analysis showed that there was significant differences in the distribution of AM fungi in the rhizosphere of different plants. The results come to the conclusion that plant species had significant effect on the community composition of AM fungi.

  • Jie WEI, Xiao-Xiao GUO, Xu-Dong YANG, Yue YANG, Wei YAN
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 870-878. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170033
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    Five brown morphotypes possessing Tomentella ectomycorrhizae morpho-anatomically has been isolated from Picea crassifolia, Betula platyphylla, Pinus tabulaeformis, Quercus mongolica and Picea mongolica in Alxa and Chifeng of Inner Mongolia. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA ITS showed that four of them were Tomentella ellisii, T. fuscocinerea, T. bryophila and T. stuposa.

  • Shu-Chao LI, Pei-Gui LIU, Juan CHEN, Shun-Xing GUO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 879-891. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170084
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    Tuber indicum is a heterothallic Ascomycota and the formation of fruiting bodies (truffles) is associated with fungal mating type genes (MAT). Many studies demonstrated that truffle strains of different mating types compete each other for persistence in the same host plant and spatial and temporal distributional mating probability of strains of different mating types are one of key determinants of truffle fructification and production in plantations. In this study, we investigated the change of MAT in Pinus armandii seedling inoculated with T. indicum in 6, 24, and 36 months in greenhouse using MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 as molecular marker. The result showed that the proportion of the seedlings having two mating type genes was the highest in 24 months after inoculation, suggesting that this period might be the most appropriate time for transplantation to increase the probability of mating of the strain of different mating type and fructification of truffles.

  • Xiu-Xiu SUN, Chao-Xing HE, Yan-Su LI, Xian-Chang YU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 892-903. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170054
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    Microbial population and function, physical and chemical properties, as well as enzyme activity in rhizosphere soil of cucumber (Cucumis sativus, “Zhongnong 26”) seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae were investigated under sterilized pot experiment condition in solar greenhouse. The result showed that, the population density of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere soil of AMF-inoculated plants was significantly higher than that in the soil of untreated plants (CK). The population density of actinomycetes in the experimental soil was lower than that in CK; on the contrary, rhizosphere microbial functional diversity analysis showed that the average color change rate (AWCD), Simpson index and Mclntosh index in the experiment soil were significantly lower than those in CK. AMF inoculation could improve the available nutrient content, physical properties, and phosphatase, aminopeptidase and oxidase activity of soil. RDA analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between fungal infection rate and available P content (r=0.65, P<0.05), phosphatase (r=0.74, P<0.05), aminopeptidase (r=0.86, P<0.05) and fungal population density (r=0.57, P<0.05), while the phenolic carbon source (r=-0.55, P<0.05), amine carbon source (r=-0.58, P<0.05), available N (r=-0.79, P<0.05), β-glucosidase (r=-0.90, P<0.05) and β-cellobioglucosidase (r=-0.63, P<0.05) had negative correlation. The facts proved that inoculation of AM fungi could improve the soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activity through improving microbial community and function of the rhizosphere soil of cucumber.

  • Lang QIU, Yin-Li BI, Bin JIANG, Zhi-Gang WANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 904-913. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170029
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    A split plot field experiment using three modes of plastic film mulching and different AM inoculation treatment was introduced in the study to investigate the effects of plastic film mulching and AM inoculation on soil nutrients, soil organic carbon and mycorrhizal characteristics (e.g. colonization percentage, external hyphal density and glomalin content). The main plot set three levels: flat planting with non-mulching (NM), flat planting with half-mulching (HM) and ridge planting with full-mulching (FM), and the split plot set two levels: AM inoculation (AM) and non-inoculation (CK). Results showed that inoculation with AM fungi significantly increased root colonization percentage, external hyphal density, plant dry weight, soil glomalin and organic carbon content, C/N ratio and soil water content, and also significantly enhanced the uptake of soil nutrient under three modes of plastic film mulching. The external hyphal density, content of soil easily extractable glomalin (EE-GRSP), organic carbon, available phosphorus and available potassium, and C/N ratio changed according to different mulching mode and decreased with the trend of non-mulching to half-mulching to full-mulching, while plant dry weight, soil total glomalin (T-GRSP), total nitrogen and water content increased. The combination application of full-plastic film mulching (FM) and AM inoculation promoted crop growth in semiarid areas of northwest China, and improved soil water content, AM fungal root colonization percentage, external hyphal density and soil glomalin, but decreased soil nutrient, and therefore might need of maintaining fertilization. Correlation analysis showed that the external hyphal density and soil glomalin had a synergistic effect on soil nutrient and water content, and thereby AM inoculation in agricultural ecosystem was beneficial to soil nutrients absorption and plant growth.

  • Wei LIU, Shan-Shan JIANG, Yun-Long ZHANG, Hong-Yan ZHANG, Xiao-Lin LI, Wan-Cun HE, Zhi WANG, Jun-Ling ZHANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 914-923. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170079
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    The North China Plain is one of the most important regions for grain production in China. In this region, large amount of agrochemical is supplied. This study aims at understanding the community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under long-term fertilization condition in this intensive agroecosystem. This experiment began in 2007, and the molecular biological methods were employed for comprehensively studying the effect of different fertilizer type and application strategy on AMF community. Fertilizer treatments included organic manure (9 000kg/hm2), high application treatment (296.4kg N/hm2, 177.3kg P/hm2, 287.8kg K/hm2), 25% increment of local chemical fertilizer application amount, and low application treatment (74.1kg N/hm2, 44.3kg P/hm2, 71.9kg K/hm2), 75% reduction of local chemical fertilizer application amount, and CK treatment. A typical maize cropped land was used as experimental plot. Three replications for each treatment were set. Soil samples were taken in maize harvest season (October 2011). The results were that 31 OTUs were detected in this experiment and most of AM fungi belonged to Glomerales (Glomus Group A/B) and Diversisporales. Some AMF taxa (Glo12, Aca3, Scutellospora aurigloba and Div2) were stimulated by organic fertilizer application. Similar results were also obtained from T-RFLP fingerprint analysis. The relative abundance of 116bp (Glo9/12/13/14; Fun1/2; Rhi1) increased in organic fertilizer treatment and 140bp (uncultured Glomus) was mainly stimulated by chemical fertilizer. Fertilization stimulated the relative abundances of 141, 142 and 169bp (belonging to Diversisporales). A 4-yrs fertilization had no significant effects on richness and diversity index of soil AMF community. The AMF community diversity index in each soil depth (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60cm) were 1.14-1.78, 1.61-1.84 and 1.23-2.07, and the richness index were 3.7-7.5, 8.0-8.3 and 5.0-7.3, respectively. Deep soil is an important library for AMF community in agricultural ecosystem, and the species diversity is not low. Soil pH contributed greatly to AMF community in top soil layer, and soil fertility indexes (soil TC, TN, OM, Olsen-P, etc.) also had a greater impact on the fungal community. Soil electrical conductivity played an important role in deep soil AMF community.

  • Xiao-Na MA, Wan-Qing LUO, Fei-Fei XU, Fu-Yong WU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 933-941. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170038
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    Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi could colonize winter wheat either under greenhouse or field conditions. However, the effects of AM fungi on Zn uptake in the winter wheat are still not fully elucidated. In this study, Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices were inoculated to rhizosphere of the winter wheat Triticum aestivum (cultivar: Xiaoyan 22) respectively. After ten weeks of growth, a short-term (0-90min) uptake kinetics experiment and a long-term (0-210min) Zn accumulation experiment were conducted using seedlings of winter wheat colonized by AM fungi. The effects of AM fungi on root morphology of winter wheat have also been investigated. The results showed that AM fungi could increase the effective area of Zn uptake in the winter wheat roots by increasing root length and root tip numbers, and the maximum absorption rate (Vmax) and the rate of Zn2+ influx into roots (α), thereby promoted the absorption of Zn. Inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae reduced the Km value but inoculation of Rhizophagus intraradices increased the Km value, suggesting that there might bear a certain relationship with the difference of the effects of different AM fungi on the root morphology of winter wheat and Zn transporter gene expression in winter wheat roots.

  • Chun-Yan LIU, Qiang-Sheng WU, Ying-Ning ZOU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 942-949. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170069
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    The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Funneliformis mosseae) on phosphorus uptake and transportation and release of phosphatases of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedling in sand culture were analyzed. The results showed that AM fungal inoculation significantly increased shoot and root dry weight and numbers of first- and second-order lateral root under 0.1mmol/L P and 1mmol/L P concentration. Mycorrhizal inoculation markedly decreased taproot length in 1mmol/L P. Compared with non-AMF treatment, AMF treatment dramatically decreased leaf acid phosphatase activity, but increased root acid phosphatase activity and relative expression of root acid phosphatase gene PtPAP1 under 1mmol/L P condition. Inoculation with AMF notably increased leaf P content under two different P concentration and root P content under 1mmol/L P concentration. Under 0.1mmol/L and 1mmol/L of P concentration, inoculation with AM fungus significantly decreased the relative expression of leaf (PtPAP1, PtPAP3) and root (PtPAP3) acid phosphatase genes and leaf P transporter gene (PtaPT5, PtaPT6), but markedly increased the relative expression of root P transporter gene (PtaPT3, PtaPT5, PtaPT6). Therefore, we concluded that mycorrhizal inoculation stimulated the lateral root development and acid phosphatase secretion, in company with enhanced expression of P transport gene, thus, collectively improved P absorption in trifoliate orange seedlings.

  • Zeng-Wei FENG, Ning WANG, Hong-Hui ZHU, Qing YAO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 950-962. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170046
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    Tomato Solanum lycopersicum plant was inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices at pH 3.7, pH 4.5, pH 5.5 and pH 6.5, and the influences of low pH on the arbuscule development and phosphorus uptake and utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) was determined in four weeks and seven weeks, respectively. The results indicated that low pH significantly inhibited the AMF colonization and the arbuscular formation in roots at pH below 5.5 and the inhibitory effect was stronger with the decrease of pH. Compared with mycorrhizal colonization frequency, the arbuscular abundance decreased more greatly with the decrease of soil pH. Low pH significantly inhibited the plant biomass while inoculation with AMF significantly elevated the biomass as compared with non-inoculation treatment. Correlation analysis showed that among the parameters of mycorrhizal colonization the arbuscular abundance was the most relative to the plant growth. Variation partitioning analysis showed that the contributions to the plant biomass of pH (88% and 77%, two times of sampling) were higher than those of AMF (5% and 8%, two times of sampling). The effect of low pH on alkaline phosphatase activity shared the similar trend to that on root colonization. AMF significantly increased the P concentration in shoot, while pH significantly inhibited the P concentration in shoots and the expression of LePT3, LePT4 and LePT5 in roots. These results suggest that low pH is significantly inhibitory to the AMF-plant symbiosis, and the inhibitory effect of low pH on the formation and function of the arbuscule was the greatest.

  • Feng-Ling WANG, Rui ZHANG, Xiu-Hua CHEN
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 963-971. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160234
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    The impact of transgenic Bt cotton Gossypium hirsutum on soil microbial growth, community structure, and physiological and ecological functions was greatly concerned. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of composted leaves of Bt cotton on symbiotic characteristics and physiological functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The results showed that the composed leaves of Bt cotton (Zhong41 and Jin44) reduced mycorrhizal colonization rate, colonization intensity and arbuscule frequency in roots of Astragalus sinicus as compared with the corresponding traditional cotton (Zhong23 and Ji492). The activities of succinate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase of AM fungus decreased. The polyphosphate granules in intracellular hyphae and the content of phosphorusin the aerial and underground part of A. sinicus reduced with the treatments of the composted leaves of Bt cotton. The results indicated that the composted leaves of Bt cotton had an inhibitive effect on the symbiotic characteristics and physiological functions of AM fungus R. irregularis, which could depress the ecological functions of the plant-fungus symbiosis.

  • Xin-Yue WANG, Jing SHI, Xian-Rong YUE, Nai-Ming ZHANG, Yun-Sheng XIA, Hai-Qun LUO, Wan-Yu LUO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 972-982. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170064
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    Three mycorrhizal treatments [uninoculation (NM), Funneliformis mosseae (FM) inoculation, Funneliformis etunicatum (FE) inoculation] and three cropping ways (intercropping, nylon net separation and monocropping) were set up for exploring the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and different cropping ways on plant interspecific competition of N uptake on red soil. Results showed that the roots of maize and soybean both were infected by FM and FE fungi, and the colonization percentage ranged from 37% to 56%. The plant height, root length and biomass of maize were obviously higher than those of soybean. Under treatment of AMF inoculation or uninoculation, the biomass of maize increased in the order of intercropping>nylon net separation>monocropping, and that of soybean monocropping>nylon net separation>intercropping, showing that intercropping promoted maize growth, but inhibited soybean growth. No matter what kinds of cropping ways, AMF inoculation improved nitrogen (N) uptake of maize and soybean in different degrees, decreased the available N content in soil planted with maize and soybean. Under treatment of AMF inoculation or uninoculation, intercropping promoted obviously the N uptake of maize, and also promoted the N uptake of monocropping soybean. In all the treatments, the competitive strength and N competitive ratio of maize were better than those of soybean. In any case of AMF treatment, the relative competitive strength of maize against soybean under intercropping condition was better than that under nylon net separation condition. Using any way of cropping, the N competitive ratio of maize to soybean under AMF inoculation treatment is better than that under uninoculation treatment. In conclusion, maize was always in competitive advantage position, while soybean was always in disadvantage. Inoculation of FM and FE significantly promoted the growth of maize and soybean, and significantly improved the relative competition of maize against soybean. Under FM inoculation and intercropping treatment the absorption of available N of maize and soybean was higher, and the relative competitive strength and N competitive ratio of maize to soybean were the highest. These revealed that AMF could affect the competitiveness between the host plant species, and this influence was most obvious under the complex condition of AMF and intercropping planting.

  • Qian-Xu ZHAO, Jing SHI, Shi-Ying ZHANG, Fu-Zhao NIAN, Nai-Ming ZHANG, Xue-Jiao CHEN, Yun-Sheng XIA
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 983-995. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170094
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    A pot experiment using two planting ways (monoculture soybean, intercropping soybean), different AMF treatments [no AMF (NM), indigenous AMF inoculation (AMF)] and three nitrogen treatments [no N (N0), inorganic N (ammonium bicarbonate, ION120) and organic N (glutamine, ON120)] were conducted to reveal the effect of indigenous AMF treatment and different N fertilization on N uptake of intercropping soybean. The results showed that in comparison with N0 treatment, ION120 and ON120 treatment significantly increased inorganic N accumulation in the soil. Under the condition of no AMF, using any case of N treatment, soil NH4+-N and NO3--N content were lower in intercropping than in monoculture. In comparison with monoculture soybean, the ability of intercropping soybean to reduce inorganic N accumulation was more strengthened under indigenous AMF inoculation. Regardless of intercropping or monoculture, under the same AMF treatment, biomass, N content and N uptake of soybean shoot and root were higher for ION120 and ON120 treatment as compare with N0 treatment in different degree. Under intercropping and AMF treatment, biomass, N content and N uptake of soybean root were significantly higher for ION120 treatment as compare with ON120 treatment. Under intercropping and ION120 treatment condition, the N content and N uptake of soybean shoot and root treated by indigenous AMF significantly increased by 9.8% and 8.1%, 69.8% and 54.8% respectively as compare with NM treatment. In addition to root N uptake, shoot and root N content and shoot N uptake of soybean were significantly higher under multiple treatment of intercropping-indigenous AMF-ION120, showing the interaction between intercropping and indigenous AMF had obvious advantages. Under intercropping and AMF treatment, application of ION120 and ON120 increased N uptake efficiency of soybean root by 1.8% and 5.6% respectively over no N treatment. In general, indigenous AMF treatment and N fertilizer application of ION120 obviously promoted intercropping soybean growth and improved N utilization ratio, and therefore reduced N residue in the soil and retarded N loss.

  • Kai-Yuan WANG, Yuan-Yuan JIANG, Wen-Jun SONG, Jia-Yan LIU, Xian-Zhi HUANG, Xiao-Hong YANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 996-1009. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170109
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    Compartment culture experiment was carried out for evaluating the effect of AMF on the Cd poisoning and Cd migration in mulberry under Cd stress. Aseptic mulberry saplings were planted in mycorrhizal compartment and inoculated with AMF spore of Gigaspora rosea. Cd trap was set up, serving simultaneously the function of mycelial collector. The Cd treatment concentration was 0, 5, 20 and 40mg/kg in the trap. Three mulberry seedlings were planted in each mycorrhizal compartment. Six replicates were set up. The control was not inoculated with AMF. The mycorrhizal infection rate, the growth biomass and mineral nutrient uptake of seedlings, AMF mycelial biomass in compartment, Cd content in AMF mycelia, as well as Cd location and migration in different position of mulberry saplings, were checked after being cultured for 60 days respectively. The results showed that mycorrhizal infection rate, the AMF mycelial biomass and Cd content were not detected in mulberry uninoculated with AMF under Cd treatment concentration of 0-40mg/kg. Inoculation with AMF, mycorrhizal infection rate, mulberry seedling biomass, accumulation of N, K, Ca, Mg in shoots, accumulation of N, K, Ca in roots and AMF biomass were improved markedly. The best stimulated growth effect was achieved at 5mg/kg concentration of Cd. When Cd concentration was >5mg/kg, mycorrhizal infection rate, mulberry seedling biomass, accumulation of N, K, Ca, Mg in shoots, accumulation of N, K, Ca in roots and AMF mycelial biomass were gradually inhibited with the increase of Cd concentration. There was a significant negative correlation between Cd concentration in the trap and Mg absorption of roots. Inoculation of AMF can significantly improve biomass and mineral nutrient accumulation of mulberry seedlings. Cd was mainly concentrated in mulberry roots. The Cd treating concentration significantly positively correlated with the Cd content of mycelium in trap and mulberry plants. The transfer rate (<9%) and transfer coefficient (<0.1) of Cd in mycorrhizal mulberry sapling were very low. Results certified that there was a dose effect of Cd stress on the mycorrhizal infection rate, vegetative growth, AMF biomass and mineral absorption (except Mg), showing stimulation effect under low concentration, and suppressive effect under high concentration. AMF was able to resist Cd stress to a certain degree and significantly promote the absorption and utilization of mineral nutrient elements in mulberry seedlings under the condition of Cd stress. The distribution and migration of Cd in mycorrhizal mulberry are not uniform and distinctive characteristically.

  • Wei-Hua WANG, Lin XU, Run-Jin LIU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 1010-1017. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170017
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    Effects of combined inoculation with various arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on antagonizing root knot nematode and reduction of root knot nematode disease was examined in cucumber plants grown under potted and different culture conditions. The aim of this study was to screen effective combination of AMF in enhancing plant resistance to nematode disease. Seeds of “Jinyou 35” cucumber inoculated with various combination agents of seven AMF, Acaulospora laevis (Al), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (Ce), Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri), Glomus versiforme (Gv), Gigaspora margarita (GIm) and Scutellospora aurigloba (SCa), together with 2nd stage of juvenile nematode of Meloidogyne incognita (J2) in a pot experiment. Results showed that combined inoculation of AMF significantly reduced the egg mass numbers and egg numbers per egg mass. Inoculation of combination of Fm+Ri+GIm+SCa increased the number of J2, female and total nematodes within roots; while most other combined inoculations decreased the reproduction of nematodes. Plants inoculated with combined AMF of Al+Fm+GIm and Fm+Ce+Gv exhibited the greatest inhibition to nematode. All AMF combinations except GIm+SCa reduced the nematode damages. Al+Fm+GIm combination resulted in the minimum disease index, and the optimum control effect. Facility cultivation experimentals showed that Al+Fm+GIm combination demonstrated the best control effects. It is concluded that there are significant differences in enhancing disease control by inoculating various combination of AMF, and combinations of Al+Fm+Ce+Gv and Al+Fm+GIm have proved to be the most effective in approving plant resistance to nematodes under the present experimental conditions, indicating their application potential.

  • Xing-Guang LYU, Run-Jin LIU, Min LI
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 1018-1027. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.160230
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    Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita disease is one of important soil-borne diseases in growing watermelon plants, which often aggravates long-term continuous cropping. This disease can be effectively reduced by grafting using disease-resistant rootstocks, while arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) could also antagonize the nematodes, inducing host plant resistance to diseases. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of grafting and AMF inoculation on the growth of melon plants and their resistance to nematode disease. Two pumpkin Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata varieties “Qingnong 2” and “Qingnong 3” each grafted with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cv. “Jingxin 2” were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus versiforme and Rhizophagus intraradices separately prior to inoculation of root-knot nematode M. incognita. The disease index, gall index, plant growth status, and defense enzyme activities etc. were determined. Results showed that AMF inoculation reduced disease severity caused by the nematode, and significantly enhanced plant growth. G. versiforme showed superior effects on increasing plant growth of “Qingnong 2” and disease resistance. It is indicated that AMF colonization could increase root activity, soluble sugar content, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and decrease the content of malondialdehyde in plants. It is considered that “Qingnong 2”+G. versiforme combination could be applied in the future watermelon cultivation to obtain good protection and productivity.

  • Yi-Can ZHANG, Li-Ping LIU, Ying-Ning ZOU, Chun-Yan LIU, Qiang-Sheng WU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 1028-1036. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170068
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    In this study, a two-chambered rootbox experimental installation was used. In which one chamber (donor chamber) was planted with trifoliate orange Poncirus trifoliata seedlings inoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Paraglomus occultum, and the another chamber (receptor chamber) was planted with trifoliate orange only without inoculation. In 17 weeks of AMF colonization, Xanthomonas axonopodis (Xac) was inoculated into donor plants, and differences in signal responses were analyzed among receptor seedlings under different treatment conditions to clarify function of mycorrhizal hyphal bridge. Compared with non-inoculated treatment, single-inoculation with AM fungi and Xac inoculation subsequent to AMF inoculation significantly increased root nitric oxide (NO) content in donor plants, while single-inoculation with AM fungi increased root NO content in receptor plants. Single-inoculation with Xac considerably decreased root abscisic acid (ABA) of donor plants, but single-inoculation with AM fungi and double inoculation with AM fungi and Xac both increased root ABA content of donor plants. Double inoculation dramatically increased root ABA content in receptor plants. Compared with non-inoculation treatment, inoculation with AM fungi or Xac significantly decreased root zeatin riboside (ZR) content of the donor. Single-inoculation with AM fungi and double-inoculation with AMF and Xac also decreased root ZR content of the receptor. Single-inoculation with AM fungi had notably lower root jasmonic acid (JA) content in the donor and receptor, while there was higher root JA content in the donor and receptor under double inoculation condition. In comparison with non-inoculation treatment, single-inoculation with AM fungi or Xac and double-inoculation with AMF and Xac without exception down-regulated JA synthetic genes (PtLOX, PtAOS and PtAOC) expression levels in donor plant roots. Single-inoculation with Xac significantly depressed PtLOX and PtAOC expression in receptor plant roots. Single-inoculation with AM fungi negatively regulated root PtAOC expression in the receptor. Double inoculation treatment up-regulated root PtAOS expression in the receptor. Therefore, these facts indicate that hyphal bridge transfers JA and induces the changes of root NO, ABA, and ZR content of receptor plants to resist Xac.

  • Jing-Long LI, Yu-Qing SUN, Xin-Tong CHEN, Hai-Yan FENG, Bao-Dong CHEN, Xin ZHANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 1037-1047. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170097
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    A pot experiment was conducted to reveal the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis and ferrum (Fe) addition on the formation of root surface iron plaque and As accumulation in paddy rice Oryza sativa. The results indicated that iron plaque had the ability of adsorbing large amount of phosphorus and arsenic. Arsenic addition promoted the formation of iron plaque, while mycorrhizal inoculation significantly decreased the thickness of iron plaque. Mycorrhizal inoculation improved rice phosphorus nutrition and increased root but decreased shoot As concentration. Fe addition reduced shoot As concentration of inoculated rice under As exposure. The study demonstrated that combination of mycorrhizal inoculation and Fe addition could synergistically decrease As concentration in rice shoots, and provided a practical way for safe cultivation of paddy rice in As contaminated soil.

  • Ning-Ning ZHAO, Dan QIU, De-Kai MENG, Ming-Hua GU, Xue-Li WANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2017, 36(7): 1048-1056. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.170111
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    Potted Pteris vittata plants were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (Ce) and Glomus versiforme (Gv) for observing the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on arsenic fractionation in rhizosphere soil and arsenic accumulation in plants. The experiment results showed that the effect of inoculating Ce on the rhizosphere pH of Pteris vittata was not significant, but Ce could increase the proportion of non-specifically sorbed arsenic and well-crystallized hydrous oxides of Fe- and Al-associated arsenic by 35% and 13% and simultaneously decreased amorphous and poorly-crystallized Fe and Al (hydr) oxide-associated arsenic by 3% and 11% respectively. Ce could also significantly increase the biomass and arsenic concentration of Pteris vittata by 111% and 15% respectively. As compared with Gv, inoculation of Fm or Ce was more effective on increasing soil weakly adsorbed arsenic or reducing strongly adsorbed arsenic. Ce had more significant effects on increasing the biomass and arsenic concentration and accumulation of Pteris vittata than Fm and Gv. The results come to the conclusion that the extractive efficiency of arsenic by Pteris vittata inoculated with Ce is evident and AM fungi-Pteris vittata combination is feasible for bioremediation of As contaminated soil.