新世纪中国菌物新名称发表概况（2000-2020）

王科,陈双林,戴玉成,贾泽峰,李泰辉,刘铁志,普布多吉,热衣木·马木提,孙广宇,图力古尔,魏生龙,杨祝良,袁海生,张修国,蔡磊

菌物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4) : 822-833.

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菌物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4) : 822-833. DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.210064 CSTR: 32115.14.j.mycosystema.210064
特约综述

新世纪中国菌物新名称发表概况（2000-2020）

作者信息 +

Overview of China’s nomenclature novelties of fungi in the new century (2000-2020)

Author information +
文章历史 +

摘要

2000-2020年间,我国菌物学研究取得了丰硕的成果,在新物种发现、重要类群新分类系统、资源保护与开发利用等多方面取得了重要进展。本文通过对世界菌物名称信息库Index Fungorum、Fungal Names和MycoBank进行数据整理,从中国学者的研究产出和中国的菌物新物种发现的角度展开分析,揭示我国菌物分类学的研究概况。新世纪以来,中国从事菌物分类学的研究人员数量、研究类群规模和研究成果数量都处于稳步上升的趋势,在世界贡献的比重逐渐增长,有1 491位中国学者在4 029篇文章和36部专著中发表了9 430个新名称（含中国学者发表的采集自国外的物种）,占全世界新发表名称总数的七分之一,其中新分类单元7 120个（含新纲3个、新目24个、新科88个,新亚科4个、新属492个、新亚属3个、新组及新亚组23个、新种6 404个和新种下单元79个）、新组合1 868个、新修订名称61个和其他新名称381个。这些新名称隶属于11门43纲173目525科1 997属,重点研究类群为子囊菌与担子菌等。若统计采集自中国的新物种,则发现了5 458个菌物新物种,其中90%以上由我国学者独立或合作完成发表。在地域分布方面,我国南方发现的菌物新物种数量多于北方,而云南是发现菌物新物种最多的省份,占全国发现新物种总数的大约四分之一。

Abstract

From 2000 to 2020, mycological studies in China has achieved encouraging progress in several aspects, such as discovery of new species, construction of new taxonomic schemes for important groups, biodiversity conservation and bio-resource exploitation. In this paper, the research progress of newly published fungal names in China, especially those from Chinese scholars are statistically summarized and presented based on the data retrieved from Index Fungorum, Fungal Names and MycoBank. The result shows that the number of Chinese scholars, and their research outputs have increased greatly in the new century, together with the increasing contribution to the world taxonomy of fungi. At least 9 430 new fungal names, including 7 120 new taxa (i.e. 3 new classes, 24 new orders, 88 new families, 4 new subfamilies, 492 new genera, 3 new subgenera, 23 new sections and subsections, 6 404 new species and 79 new intraspecific taxa), 1 868 new combinations, 61 new revised names and 381 other new names, were published by 1 491 Chinese scholars in 4 029 articles and 36 monographs, accounting for ca. 1/7 of all names published worldwide. These new fungal names belonged to 11 phyla, 43 classes, 173 orders, 525 families and 1 997 genera, among which ascomycetes and basidiomycetes have received more attentions. Most new fungal species were discovered from southern China, while Yunnan is the most important source of new discoveries accounting for ca. 1/4 of total in China.

关键词

菌物分类学 / 中国学者 / 新名称发表 / 研究类群 / 新种地域分布

Key words

taxonomy of fungi / Chinese scholar / new name published / research group / distribution of new species

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王科, 陈双林, 戴玉成, 贾泽峰, 李泰辉, 刘铁志, 普布多吉, 热衣木·马木提, 孙广宇, 图力古尔, 魏生龙, 杨祝良, 袁海生, 张修国, 蔡磊. 新世纪中国菌物新名称发表概况（2000-2020）[J]. 菌物学报, 2021, 40(4): 822-833 https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.210064
WANG Ke, CHEN Shuang-Lin, DAI Yu-Cheng, JIA Ze-Feng, LI Tai-Hui, LIU Tie-Zhi, PHURBU Dorji, MAMUT Reyim, SUN Guang-Yu, BAU Tolgor, WEI Sheng-Long, YANG Zhu-Liang, YUAN Hai-Sheng, ZHANG Xiu-Guo, CAI Lei. Overview of China’s nomenclature novelties of fungi in the new century (2000-2020)[J]. Mycosystema, 2021, 40(4): 822-833 https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.210064
新世纪以来,中国菌物学研究飞速发展,取得了令人瞩目的成就。在系统分类学方面,我国学者对担子菌门、“酵母菌”、蘑菇目、牛肝菌目、多孔菌目、亚隔孢壳科,以及一些具有广泛经济重要性的属如木霉属、刺盘孢属、青霉属、曲霉属等类群的系统发育构建和分类系统更新做出了重要贡献,并描述了大量的新分类单元（Zeng et al. 2013;Zhao et al. 2013;Liu et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2014;Wu et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2015;Zhao et al. 2016;Chen et al. 2017;Chen & Zhuang 2017;Zhao et al. 2017;Wang et al. 2018;Cui et al. 2019;He et al. 2019;Hou et al. 2020）。信息库建设方面,中国学者自主创建的菌物名称注册信息库（Fungal Names,http://www.fungalinfo.net/）受到《国际藻类、菌物和植物命名法规》认可,成为国际三大菌物名称注册网站之一。在物种保护方面,中国于2018年发布了世界上评估规模最大、涵盖物种最多（9 302种）的大型真菌红色名录（姚一建等 2020）。在产业发展方面,2019年我国食用菌产量为3 933.87万吨、产值达3 126.67亿元,占世界总产值的80%。2018年,英国皇家植物园联合世界菌物学家出版了首部《世界真菌现状报告》,鉴于中国在菌物学研究、保护、开发利用等方面的突出贡献,被选为首个聚焦国家（country of focus）,并由中国学者完成了相关内容的撰写（Fang et al. 2018）。
在大数据时代,生物多样性数据库中蕴藏着大量具有重要价值的生物学与生态学信息,如物种名称的变化、分类地位的改变、命名人、物种地理分布、生境、采集年代和时间等。这些信息不仅能揭示地区性物种多样性、生物资源调查研究的广度和深度,也可反映分类学及其相关学科的发展态势。本研究通过收集菌物名称发表数据,开展深入挖掘与分析,总结21世纪中国学者发表菌物新分类单元的情况和中国的菌物新物种发现概况,从而揭示中国菌物分类学的发展趋势。

1 数据来源

本研究的数据来自世界菌物名称信息库Index Fungorum（http://www.indexfungorum.org/）、Fungal Names（http://www.fungalinfo.net/）和MycoBank（http://www.mycobank.org/）,数据获取时间截止于2021年1月10日,以便完整地包括2020年12月31日前发表但尚未收入上述数据库中的名称信息。以名称发表年份为条件,从数据库中筛选获得2000-2020年发表的菌物名称记录67 143条,作为原始数据。每条数据包含菌物名称、命名作者、分类阶元、发表年份、发表期刊、模式标本产地、命名法评价、基质和寄主等信息。
根据Index Fungorum中的“Authors of fungal names”数据集,从原始数据中遴选出中国学者参与发表的记录共9 430条,用以分析中国学者在新分类单元发表方面的情况和贡献。根据分类阶元和模式标本产地的信息,从原始数据中筛选出中国菌物新物种发表记录共5 458条,作为中国菌物新物种的发表情况的分析数据。

2 中国学者发表菌物新名称概况

2.1 在世界的总体贡献

对菌物名称发表数据进行整体分析,发现2000-2020年间有1 491位中国学者参与了新分类单元及新名称的发表,发表了各类型菌物新名称9 430个,占全世界命名作者总数的14.31%和新名称总数的14.04%。中国学者参与发表的菌物新分类单元有7 120个,包括新纲3个、新目24个、新科88个、新亚科4个、新属492个、新亚属3个、新组及新亚组23个、新种6 404个和新种下单元（亚种、变种和变型）79个。此外,还发表了新组合1 868个、新修订名称61个和其他名称（不合格、不合法和弃用名称）381个。对各个名称的命名作者进行统计,其中56.11%（5 291个）的名称由中国作者独立完成发表,43.89%（4 139个）的名称与外国人合作发表。不同等级的新名称,中外作者合作的情况也不尽相同。新纲、新目和新科等高阶分类阶元,80%以上由中外作者合作发表,而60%以上新种及种下单元的发表由中国作者独立完成（表1）。
表1 2000-2020年中国学者发表的各类型菌物新分类单元及新名称

Table 1 New fungal names published by Chinese scholars from 2000 to 2020

名称类型
New taxa		 中国学者发表
Published by
Chinese scholars		 中国学者独立发表
Published solely
by Chinese scholars		 独立发表比例
Percentage of names
solely published by
Chinese scholars (%)
新纲 New classes 3 0 0.00
新目 New orders 24 4 16.67
新科 New families 88 18 20.45
新亚科 New subfamilies 4 4 100.00
新属 New genera 492 167 33.94
新亚属 New subgenera 3 1 33.33
新组、新亚组 New sections and subsections 23 12 52.17
新种 New species 6 404 4 057 63.35
新种下单元 New infraspecific taxa 79 53 67.09
新组合 New combinations 1 868 759 40.63
名称修订 New revised names 61 27 45.00
不合格、不合法名称 Invalid and illegitimate names 381 189 49.61
总计 Total 9 430 5 291 56.11
2000-2020年间,中国研究人员发表的菌物新名称数量快速增长,从事新名称发表的作者数量也在稳步上升。21世纪初,中国学者参与发表的名称仅占世界的5%-10%,而这一比例在2015年之后大幅提升。2015年以来,全世界共发表菌物新名称25 467个,中国学者参与了其中1/5以上的名称发表（图1）。中国是公认的世界生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,仍有大量菌物物种尚未被发现,随着研究队伍的稳定和逐步扩大,可以预见在未来一段时间内,我国将继续保持菌物分类学的高产出趋势。
图1 2000-2020年中国学者发表菌物新名称数量及在世界的贡献

Fig. 1 New fungal names published by Chinese scholars and the contribution of Chinese scholars to the world from 2000 to 2020.

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2.2 命名作者

对数据组中菌物名称的命名作者进行分析,统计发现有27位中国学者在近21年发表了100个以上的菌物新分类单元,占中国命名作者总数的1.81%（表2,图2）。这些学者构成了我国菌物分类学的中坚力量,分类学产出大多稳定且高效,为揭示我国乃至世界菌物多样性做出了突出贡献。此外,发表新名称数量在5个以下的学者有1 085位,占中国作者总数的70%,而仅发表1个新名称的作者达到了40.58%（图2）,其中多数可能是研究生、客座学生、临时聘用人员等短期从事菌物分类研究的人员。
表2 2000-2020年发表100个以上菌物新名称的中国学者

Table 2 Chinese scholars who contributed over 100 new fungal names from 2000 to 2020

命名作者
Author of new names		 新高阶分类单元
New higher taxa		 新种及种下单元
New species and infraspecific taxa		 新组合
New combinations		 其他新名称
Other new names		 总计
Total
蔡磊 L. Cai 37 463 157 18 675
戴玉成 Y.C. Dai 44 391 177 10 622
白逢彦 F.Y. Bai 81 216 248 72 617
杨祝良 Zhu L. Yang 32 292 142 12 478
王启明 Q.M. Wang 61 160 150 49 420
庄文颖 W.Y. Zhuang 9 279 50 4 342
崔宝凯 B.K. Cui 33 200 89 2 324
张修国 X.G. Zhang 15 272 11 0 298
张天宇 T.Y. Zhang 1 242 3 5 251
刘新展 Xin Zhan Liu 23 23 102 29 177
朱宇敏 Y.M. Ju 7 84 64 3 158
赵瑞琳 R.L. Zhao 8 137 5 3 153
卢永仲 Y.Z. Lu 19 87 41 5 152
陈倩 Qian Chen 10 50 80 8 148
罗宗龙 Z.L. Luo 14 120 5 2 141
李泰辉 T.H. Li 4 128 5 4 141
田呈明 C.M. Tian 15 107 7 3 132
刘芳 F. Liu 8 105 15 1 129
周丽伟 L.W. Zhou 10 85 31 2 128
吴声华 Sheng H. Wu 9 76 37 3 125
何双辉 S.H. He 7 76 35 2 120
张颖 Y. Zhang 18 46 48 4 116
李爱华 A.H. Li 0 110 1 1 112
袁海生 H.S. Yuan 4 99 6 1 110
梁宗琦 Z.Q. Liang 2 93 10 1 106
郭林 L. Guo 1 103 1 0 105
范鑫磊 X.L. Fan 8 63 29 2 102
图2 2000-2020年发表不同数量菌物新名称的中国学者占比

Fig. 2 Magnitude proportion of Chinese scholars who published new fungal names from 2000 to 2020.

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2.3 研究类群

新世纪以来,中国学者的菌物研究类群涵盖真菌（true fungi）、卵菌（oomycetes）和黏菌（slime mold）3个类群,涉及11门43纲173目525科1 997属。根据中国菌物名录数据库（http://nmdc.cn/fungarium/）统计,我国文献报道的菌物物种约有27 900种,隶属于15门56纲192目585科3 534属。2000-2020年间,中国学者的研究类群涵盖了历史文献报道已知科的89.74%和已知属的56.51%。在类群规模方面,在21世纪早期,中国学者每年的研究类群涉及50科100属,而2015年以来,研究规模达到了150科300属左右,增加了2倍以上。
以科为单位,对各个类群的研究情况进行分析,统计发现中国学者在近21年侧重于在大型木生真菌（刺革菌科和多孔菌科）、牛肝菌（牛肝菌科）、小型子囊菌（亚隔孢壳科、隔孢腔菌科、间座壳科、毛壳科）和伞菌（蘑菇科和红菇科）等类群开展研究（表3）。值得注意的是,中国学者发表的103个新属和709个新种在科等级的分类地位未定（Incertae sedis）,占新属总数的1/5和新种总数的1/10,这说明菌物的高阶分类系统还远未澄清。
表3 2000-2020年中国学者发表新分类单元最多的20个科

Table 3 Top 20 families attracting Chinese scholars who have published a large number of new fungal names from 2000 to 2020

科
Family		 新属及亚属
New genera
and subgenera		 新种及种下单元
New species and
infraspecific taxa		 新组合
New combinations		 总数
Total
刺革菌科 Hymenochaetaceae 7 212 83 302
牛肝菌科 Boletaceae 19 169 83 271
亚隔孢壳科 Didymellaceae 17 119 102 238
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 17 158 49 224
格孢腔菌科 Pleosporaceae 1 176 19 196
蘑菇科 Agaricaceae 14 146 19 179
间座壳科 Diaporthaceae 2 157 10 169
毛壳科 Chaetomiaceae 18 78 79 175
炭角菌科 Xylariaceae 11 128 29 168
毛筒壳科 Tubeufiaceae 20 102 44 166
红菇科 Russulaceae 6 135 6 147
球囊菌科 Mycosphaerellaceae 3 98 19 120
丛赤壳科 Nectriaceae 4 106 19 129
肉座菌科 Hypocreaceae 0 117 6 123
斑痣盘菌科 Rhytismataceae 1 112 5 118
圆盘菌科 Orbiliaceae 3 68 29 100
拟盘多毛孢科 Pestalotiopsidaceae 0 69 22 91
布勒担菌科 Bulleribasidiaceae 5 51 33 89
曲霉科 Aspergillaceae 1 91 2 94
鹅膏科 Amanitaceae 1 83 4 88

2.4 研究质量

在中国学者近21年发表的新名称中,有9 049个符合《国际藻类、菌物和植物命名法规》的各项条款,属于正确发表名称,占名称总数的95.96%。其余381个新名称中,不合法名称有52个、不合格名称有329个,这些名称所违反的法规条款和主要存在问题见表4。其中,模式指定是我国学者在发表菌物新名称时出现问题最多的部分。建议在今后的工作中,严格遵守《国际藻类、菌物和植物命名法规》,将模式标本保藏在标本馆,尤其是条件优良管理规范的标本馆等保藏机构,并在撰写文章时正确指明标本号和“typus”等注释语,进一步提升名称发表的质量。
表4 2000-2020年中国学者不合格或不合法发表名称的类型和数量

Table 4 Invalid and illegitimate names published by Chinese scholars from 2000 to 2020

名称类型
Type of names		 违反的命名法规条款
Violated articles in code		 主要存在的问题
Major problems		 名称数量
Number of names
不合法
Illegitimate name		 52.1 命名多余名称
Nomenclaturally superfluous names		 12
不合法
Illegitimate name		 53.1 晚出同名,与更早发表的名称拼写完全相同
Later homonym		 40
不合格
Invalid name		 38.1 没有写出或引证描述和特征集要
New taxon published without a description or diagnosis		 10
不合格
Invalid name		 39.1 在2011年12月31日前发表的名称,没有写出或引证拉丁文描述和特征集要
Before 31 December 2011, a new taxon is published without a Latin description or diagnosis		 25
不合格
Invalid name		 40.1 属或以下等级的新分类群名称,没有指明命名模式
The type is not indicated when a new taxon at the rank of genus or below is published		 32
不合格
Invalid name		 40.6 属或以下等级的新分类群名称,指定模式时没有注明“typus[模式]”或“holotypus[主模式]”、或其同义等同语
One of the words “typus” or “holotypus”, or its equivalent in a modern language is not included when a new taxon at the rank of genus or below is published		 24
不合格
Invalid name		 40.7 新种或种下分类群名称,没有指明或指出了多于1个模式保存的标本馆或收藏机构
The single herbarium or conserved institution in which the type is conserved is not specified when a new species or infraspecific taxon is published		 108
不合格
Invalid name		 41.5 发表新组合时,没有完整的引证其基名或被替代异名
The basionym or replaced synonym is not clearly indicated when a new combination is published		 63
不合格
Invalid name		 F.5.1 没有引证名称注册号
Without citation of an identifier issued by a recognized repository for the new name		 25
不合格
Invalid name		 其他不合格发表条款
Other articles involving invalidly published names		 42

2.5 发表来源

新世纪以来,中国学者将9 430个菌物名称发表在205个期刊和书籍等出版物中。其中9 176个名称发表在169个期刊的4 029篇文章中,占新名称总数的97.31%;剩余254个新名称发表在36部专著、志书等著作中。在出版物的选择上,中国学者更倾向于在英文期刊发表新分类单元及新名称,90%以上的新名称和相关文章发表在136个英文期刊上。其中,《Fungal Diversity》杂志刊载了最多的新名称（1 530个）和新高阶分类单元（151个）,《Mycotaxon》杂志上发表了最多数量的文章（734篇）和新物种（945个）,而《Studies in Mycology》是发表新组合（524个）最多的期刊（图3）。除此之外,仅有8.92%的新名称（841个）和12.11%（488篇）的文章发表在中文期刊上。在这些名称中,有81.45%（685个）发表在《菌物学报》上,剩余156个名称分别发表在《菌物研究》《云南植物研究》（即现在的《Plant Diversity》）、《广西农业生物科学》等32个中文期刊的89篇文章中。
图3 2000-2020年中国学者发表菌物新名称最多的10个期刊

Fig. 3 Top 10 journals in which Chinese scholars have published new fungal names from 2000 to 2020.

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3 中国的菌物新物种发现

3.1 新物种发表情况

2000年到2020年间,全世界共发表菌物新物种35 436种,其中来自中国的新物种有5 458种,占15.40%。这些新物种中,由中国学者独立完成发表的有3 890个,占71.27%;由中外学者合作发表的有1 048个,占19.20%;剩余520个由外国学者发表,占9.53%。

3.2 新物种的地域分布

对中国新物种的地域分布进行分析,来自云南省的新物种有1 345种,占全国的近1/4,远多于其他省份。我国南方地区的海南、台湾、广东3个省份也是新物种的主要来源地,共有1 053种。而地理面积较小且城市化程度较高的天津、上海和澳门三地极少有菌物新物种发现（表5）。这个分布规律与中国森林大型真菌新分类单元的分布类似（戴玉成等 2021）。从地理分区来看,我国南方地区发现的菌物新物种数量远多于北方,尤其集中在西南地区和南部沿海地区。这些地区丘陵和山脉较多,植被类型丰富,生态系统复杂,且雨水丰沛、气候温和,为菌物生长提供了较为适宜的环境,孕育了丰富的物种多样性。
表5 2000-2020年中国各省发现的菌物新物种数量

Table 5 The number of discovered new fungal species from different provinces from 2000 to 2020

省
Province		 新物种数量
Number of
new species		 省
Province		 新物种数量
Number of
new species		 省
Province		 新物种数量
Number of
new species
云南 Yunnan 1 345 江西 Jiangxi 106 甘肃 Gansu 63
海南 Hainan 378 湖南 Hunan 105 辽宁 Liaoning 61
台湾 Taiwan 355 陕西 Shaanxi 105 山东 Shandong 60
广东 Guangdong 320 北京 Beijing 105 河北 Hebei 33
广西 Guangxi 275 新疆 Xinjiang 101 江苏 Jiangsu 31
贵州 Guizhou 249 安徽 Anhui 97 山西 Shanxi 31
四川 Sichuan 229 青海 Qinghai 85 宁夏 Ningxia 23
西藏 Xizang 208 黑龙江 Heilongjiang 77 重庆 Chongqing 17
湖北 Hubei 148 浙江 Zhejiang 71 上海 Shanghai 1
香港 Hong Kong 123 内蒙古 Inner Mongolia 64 天津 Tianjin 1
福建 Fujian 113 河南 Henan 63 澳门 Macao 0
吉林 Jilin 113

3.3 新物种的基质和寄主

在中国发表的5 458个新物种中,注明生长基质或寄主的有4 274种,其中生长在腐木、落叶、粪便、腐殖质等腐物以及活体植物上的真菌最多,分别有1 517种和1 516种,各占新物种总数的1/4以上。其次,有905种生长或分离自土壤中,占16.58%;剩余335种寄生在动物身上或生长在岩石、水等基物中（图4）。
图4 2000-2020年中国菌物新物种的来源基质和/或寄主

Fig. 4 Substrate and/or host origins of new fungal species from China published from 2000 to 2020.

Full size|PPT slide

4 展望

21世纪以来,我国菌物分类学研究类群逐渐扩大、研究人员稳步增加,取得了丰硕的研究成果,在世界范围也做出了突出的贡献并得到广泛认可。展望下一个20年,菌物分类学仍有许多重大问题尚未解决。首先,我国尚未完成菌物资源的全面普查,仍有许多地区的菌物多样性和资源分布信息处于空白状态,亟需开展相应的研究工作。据保守估计,全球菌物物种多样性有220-380万种（Hawksworth & Lücking 2017）,而目前仅发现了不到6%,其描述率为地球主要生物类群中最低,仍有大量菌物新物种有待发现。我国菌物多样性也十分丰富,初步估计有超过30万种（魏江春 2010）,已有一些研究初步统计出我国已知菌物物种约为1.25-2.79万种之间（戴玉成和庄剑云 2010;Fang et al. 2018; The Biodiversity Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2020）,目前已发现的物种仅有4%-9%。再者,菌物资源的开发应用范围需进一步扩大。全世界已经广泛认可菌类是人类最佳饮食结构的组成部分之一,而研究表明多种菌物具有多糖、核苷、微量元素等多种有益成分,可用于免疫调节、抗病毒、抑肿瘤等功效。目前,中国已报道的食药用菌数量为世界最多,有2 026种,而可人工栽培的仅有100余种,仍有大量具有开发潜质的物种（Fang et al. 2018）。除此之外,菌物可在生态、工业、农业等多个领域发挥效用,在现有工作基础上,进一步拓宽应用范围可以更充分地发挥菌物资源的价值。我国菌物资源的保护工作仍处于起步状态,亟须全面展开。目前全国仅有吉林天佛指山国家级自然保护区对野生松口蘑资源进行了保护,对其他受威胁物种还未采取有效的保护政策和措施。在今后的工作中需要填补对菌物资源野外检测的空白,同时在政策制定、就地保护、离体保存、科学普及等全方面开展保护工作,以促进菌物资源的可持续利用。

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Species of the genus Phylloporus in China were investigated based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis of a three-locus (nrLSU, ITS and tef-1a) DNA sequence dataset. Twenty-one phylogenetic species were recognized among the studied collections. Seven of them are described as new: P. brunneiceps, P. imbricatus, P. maculatus, P. pachycystidiatus, P. rubeolus, P. rubrosquamosus, and P. yunnanensis. In addition, four of them correspond with the previous morphology-based taxa: P. bellus, P. luxiensis, P. parvisporus, and P. rufescens. The remaining ten phylogenetic species were not described due to the paucity of the materials. A key to the Chinese morphologically recognizable taxa was provided. A preliminary biogeographical analysis showed that (1) Pylloporus species in East Asia and Southeast Asia are mostly closely related, (2) species pairs or closely related species of Phylloporus between East Asia and North/Central America are relatively common, and (3) the biogeographic relationship of Phylloporus between East Asia and Europe was supported by only a single species pair. Unexpectedly, no taxa common either to both Europe and East Asia, or to both East Asia and North/Central America, were uncovered. Clades look to have taxa from both sides of the Pacific and Europe/Asia though.
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http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-012-0177-6
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Three new resupinate, poroid, wood-inhabiting fungi, Perenniporia aridula, P. bannaensis and P. substraminea, are introduced on the basis of morphological and molecular characters. Molecular study based on sequence data from the ribosomal ITS and LSU regions supported the three new species' positions in Perenniporia s.s., and all of them formed monophyletic lineages with strong support (100 % BP, 1.00 BPP). Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven clades for the 31 species of Perenniporia s.l. used in this study. Among them, Perenniporiella clustered with Perenniporia ochroleuca group, and then subsequently grouped with Abundisporus. In addition, the P. ochroleuca group, the P. vicina group, the P. martia group and P. subacida formed well supported monophyletic entities, which could be recognized as distinct genera, and they are not related to P. medulla-panis which belongs to Perenniporia s.s. clade. An identification key to 38 species of Perenniporia occurring in China is provided.
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http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5
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Zhao RL, Zhou JL, Chen J, Margaritescu S, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Hyde KD, Callac P, Parra LA, Li GJ, Moncalvo JM, 2016. Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times - a case study for reconstruction of the Agaricus taxonomic system. Fungal Diversity, 78:239-292
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x
http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x
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[21]
戴玉成, 杨祝良, 崔宝凯, 吴刚, 袁海生, 周丽伟, 何双辉, 葛再伟, 吴芳, 魏玉莲, 员瑗, 司静, 2021. 中国森林大型真菌重要类群多样性和系统学研究. 菌物学报, 40(4):770-805
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戴玉成, 庄剑云, 2010. 中国菌物已知种数. 菌物学报, 29(5):625-628
http://journals-myco.im.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract2859.shtml
本文引用 [1] 摘要
据作者对1978年以来国内外主要菌物学期刊和专著进行的系统搜集，中国大陆发表的菌物累计有2,849新种，129新变种，5,260新记录种。若加上戴芳澜编著的《中国真菌总汇》所记载的6,737种和168变种，中国大陆已知菌物计14,846种297变种。据不完全统计，香港和台湾报道的菌物种类中分别约有800种和400种在中国大陆未曾记载，因此全国总计已知菌物应为16,046种297变种。假设其中有10%为同物异名，则目前我国菌物已知种数约为14,700种，其中管毛生物界（主要是卵菌）约300种，原生动物界（主要是黏菌）约有340种，真菌约14,060种。
[23]
魏江春, 2010. 菌物生物多样性与人类可持续发展. 生物多样性保护, 25:645-650
本文引用 [1]
[24]
姚一建, 魏江春, 庄文颖, 蔡蕾, 刘冬梅, 李俊生, 魏铁铮, 李熠, 王科, 吴海军, 2020. 中国大型真菌红色名录评估研究进展. 生物多样性, 28(1):4-10
https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2019173
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/EAD036E2-0221-4F52-B650-80CF1E8509A7
本文引用 [1] 摘要
大型真菌具有重要的生态价值和经济价值, 但由于环境污染、气候变化、生境丧失与破碎化, 以及资源过度利用等因素, 其生物多样性受到严重威胁。为了全面评估中国大型真菌的生存状况, 国家生态环境部(原环境保护部)联合中国科学院于2016年启动了《中国生物多样性红色名录——大型真菌卷》的编制工作。经广泛和全面收集文献资料, 依据IUCN物种红色名录等级与标准, 结合大型真菌特点和国内研究现状, 制定了中国大型真菌红色名录评估方法和流程, 动员和组织了全国相关研究力量, 对9,302种大型真菌的受威胁状况进行了评估。结果显示, 中国大型真菌受威胁物种(包括疑似灭绝、极危、濒危、易危)共97个, 占被评估物种总数的1.04%; 近危101种, 占总数的1.09%; 无危2,764种, 占总数的29.71%; 数据不足6,340种, 占总数的68.16%。此次评估工作汇集了全国140多位专家的智慧, 是国内外迄今为止涉及物种数量最大、类群范围最宽、覆盖地域最广、参与人员最多的一次大型真菌生存状况评估, 对我国大型真菌多样性保护与管理具有重要意义。

致谢

姚一建研究员、马克平研究员对本文部分内容给予过建议,赵明君女士提供过数据库相关技术协助,特致以谢意。

基金

国家自然科学基金(31725001)
中国科学院战略生物资源计划(KFJ-BRP-017-49)

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