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22 November 2020, Volume 39 Issue 11
    

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    Preface
  • HUANG Guang-Hua,ZHU Li-Ping
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2001-2002. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200315
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  • Reviews
  • WANG Tian-Xu,YANG Dan-Dan,SUN Xun,ZHANG Mao,SU Chang,LU Yang
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2003-2013. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200180
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    Candida albicans is a benign member of the mucosal microbiota, colonizing oral cavity, skin, gastrointestinal tract and vigina of health people, but the fungus causes mucosal infections and life-threatening disseminated invasive infections in susceptible individuals. C. albicans is diploid and can undergo reversible morphological changes between yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal forms of growth. The hyphal form plays key roles in the infection process, and can promote tissue penetration and escape from immune cells. In this review, recent advances in understanding the complex transcriptional regulation of hyphal gene expression, and the molecular processes that drive the highly polarized growth of hyphae, as well as the host immune response to hyphal growth form are discussed. Current understanding of morphological transition in Candida tropicalis and Candida auris is also discussed.

  • LIU Jing,ZHENG Qiu-Shi,HUANG Guang-Hua
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2014-2024. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200182
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    With the widespread of HIV infection, increased organ transplants and chemo/radiotherapy, and wide application of antifungal drugs, the worldwide trend of Candida infection has changed significantly in recent years. In addition to Candida albicans, the infection rate of Candida glabrata increases gradually by years, and it has become the second most common Candida species of invasive infections in some countries and regions. Clinical isolates of C. glabrata are often highly resistant to fluconazole and cause systemic infection with a mortality of up to 50% due to the lack of effective treatment strategies. To improve the understanding of C. glabrata biology, this review describes research progress on the epidemiology, multiple virulence factors, and drug resistance mechanisms of this pathogen made in the past decade. We hope it would benefit the community to further explore the multiple drug resistance and pathogenic mechanisms.

  • LI Chao,GUAN Guo-Bo
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2025-2034. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200184
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    With the improvement of modern medicine, such as the application of broad-spectrum antibiotics, chemotherapy and organ transplantation, invasive fungal infection is a serious threat to human health. Understanding the pathogenic mechanism of invasive fungi may provide insight into key aspects for therapies. In order to colonize the host and cause disease, microbes must have the ability to sense and response variable stresses of host microenvironments. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone under both physiological and stress conditions in eukaryotes. This protein is also involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, besides protein folding. A large number of substrate (or “client”) proteins interact with Hsp90 to regulate the morphology development, biofilm formation, sexual reproduction, drug resistance and virulence. In this paper, we reviewed the recent advances in the study of fungal Hsp90 signaling pathway in the aspects of activity regulation and client proteins, morphology, sexual reproduction and drug resistance regulation.

  • DENG Yu-Chen,LI Shuai-Hu,PAN Wei-Hua,LIAO Wan-Qing,TAO Li
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2035-2043. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200185
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    Candida haemulonii is a species closely related to the “superbug fungus” Candida auris. The incidence of invasive fungal infection caused by C. haemulonii is increasingly rising. C. haemulonii is a multidrug resistant fungus and the resistance to common antifungals even exceeds that of C. auris. In vitro drug susceptibility tests have confirmed that the majority of the strains of C. haemulonii show resistance to azoles, polyenes and echinocandins etc., especially intrinsic resistance to amphotericin B. It’s difficult to accurately identify by using common clinical methods, and it’s often misidentified as Pichia pastoris or Cryptococcus neoformans. This review summarizes the current knowledge of C. haemulonii concerning epidemiology, biological characteristics, drug resistance, diagnosis, treatments and prevention at home and abroad.

  • FAN Shu-Ru,DU Han
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2044-2059. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200176
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    Candida auris has emerged as a fungal pathogen leading to severe problems associated with nosocomial transmission. It has been rapidly spreading worldwide and caused several described outbreaks since the first report in 2009. Compared with other members of Candida spp., this pathogen has multiple characteristics such as multidrug resistance, difficulty in identification, high mortality and easily spread in hospital setting. Many efforts are on the way to answer the biological questions and pathogenic mechanism regarding this pathogen. In this review, the epidemiology and basic biological characteristics relevant to Candida auris are detailed, and the knowledge concerning the mechanisms of its virulence and multidrug resistance is summarized. The future research of Candida auris is prospected.

  • ZHOU Jia,MEI Yi-Kun,LI Bo-Wen,LIU Ning-Ning
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2060-2075. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200137
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    Nutrient is a critical element for Candida albicans colonization and pathogenesis. As part of the mycobiome, C. albicans can specifically sense the nutrient variation in the host microenvironment and adapt quickly to provide nutritional support for its growth, proliferation and invasion of the host. It can transform from a commensal into a pathogen causing severe candidiasis disease when immune system is downcast and microbiome disordered. Currently many studies are focusing on the molecular mechanisms contributing to the nutritional responses and C. albicans pathogenicity. In this paper, the latest progresses targeting at the relationship between nutrients including carbon sources, nitrogen sources, diverse metals and pathogenicity mechanisms of C. albicans are reviewed for better understanding of C. albicans virulence and providing novel insights of development of new antifungals.

  • ZHAO Ya-Jing,ZHANG Hong
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2076-2087. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200229
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    Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections. C. albicans pathogenicity mainly depends on virulence factors and host-pathogen interactions, but definite molecular-based mechanism of pathogenicity still remain unclear. Energy metabolism is the basis for the survival and the premise of biological activities for all living organisms, and therefore in-depth research on the energy metabolism as well as exploring the role of energy metabolism in C. albicans pathogenesis is crucial for seeking more potential therapeutic drug targets.

  • YU Yao,HE Hui-Qian,WU Meng-Xue,JIA Xin-Ming
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2088-2108. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200207
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    Candida, one of the most common human opportunistic pathogens, can cause deadly invasive candidiasis and seriously threaten human life and health. An in-depth understanding of the interaction between Candida and the host will help providing new theoretical strategies for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of candidiasis. In this review, we detailed the latest research progress on the host-pathogen interaction, and summarized the pathogenic mechanism of Candida and the host’s immune response. We focused on morphological transformation, secreted proteins, pattern recognition receptors, and mediated innate and adaptive immune responses of Candida. Future research directions for host-pathogen interaction were also prospected.

  • ZHANG Hao,LIU Wei
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2109-2119. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200175
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    In recent years, the number of patients suffering from invasive candidiasis caused by pathogenic Candida species has increased. Although Candida albicans remains the most common pathogen, non-albicans Candida infections have increased significantly. The resistance of pathogenic Candida species to common antifungal drugs trends to rise, causing the failure of clinical treatment of infection. In this review, the research progress on the epidemiology of drug-resistance and resistant mechanisms of pathogenic Candida species are described.

  • BING Jian
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2120-2130. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200183
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    Candida auris infection and drug resistance is becoming more and more serious. In this article, the recent progress in understanding how C. auris clinical isolates develop resistance against three classical antifungals is reviewed. Four potential drug resistance mechanisms including abnormal expression of efflux pump, target protein mutations, biofilm and genome plasticity are summarized. Comparison of different antifungal mechanisms between C. auris and other pathogenic Candida species is given.

  • JIANG Tong,CHEN Chang-Bin
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2131-2148. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200167
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    As a major component of the human mycobiota, Candida species regularly colonize diverse niches of the human body, being commensals in the healthy, immunocompetent individuals. To adapt the complex host environment, resist the attack from the host immunity and compete with other microbes, Candida spp. have evolved a range of sophisticated strategies to maintain their commensal life in the host. In this review, we summarize recent research progresses about the mechanisms by which Candida species cope with the host stresses, including those involving morphological changes, environmental adaptation, immune regulation and interactions with other microorganisms, and delineate the importance of balancing mutuality and interaction between Candida spp., host immune system and microbiome in sustaining the colonization and commensalism of these fungi.

  • LV Quan-Zhen,ZHANG Jing-Xiang,JIANG Yuan-Ying,WANG Yan
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2149-2160. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200202
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    Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen in clinic. The genome of C. albicans contains about 6 100 genes. Revealing functions of these genes, especially those involved in virulence and drug resistance, are of great significance for the discovery of new antifungal strategies and targets. Strategies frequently used in gene function studies include gene knockout and gene expression regulation. In recent years, technical methods for gene function investigations of C. albicans continuously develop. In this article, we reviewed the development of common techniques and further analyzed the shortcomings and prospects of certain techniques.

  • WU Hao,SUN Juan-Juan,FANG Ting,LI Li-Ping,AN Mao-Mao,JIANG Yuan-Ying
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2161-2171. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200154
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    In the past two decades, with the increase of immunodeficiency patients, the incidence of invasive fungal infections has been continuously rising, with high mortality rate. The currently used antifungal drugs mainly include azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, etc. The limited assortments result in increase of fungal drug resistance and toxic and side effects. There is an urgent need to develop new antifungal drugs. The monoclonal antibody has a precisely targeted anti-fungal effect and function of regulating the immune response, and therefore is feasible and unique for treating fungal infections. Based on functional target, it can be classified as polysaccharides, virulence factors, proteins and cross-boundary anti-fungal monoclonal antibodies that target fungal surfaces. Based on source of antibodies, it can be divided into natural antibodies and recombinant antibodies. Its mechanism includes directly antifungal effect that is direct neutralization of toxins or inhibition of fungal invasion, and immunopotentiation, mainly the activation of complement dependent cytotoxicity to clear or destroy pathogenic fungi and neutrophils to activate opsonophagocytosis and induce phagocytosis. This paper summarizes the current research progress of anti-fungal infection monoclonal antibodies’ pharmacodynamics and some existing problems. The comparison is made between new and traditional methods for preparation of anti-fungal monoclonal antibodies. The future development of this research field is discussed.

  • QUE Chun-Xing,ZHOU Ling-Hong,ZHU Li-Ping
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2020, 39(11): 2172-2183. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.200150
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    Central nervous system candidiasis is relatively uncommon in clinic, but its mortality is high. In the past few years, with the increase of immunocompromised population and neurosurgery operations, the incidence of central nervous system candidiasis is showing a tendency to rise. Traditional diagnostic methods including cerebrospinal fluid culture and brain biopsy are gold standards, but their sensitivity is low. Nowadays, non-culture techniques, such as CSF antigen detection and molecular diagnostic techniques provide new means for rapid diagnosis. At present, the antifungal therapy is initially shaping, but the optimal therapy and duration of treatment have not been confirmed. In this paper, the diagnosis and treatment strategies of central nervous system candidiasis in recent years are described.