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22 February 2020, Volume 39 Issue 2
    

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  • Xin TAO,Shuang-Lin CHEN
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 211-222. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190300
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    With the continuous discovery of fungal fossils, the study of the origin and evolutionary process of fungi has gradually become a hot-spot in evolutionary biology. Fungal fossils are also important materials for studying the interaction between fungi and other organisms in the ancient ecology, and such an interaction could be used to study the co-evolution of ancient organisms and elucidate the ancient ecology and climate. In this paper, the research progress on fungal fossils at home and abroad is reviewed for providing reference of determining the differentiation time of different fungal groups and reconstructing the phylogenetic tree of fungi as well as deducing paleoecological environment.

  • Zong-Qi LIANG, Yan-Feng HAN, Gui-Ping ZENG, Jian-Dong LIANG, Wan-Hao CHEN, Zhi-Yuan ZHANG, Chun-Bo DONG, Qiu-Yu SHAO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 223-237. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190374
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    Haplotype analysis has achieved fruitful results in many fields of human, animal and plant sciences. This paper mainly introduced the concept of haploid type, research methods, and operating steps of commonly visual network analysis software. The haplotype application and development in mycological research, such as investigation of the genetic diversity of populations and biological geographical origin and migration, definition of cryptic species in complex species and their phylogenetic relationship, as well as haplotype detection for biological invasion and emerging pathogens are also reviewed and discussed. Perspective and approach of haplotype application to advancement of further development of mycology are predicted.

  • Research papers
  • Yu-Peng GE, Tolgor BAU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 238-255. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190345
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    Six previously unknown species of Crepidotus, C. dentatus sp. nov., Crepidotus heterocystidiosus sp. nov., C. pseudomollis sp. nov., C. reticulatus sp. nov., C. striatus sp. nov. and C. trichocraspedotus sp. nov., collected in Yunnan, Guangxi, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces of China, are recognized based on morphological characters in combination with phylogenetic analyses of the ITS nuclear DNA region. A key to the Crepidotus taxa known in China, line illustrations, photographs of the habitats, scanning electron micrographs and description of the diagnostic characters are provided. Subgenus Dochmiopus was paraphyletic with two clades resolved, suggesting that further morphological investigations should be undertaken to re-examine the circumscription of this subgenus. Four of the newly described species are classified in subg. Crepidotus. The present results confirmed that clampless hyphae and gelatinous pileipellis are important diagnostic characters for subg. Crepidotus.

  • Ying-Da WU, Yuan YUAN
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 256-264. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190364
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    Porodaedalea mongolica sp. nov. is collected from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Heilongjiang Province on Larix gmelinii. Phylogenetic analyses of the combined internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal RNA gene and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) sequences show that the new species forms a distinct lineage separating from other Porodaedalea species. Description and illustration are given in this paper.

  • Yang-Yang WANG, Xuan TU, Chuan-Hua WANG, Shan LU, Qi-Yu DENG, Xiao-Bing SUN
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 265-279. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190204
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    This study aims at revealing the genetic diversity and biological characteristics of commercial Armillaria strains used for Gastrodia elata cultivation in China and some wild Armillaria strains present in western Hubei Province. In total, 19 commercial strains of Armillaria from nine provinces and 20 wild strains from western Hubei Province were collected. The phylogeny and genetic diversity of these strains were analyzed using intergenic spacer, internal transcribed spacer and elongation factor-1-alpha as molecular markers. Their biological characteristics (rhizomorph development and extracellular hydrolase activity) that affect the symbiosis with G. elata were also studied. The results showed that all the commercial strains of Armillaria tested can be divided into two clades. Of which, 18 strains were clustered in clade Ⅲ, implying the close phylogenetic relationships of commercial Armillaria strains between different sources. With respect to, their phylogeny, rhizomorph growth and extracellular hydrolase activity, the commercial strains were superior to the wild strains collected in western Hubei Province. Four wild strains of A. mellea, 16022 (CBS N), 16032 (CBS O), 17021 (CBS F), and 18001, were deemed to have potential for cultivation of G. elata. This study provides a reference for selection of candidate Armillaria strains for the cultivation of G. elata.

  • Hua LIANG, Zhu LIANG, Yun CAO, Zhi-Yuan ZHANG, Zong-Qi LIANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 280-288. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190126
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    Fungal community on the palms and feet (including heel and toe tip-shoe cavity) of gymnastics athlete and gymnastics blanket, and its hidden danger to health safety has not been reported in China. Based on samples taken from different partial positions of 37 rhythmic gymnasts in spot venues, the cutaneous fungal community of gymnast body was investigated. The results of high-throughput sequencing, metagenomic analysis, and FUNGuild function annotation showed that the diversity of fungal community in athlete’s toe shoe cavity was the most abundant, while that in heel, palm as well as gymnastic carpet was lower. In toe shoe cavity the common skin fungi, such as Meyerozyma, Trichophyton and Guehomyces were dominant. Relative abundance of the genus Alternaria, an emerging pathogenic fungi, reached 50.90%, which may cause safety problem of public health to some extent.

  • Xian-Zhen ZHOU, Zhi-Min CAO, Dan YU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 289-297. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190232
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    Based on 14 650 genes encoded in the genome of the rust fungus Melampsora larici‐populina, the effective condon number, relative synonymous condon usage and the factors contributing to the codon usage bias were investigated using the program CondonW. The results indicate that the codon usage bias of M. larici‐populina is relatively low, and only a few genes are high biased. High frequent codons end with an A or T while optimal codons end with a G or C. The results of PR2-plot analysis, ENC plot analysis and neutrality analysis show that both natural selection and mutation play roles in shaping codon usage of this fungal species. However, mutational pressure may play a more important role in shaping codon usage bias than natural selection. A correlation analysis shows that base composition of condons is involved in shaping the codon usage pattern of M. larici‐populina.

  • Ling-Li LIAN, Ming-Zheng WENG, Cheng-Kang ZHANG, Wei LIU, Hua-Qin HE
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 298-311. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190310
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    Colletotrichum sp. is an important phytopathogenic fungus that causes serious disease on various monocot and dicot crops worldwide. Although the infection strategies of the pathogen have been explored extensively, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the co-expression modules of Colletotrichum sp. grown in living plants were explored and analyzed by integrating the predicted protein-protein interaction and expression profile data, to provide a new clue for molecular mechanism study on pathogen infection. By means of interologs-based and domain-based approaches, 41 700 protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were predicted among 4 288 proteins, including 39 766 interactions in hetero-complex and 1 924 interactions in homo-complex. By integrating the PPIs result and different gene expression profile data, four co-expression protein interactome (coPIN) with two in vitro state (IV1- and IV2- coPIN) and another two in vivo state (IP1- and IP2- coPIN) were constructed. The expression levels of shared genes between IV-coPIN and IP-coPIN were compared. The result showed that the expression levels of genes involved in translation and protein metabolism process were reduced and those of genes involved in ion transport and sugar transport were significantly increased in IP-coPIN as compared with IV-coPIN, indicating that ion and sugar transport play a key role in the early infection of Colletotrichum sp. Further modular analysis on IP-coPIN revealed that the specific modules in IP1-coPIN and IP2-coPIN were respectively related to stress response and regulation of actin filament length. The ‘response to stress’ subnet in IP1-coPIN was an interaction cluster with Hsp70 as hub protein, which may play an important role in providing pathogen counter-defense against host, while the ‘regulation of actin filament length’ subnet probably participated in the growth of mycelium in host tissues.

  • Jia XU, Yan-Chun WANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 312-322. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190236
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    Stemphylium platycodontis is found to be a pathogen of new disease of Platycodon grandiflorum. The occurrence of the disease and the biological characteristics and fungicide sensitivity of the pathogen were investigated. 25°C was optimal for mycelium growth and sporulation; the optimum pH value for mycelium growth was 4, and for sporulation was 8; the dark treatment for 24h was beneficial to the growth of mycelia and sporulation; PCA medium was the most favorable for the growth of mycelia, and Platycodon grandiflorum seedling juice medium was the most favorable for sporulation. Soluble starch was also favorable for mycelial growth, while sucrose was also favorable for sporulation. Acetylammonium is also found to be beneficial to the growth and sporulation of the pathogen. Fungicide sensitivity observation proved that 26.8μg/mL fluconazole had the best inhibitory effect and the strongest virulence.

  • Xin CHEN, Shou-Yun LV, Rui-Xin MA, Yin-Bing BIAN, Heng KANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 323-334. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190253
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    At present, most species of Morchella are still unable to achieve artificial cultivation. One of the important reasons is that nutritional patterns of morel are not well understood. Morchella importuna is one of the several cultivated Morchella species. Its saprophytic nutritional characteristics have been cleared, but whether there is a symbiotic nutritional relationship between the morel and plant roots is still questionable. Two homokaryotic strains A2 (MAT1-2-1) and A50 (MAT1-1-1) and one heterokaryotic strain A59 (MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1) of the morel and the hybrid poplar 717 (Populus tremula × P. alba, clone 717) were used as experimental materials. These three strains were co-cultured separately with hybrid poplar 717 to observe the interaction between mycelium and root system. The results showed that three strains (A2, A50 and A59) were able to deform the roots of poplar and produce obvious mantle and Y-type mycorrhizal structure, but no significant Hartig net structure was observed. This finding indicates that there may be a certain nutritional relationship between Morchella importuna and the root of hybrid poplar 717, but this symbiotic relationship is different from symbiosis of ectomycorrhiza.

  • Li-Mei YANG, Guo-Ping ZHOU, Peng-Yu YUAN, Xi-Yu ZHANG, Feng-Xian CUI, Zong-Ju LI
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 335-342. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190394
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    Edible ectomycorrhizal fungi are symbiotic with plants, whose mycelia grow slowly, don’t twist and form primordia, and therefore can’t complete their life cycle under pure culture condition. Few reports on the life history of ectomycorrhizal fungi under pure culture condition are published. In this study, Lanmaoa asiatica primordia have been induced under pure culture condition, and the number of nuclei in basidia, basidiospores, mycelia and primordial were observed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. It was found that the hyphal cell of fruiting bodies was binucleate; the basidia produced four monocaryotic basidiospores through meiosis, and the basidiospore at the long axis end germinated and formed a budding that elongated and formed monocaryotic primary hyphae, whose nuclei directly came from basidiospore. The primary hyphae became dicaryophytic in 5 days. The mycelial and primordial cells were binucleate, and the mycelial surface were smooth without clamp connection.

  • Yan-Jing XIONG, Yan-Hong WU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 343-351. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190437
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    Biofilm formation is one of the important factors for the resistance of Candida albicans. In this study, biofilm model of C. albicans in vitro was constructed, and the effect of allicin on biofilm formation was tested by inverted microscope and XTT assay. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of the related genes ALS1, ALS3, HWP1, MP65, and SUN41. The results showed that the growth of C. albicans biofilm was inhibited while allicin concentration was ≥12.5μg/mL, and in the early stage of biofilm formation, allicin intervention could effectively inhibit the formation of C. albicans biofilm. The expression of biofilm related genes ALS1, ALS3, HWP1, MP65 and SUN41 was down-regulated under the effect of allicin. The results indicated that allicin could significantly inhibit the biofilm formation of C. albicans in vitro, and the inhibitory effect might be related to down-regulating the expression of biofilm related genes.

  • Ji-Ling SONG, Wei-Dong YUAN, Zu-Fa ZHOU, Wei-Ke WANG, Na LU, Jun-Wen CHENG, Jing YAN
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 352-361. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190211
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    Sanghuangporus is currently recognized as one of valuable medicinal macrofungi with antitumor activity. In this study, mycelial biomass and 7 indicative data including polysaccharide content, protein content, laccase activity, carboxymethyl cellulase activity, hemicellulase activity, amylase activity and protease activity of fermentation broths were tested at 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 18th and 21st day during liquid cultivation of Sanghuangporus vaninii, S. baumii and S. sanghuang. The result showed that fermentation broth of the three species all had a complete extracellular enzyme system. S. baumii showed higher activity of carboxymethyl cellulose, hemicellulase and amylase; S. vaninii showed higher activity of laccase; S. sanghuang showed higher activity of protease. Pearson analysis demonstrated that the accumulation of polysaccharides was significantly related to the secretion of carboxymethyl cellulose, amylase and hemicellulose; protein content was positively correlated with amylase. S. sanghuang and S. baumii were significantly superior in terms of polysaccharide content and protein content as compared with S. vaninii. The results provided a scientific reference for further research, development and utilization of Sanghuangporus.

  • Li-Xia QIN,Yu-Qin WANG,Chun-Ru LI,Jing-Chun WANG,Chang-Sheng SUN,Chun-Li WANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 362-371. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190285
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    Formation rate and the content of polysaccharides, cordycepin acid, adenosine and N 6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine of coremium of Isaria cicadae strain BAI0101 were detected and analyzed at different period during artificial cultivation. The effect of I. cicadae coremium compound on improving sleep of mice were evaluated preliminarily. The results showed that the coremium formation rate increased in 10-30 days of cultivation and then maintained a stable trend. The content of polysaccharides, cordycepin acid and adenosine began to increase in 18 days and reached the highest in 22-24 days, and then decreased. The content of N 6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine decreased with the prolongation of culture time, reached the lowest in 24-26 days, and then increased and kept stable in 36 days. Preliminary evaluation was made on the effect of the compound prescription consisting of I. cicadae coremium on improving sleeping condition of mice. The results showed that the compound could obviously promote the sleep of mice induced by pentobarbital sodium at subthreshold dose, and significantly reduce the sleep latency of mice induced by barbital sodium without direct sleep effect, and did not affect the sleep time of mice induced by pentobarbital. According to the ‘Technical Specification for Inspection and Evaluation of Health Food’, the compound could be used as prescription for improving sleep.

  • Yan-Fang LIU, Kun GAO, Jie FENG, Meng-Qiu YAN, Xue-Meng ZHANG, Qing-Jiu TANG, Shuai ZHOU, Yan YANG, Na FENG, Jin-Yan WANG, Jing-Song ZHANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 372-380. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190343
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae was inoculated in the fermented broth of Ganoderma lingzhi and cultured for different periods to study the effects of yeast growth on polysaccharide degradation. The apparent viscosity, molecular weight distributions, yields, content and the monosaccharide composition of extracellular polysaccharides were investigated. Results showed that the apparent viscosity of G. lingzhi fermented broth decreased significantly after being co-cultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The molecular weights of both two fractions in fermented broth decreased with the extension of culture period. The average molecular weight of fraction 1 decreased from 3.55×10 6g/mol to 1.93×10 6g/mol and that of fraction 2 changed from 6.18×10 4g/mol to 3.11×10 4g/mol. The yield of extracellular polysaccharide 20E fractions gradually decreased from 2.43g/L to 0.98g/L after being co-cultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while that of 70E fractions (precipitated with 70% ethanol) gradually increased to the level of 1.87g/L. The polysaccharide content of 20E fractions was much higher than that of others, reaching over 70%. 20E fractions were composed principally of glucose and 70E fractions mainly contained mannose. All polysaccharide fractions obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented G. lingzhi broth exhibited significant enhancing activity on inducing NF-κB activation through binding with dectin-1 receptor. The fractions obtained from the broth cultured for 24h showed the best activity among all the tested samples.

  • Yan-Xia ZHAO, Wen-Wen YUAN, Meng-Ni SUN, Wei-Fa ZHENG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 381-389. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190350
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    The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-AC) on the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in Inonotus obliquus. I. obliquus was cultured by liquid shake flask in the presence of 5-AC. For determining the effects of 5-AC on biosynthesis of polyphenols by I. obliquus, the mRNA expression level of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonium lyase (pal), 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4cl) and styrylpyrone synthase (sps) were assayed by real-time PCR. In addition, the histone methylation modification of the promoter region of sps was measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation technique. For assaying the phenolic content of I. obliquus under submerged culture conditions, Folin-Ciocalteu method was utilized to determine the accumulation of total polyphenols either in mycelia or in culture broth. The results showed that the addition of 5-AC enhanced the expression levels of pal, 4cl and sps in I. obliquus. The addition of 5-AC reduced the histone modification of H3K9Me3, but increased H3K4Me3 and H3K36Me3 modification of the sps promoter region. Consistent with the increase of gene expression of pal, 4cl and sps and the change of histone modification at promoter region of sps, the accumulation of total polyphenols reached (46.6±2.8)mg/g for mycelial polyphenols and (92.3±2.3)mg/L for extracellular polyphenols, being obviously higher than the yield of mycelial polyphenols (28.7±1.0)mg/g and extracellular polyphenols (66.9±1.3)mg/L found in the experimental control. 5-AC treatment enhanced the capacity of mycelial polyphenols to scavenge DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. In summary, 5-AC can be used as a regulator to stimulate the synthetic metabolism of I. obliquus under submerged culture conditions, and the application of 5-AC might be one of the measures to further increase the accumulation of polyphenols in artificial culture of I. obliquus.

  • Xue-Ming AN, Chao CHEN, Xiao-Xia LIU, Jian-Min YUN, Yan-Hu LI, Feng-Yun ZHAO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 390-397. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190298
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    Degeneration of cultivated strains often occurs in Volvariella volvacea subculture, and results in degradation of fruiting bodies nutrient. In this study, generations M1-M19 were obtained by continuous subculture for 19 months using V971 as initial strain (M0). The growth rate of mycelia and the content of polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, flavonoids, amino acids and mineral elements in fruiting bodies were determined. The results were that the mycelial growth rate in generations M0-M19 first increased and then decreased during continuing subculture. Only generations M0-M12 could form fruiting bodies, but the content of polysaccharides and proteins in the fruiting bodies decreased gradually with continuing subculture. The flavonoids first increased and then decreased, and the polyphenols was not significantly different in M0-M7, but significantly decreased in successive generations (P<0.05). The content of mineral elements significantly decreased with continuing subculture in M0-M12. Cu content decreased notably, and the decrement in M12 reached 77.59% as compared with that in M0. Mg content decreased insignificantly, and the decrement in M12 was only 19.84% the content in M0. The difference in total amino acid content was not significant in successive generations, but the content of essential amino acids in M12 was significantly lower than that in M0 and M6 (P<0.05). This study accumulated scientific data for culture preservation and rapid evaluation of cultivated strain quality of V. volvacea.

  • Jun-Feng ZHANG, Zhong ZHANG, Wen-Han WANG, He-Nan ZHANG, Na FENG, Di WU, Yan-Fang LIU, Yan YANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 398-408. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190254
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    The difference of secondary metabolites and their activities between mycelia and fruiting body of Sanghuangporous sanghuang was studied and the possibility of replacing fruiting bodies by mecelia in process of production of the metabolites was evaluated. The difference of metabolite component between mycelium and fruiting bodies fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and chemical method was compared. Antioxidant activity of the components extracted including scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical activity and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and antineoplastic activity including the ability of inhibiting the growth of HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cells were also evaluated. The result was that the components of the four extractive phases of mycelium and fruiting body were obviously different and the antioxidant activity of each extract phase of mycelium was higher than that of fruiting body, while the antitumor activity of fruiting body extracts was higher than that of mycelium extracts. There is a significant correlation between antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content. The total flavonoid content of mycelium ethanol extract is higher than that of fruiting body ethanol extract, and therefore fermented mycelia seem feasible to replace fruiting body for production of flavonoids.

  • Cheng-Yi LIU, Lin LI, Xin-Yi HAO, Yuan YUAN, Xiao-Ping WU, Jun-Sheng FU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 409-420. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190245
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    Cordyceps militaris is one of valuable medicinal fungi, easily cultured in corn substrate such as rice and wheat. Post-harvest waste substrate was still rich in active substances. In this study the polysaccharides from waste substrate of C. militaris were extracted and their chemical antioxidant activity and protective effect on liver cell oxidative damage in LO2 cell model induced by hydrogen peroxide were evaluated. The monosaccharide components were also analyzed. The result shows that polysaccharides of waste substrate could scavenge DPPH free radical, ?OH free radical and ABTS free radical, and the EC50 was 0.26mg/mL, 1.03mg/mL and 0.57mg/mL, respectively, indicating the polysaccharides still possessed effective antioxidant activity. The polysaccharides could significantly protect LO2 cell morphology and improve cell survival rate through concentration-dependent manner, and the cell viability reached 91.83% at the concentration of 5mg/mL. The polysaccharides of the waste substrate could decrease the levels of ROS (P<0.01) through increasing SOD and CAT activity by 4.91 times and 3.40 times respectively. The polysaccharide mainly contains glucose, mannose, galactose, L-arabinose, glucose aldehyde, xylose, galactose aldehyde, L-rhamnose monohydrate, fucose and other monosaccharides. These results indicated post-harvest waste substrate of C. militaris could be reused for further extracting valuable active substants.

  • Cheng-Yi LIU, Yuan YUAN, Xin-Yi HAO, Kun LIU, Xiao-Ping WU, Jun-Sheng FU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 421-433. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190229
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    Cordyceps cicadae, a famous Chinese traditional medicinal herb, is a kind of entomogenous fungi that contains rich bioactive substances with medical health care values. In this study, the chemical antioxidant activity and antioxidant stress damage capability of intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides from Cordyceps cicadae was investigated on the basis of radical scavenging capacity and model of hydrogen peroxide cell oxidative damage. The results showed that both intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides could scavenge ?OH free radical, ABTS free radical and DPPH free radical. The chemical antioxidant activity of extracellular polysaccharides is better than that of intracellular polysaccharides. The EC50 value of scavenging ?OH free radical, ABTS free radical and DPPH free radical of intracellular polysaccharides was 3.71mg/mL, 2.83mg/mL and 1.70mg/mL respectively while that of extracellular polysaccharides was 1.06mg/mL, 0.96mg/mL and 0.63mg/mL respectively. Comparison of the capability of improving oxygenated stress damage indicated that both intracellular and extracellular polysaccharide could significantly improve LO2 cell survival rate with increase of concentration. Compared with experimental model group, the LO2 cell viability in intracellular and extracellular polysaccharide of treatment group reached 82.07% and 92.36% under treatment concentration of 5mg/mL, showing the activity of extracellular polysaccharide is obviously higher. Detection of the regulatory mechanism of scavenging ROS showed that extracellular polysaccharide increased SOD and CAT activity by 2.51 times and 2.91 times respectively, very significantly reducing the ROS level (P<0.01) and improving the oxidative stress injury of LO2 cells. Intracellular polysaccharides only increased SOD and CAT activity by 1.85 times and 2.33 times, and ROS were significantly decreased (P<0.05), indicating that improvement effect of intracellular polysaccharides on oxidative stress injury of LO2 cell was inferior. These results indicated that the polysaccharides, especially extracellular polysaccharides, extracted from mycelium of Cordyceps cicadae could scavenge free radical and protect LO2 cells avoiding oxidative damage of hydrogen peroxide.

  • De-Wu ZHANG, Jian-Yuan ZHAO, Jia-Qi ZHOU, Tao WEI, Li-Yan YU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 434-440. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190327
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    The activity of ethyl acetate extract of the fungus Penicillium sp. CPCC 400786 was evaluated by using anti-HIV inhibitor screening model. The result showed that ethyl acetate extract presented a significant inhibiting effect on HIV. Eight compounds were separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC, and their structures were identified as oxalicine A (1), oxalicine B (2), cis-4,6-dihydroxymellein (3), linoleic acid (4), cis-9-octadecenoic acid (5), tetradecanoic acid (6), uracil (7), thymine (8) by analysis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 were meroterpene derivatives. Compounds 1-6 were evaluated for anti-HIV and anti-H1N1 activities. Compound 1 displayed significant anti-H1N1 activity with the IC50 value of 38.5μmol/L, and the activity was slightly weaker than that of positive control (ribavirin, IC50=20.5μmol/L). Compounds 1 and 2 showed anti-HIV activities with the IC50 values of 22.4 and 67.8μmol/L, respectively. Compounds 3-6 were inactive. More antiviral meroterpenoids from the genus Penicillium need further investigation.

  • Lin-Xiang HUANG, Le-Le SHI, Zhi-Ying CAI, Peng-Wei JI, Chen-Li WANG, Bing-Zhi CHEN, Yu-Ji JIANG, Bao-Gui XIE
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 441-451. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190192
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    Using inhibition rate of pancreatic lipase activity as index, the extracting process of alcohol extract and water extract of Auricularia heimuer fruiting body (AHFB) were optimized by single factor and orthogonal experiments, respectively. The extract with the highest inhibition rate was used to determine inhibition types and inhibition effects on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The results showed that the optimum extracting conditions of ethanol extract of AHFB included the extraction temperature of 70°C, extraction duration of 1h, ethanol concentration of 90%, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:20. IC50 of the ethanol extract inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity obtained was 681.56μg/mL. The optimum extraction conditions of water extract of AHFB were the extraction temperature of 70°C, extraction duration of 2h and solid material-liquid ratio of 1:40. IC50 of the water extract inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity obtained was 850.59μg/mL. The inhibiting rate of ethanol extract on pancreatic lipase activity was higher than that of water extract. The inhibition of ethanol extract on pancreatic lipase was non-competitive, and the inhibition constant was 4.69mg/mL. The viability of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was not affected when the concentration of ethanol extract was lower than 1mg/mL. The concentration over 400μg/mL could significantly inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.

  • Short communications
  • Jin-Ai YAO, Peng HUANG, Han-Xin CHEN, De-Yi YU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 452-456. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190209
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    Zhangzhou of Fujian Province is productive area of ornamental succulent plant Sedum morganianum of Crassulaceae, where black rot disease seriously occurred in recent years. Morphological observation, and rDNA-ITS, actin, EF-1α gene sequence analysis have proved that the pathogen is Corynespora cassiicola. This is the first report of black rot of S. morganianum caused by Corynespora cassiicola.

  • Yu-Zhong LI, Tao TENG, Zui LIU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(2): 457-463. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190133
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    Three hundred and three fungal strains were isolated from fruitbodies of wild basidiomycetes and their toxicity against nematode Panagrellus redivivus were evaluated in Petri dish. Two strains showed high toxic to P. redivivus were identified based on morphology of fruitbody and analysis of ITS sequence. Strain BSN003 was identified as Neonothopanus nambi and the strain BSN034 was identified as Marasmiellus palmivorus. These two fungi also showed high toxicity to pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus with mortality of 100% by treatment of the strain BSN003 and 93.6% by the strain BSN034 in 48h on CMA plates. This study proved that N. nambi and M. palmivorus could be used for nematode biological control.