采集于新疆的“中国美味蘑菇”是一种个体巨大的野生蘑菇,迄今未有人工栽培报道。本文已成功对其进行驯化栽培并完成了它的生物学特性研究,可为今后商业化栽培提供科学依据。结果表明,中国美味蘑菇菌丝生长的最佳碳源是葡萄糖,最佳氮源是大豆蛋白胨;菌丝生长最适温度是25℃,最适pH值为6。该种蘑菇可利用稻草、麦杆、芦苇等基质进行栽培;它还有一重要的特点就是出菇可不需覆土,而覆土为一般栽培的蘑菇属种类生产中的必须环节。初步驯化表明,该种蘑菇以芦苇为基质比以稻草为基质的生物学效率高15.01%。

球囊菌门Glomeromycota是菌物界（Kingdom of Fungi）晚近新增加的一个门,下设1纲4目11科27属约300种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌,均是植物根系重要的共生真菌。同其他真菌分类研究过程相似,随着新种的不断发现、分类技术的进步与研究的深入,AM真菌分类系统及其菌种学名经历着持续不断的变更。然而,这些变动给AM真菌研究者造成了一定的困扰和混乱。本文在AM真菌系统发育分类重建的基础上,结合当前国际上AM真菌分类的最新进展,规范、正确并一致描述全球已知的AM真菌菌种拉丁文和中文学名,以纠正错误和统一AM真菌中文学名;同时标注了中国新记录种、新种和种质资源保藏种名录,以期促进中国AM真菌分类、资源多样性、群落结构及其相关研究。

作者系统地考证了我国食用菌的名称，排除了过去报道中的187个名称，同时新增了82个名称，本文共收录中国食用菌966个分类单元，包括936种、23变种、3亚种和4变型。对每个名称按新近的研究成果和最新命名法规（维也纳法规）进行了订正，将曾报道的、但应作为其他种的同物异名者列在其正名之后，所有名称定名人的缩写全部按国际植物命名法规的要求加以规范化。

于2013年在北京市房山区发现了一种新的草莓叶部病害,为明确引起该病害的病原菌种类,采用组织分离法对病叶进行了病原菌的分离,经纯化得到一株病原菌CMF4。通过室内人工接种对该菌株的致病性和寄主范围进行测定,发现该菌株可以导致草莓叶片坏死和果实腐烂,可引起有伤供试植物牡丹、海棠、芍药、杏、樱桃、桃和月季发病,但不能无伤侵入,对人工接种发病的植株进行病原菌再分离可得到原接种病原菌。采用rDNA-ITS序列分析方法并结合该病原菌的形态特征进行鉴定,发现引起该病害的病原菌为棒孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis clavispora。这是棒孢拟盘多毛孢所致草莓叶斑病在国内的首次报道。

红菇属Russula是一类具有较高经济和研究价值的食药用真菌,部分种类有毒。从红菇属的资源和分类、分子系统学、遗传多样性与应用研究等方面,本文对近年的研究进展进行了综述。红菇属研究存在的主要问题是形态特征记述误差较大导致的鉴定不准确,现有分子系统学研究和遗传多样性研究只涉及了少数种类的单基因片段,我国已报道的大量原初描述于欧洲和北美洲的种名是否在我国有分布尚存在争议,解决上述问题是今后红菇属研究的主要方向。

为获得可降解正己醇的真菌菌种，分别以苹果园土壤、苹果渣、苹果酒醪和醋醅为分离源，采用富集培养和紫外线定向诱变，得到了两株能在pH3.8-4.0的条件下降解正己醇的真菌菌株TF和TM。菌株TM和TF在马铃薯葡萄糖培养液中对4.0mg/mL正己醇的降解率分别为45.60±5.43%和23.82±9.27%，与对照在α=0.01水平上差异显著。结合形态学特征及26S rDNA D1/D2区（菌株TM）和ITS区（菌株TF）序列分析，对两株菌进行了分类鉴定。结果表明：菌株TM属于地霉属 Geotrichum，菌株TF为白地霉Geotrichum candidum（有性型Galactomyces geotrichum）。

被孢霉属(Mortierella Coemans)是接合菌纲(Zygomycetes)、毛霉目(Mucorales)、被孢霉科(Mortierellaceae)中的一个大属,目前已知约有90种;主要存在于土壤、植物残体、动物粪便等基物中。我国过去对被孢霉的研究不多,在《中国真菌总汇》(1979)中记录了8个种。本研究从全国22个省、市、自治区采集的2000多号样品中,分离到约220个被孢霉菌株。本研究主要采用Gams (1970, 1977)的分类系统进行分类鉴定,并对该系统进行了修改。在属下分3个亚属(Micromucor, Mortierella和Gamsiella), 8个组(Actinomortierella, Alpina,Hygrophila, Mortierella, Schmuckii, Simplex, Spinosa和Stylospora),单囊霉(Haplosporangium)被承认为独立的一个属。本研究鉴定出22个种和3个变种,包括一个新种(武夷山被孢霉Mortierella wuyishanensis sp. nov.)和一个新变种(极细无色被孢霉Mortierella hyalina(Harz) W. Gams var. subtilissima var. nov.), 14个中国新纪录。这14个新纪录为:产芽胞被孢霉(Mortierella. gemmifera M. Ellis)、园圃被孢霉(M. horticola Linnem.)、矮小被孢霉(M. humilis Linnem.)、无色被孢霉(M. hyalina(Harz) W. Gams)、印度被孢霉(M. indica B.S. Mehrotra)、英杜被孢霉(M. indohii C.Y. Chien),詹金氏被孢霉(M. jenkinii (A.L. Sm.) Naumov)、可疑极小被孢霉(M. minutissima Tiegh. var. dubia Linnem.)、易变被孢霉(M. mutabilis Linnem.)、微孢被孢霉(M. parvispora Linnem.)、角胞拉曼被孢霉(M. ramanniana(Moller) Linnem. var. angulispora (Naumov) Linnem.)、网孢被孢霉(M. reticulata Tiegh.& G. Le Monn.)、多疣被孢霉(M. verrucosa Linnem.)、轮枝被孢霉(M. verticillata Linnem.)。文中讨论和评价了一些分类性状,还列出分亚属、分组、分种和变种的检索表.每个分类单元都有描述和讨论以及线条图、并列出分布地区。

本文回顾了人类对食用菌认识和利用的历史,介绍了我国对食用菌栽培利用的早期贡献和近代对食用菌产业发展的贡献,以及全球食用菌产业的基本情况、欧美双孢蘑菇和亚洲食用菌产业的发展历史与现状,分析了世界食用菌产业格局的变化、生产方式和技术的转型,简述了食用菌科学研究的进展,同时对中国食用菌产业发展历程和现状进行了梳理,提出了全球食用菌产业将继续从发达地区向欠发达地区转移以及我国的生产方式将加快向组织化、规模化、标准化和专业化方向转变的进展。

DPPH-TLC and DPPH-Microplate assays were used to determine the free radical scavenging activities of methanol extracts from the fermentation broth and the mycelia of Paecilomyces cicadae P3. The results revealed that the extracts had strong free radical scavenging activities. At the concentration of 5.0mg/mL the methanol extract from fermentation broth of P3 could decrease 74.86% of 0.4mg/mL DPPH radicals after incubating at 37℃ for 10 minutes. An anti-fungal TLC assay was applied to test antimicrobial metabolites of Paecilomyces cicadae P3. Meanwhile, an anti-Candida albicans Oxford Cup assay was made to confirm their anti-fungal activities. At the concentration of 5.0mg/mL the methanol extracts from fermentation broth and mycelia of P3 had significant anti-Candida albicans activities and the diameters of inhibition zone were 21.42mm and 11.23mm respectively.

The ultrastructure of conidia produced by the mycelia of Polyporus umbellatus was studied by use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggested that only clamped (dikaryotic) mycelia produced aerial conidiophores with ovoid to rod-shaped conidia. There was a distinctive bulge near the top of the conidium. The contents of the conidia were dense. This type of conidium could be regarded as arthroconidia.

菌根生长状况观察与侵染率测定是菌根学研究中一项重要的基础性工作。综述了丛枝菌根（AM）染色观察与侵染率测定方法研究概况，并对其进行比较和评价。认为采用醋酸墨水染色观察AM生长状况与采用根段侵染率加权法和放大交叉法测定AM真菌侵染率是目前较为科学、准确、易行的方法。根据不同需要也可选择其他适宜的方法，如要了解丛枝发育状况，可采用放大交叉法；如要了解泡囊和侵入点数量，可采用直接计数法，从而使其研究结果具有可比性。有必要建立基于分子生物学技术和脂肪酸定量分析技术测定一种或数种AM真菌侵染状况，这将有力推动AM真菌生理、生态功能研究的发展。

本文对白地霉Ref1的培养特性、产酶条件和酶学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明：该菌为低温型菌株，其最佳生长条件为pH6、20℃和酵母膏作为氮源；最佳产酶条件为pH3－7、15℃及以酵母膏氮源；条件优化后产酶可达118.7U/mL，可溶蛋白含量可达到60?g/mL，酶溶液的比活可达到1250U/mg蛋白质；该木聚糖酶的最适反应温度和pH分别为50℃和5，金属离子Mg2+、Na+和8mmol/L的Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+等对木聚糖酶的活性有抑制作用，而 Ca2+、4mmol/L的Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和8mmol/L的Mn2+等对该酶反应则有促进作用；该木聚糖酶在保温2h后在15－40℃范围内能保持80%以上的酶活性，在50℃时能保持68%的酶活性；用 lineweaver-Burk作图法（双倒数作图法）求得该酶的最大反应速度Vmax和Km值分别为163.38mmol/mg/min和0.75mg/mL。

冬虫夏草菌和蛹虫草菌是两种最著名的虫草菌。从分类学地位、分布、生活史及有性生殖类型、寄主范围、遗传多样性、分子遗传学和基因组学、生态学、人工栽培及产品开发等方面对冬虫夏草菌和蛹虫草菌的研究现状进行总结，指出了研究中存在的一些问题，并对研究前景进行展望。

One hundred and seventy-six isolates were obtained from corn sheath blight samples in Huanghuai Plain and Haihe Plain (including Shandong, Henan, Hebei Provinces and Northern regions of Jiangsu Province) of China. Anastomosis group identification and 5.8S rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis showed that the isolates belonged to multinucleate Rhizoctonia AG1-IA, AG1-IB, AG4-HG-I, AG-5 and WAG-Z and binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A and AG-Ba. Of these, AG-1-IA was the major anastomosis group(AG)（64.20% of total isolates), followed by AG-Ba (12.50%), WAG-Z (10.23%), AG1-IB (5.11%), AG4-HG-I (3.98%), AG-5 (2.27%) and AG-A (1.70%). AG-Ba was isolated for the first time from maize in China. 5.8S rDNA-ITS sequence analysis showed that the isolates could be distinctly separated based on their AG types. The isolates belonging to the same AG (or sub-AG) showed 97%-100% sequence identity.

据作者对1978年以来国内外主要菌物学期刊和专著进行的系统搜集，中国大陆发表的菌物累计有2,849新种，129新变种，5,260新记录种。若加上戴芳澜编著的《中国真菌总汇》所记载的6,737种和168变种，中国大陆已知菌物计14,846种297变种。据不完全统计，香港和台湾报道的菌物种类中分别约有800种和400种在中国大陆未曾记载，因此全国总计已知菌物应为16,046种297变种。假设其中有10%为同物异名，则目前我国菌物已知种数约为14,700种，其中管毛生物界（主要是卵菌）约300种，原生动物界（主要是黏菌）约有340种，真菌约14,060种。

Three fungal isolates, KF-1, HN-14 and K-12, from barnyardgrass leaf blight, which were collected from Hunan and Beijing, were studied morphologically and molecularly. The results showed that there were differences between the three isolates and the two Exserohilum monoceras strains G-9 and X-27 which were accurately identified and deposited in culture collections of China Agricultural University in colonial morphology, sporulation and spore morphology especially septa of spore. G-9, KF-1, X-27 and HN-14 grow quickly and produce abundant spores on PDA plate, but K-12 grows slowly and produced less spores. To further identify the relationship of 5 isolates, 5.8S-ITS sequence were compared. Results indicated that the similarity of ITS sequence of five isolates were over 98% and the phylogenetic tree based on ITS1 and ITS2 sequence also revealed that G-9, KF-1, K-12, X-27, and HN-14 were all clustered into one group and distinct from the other outgroup and suboutgroup. Based on the above data, these three isolates were proved to be E. monoceras.

根据ERIC聚类分析的结果，把152株灵芝属菌株（包括128株来自中国的栽培菌株及24株国外菌株）建成48个DNA池。用SRAP和ISSR引物对48个DNA池进行扩增，筛选获得4个特异性标记，回收特异性条带，经克隆测序后设计了4对SCAR引物，并通过SCAR-PCR扩增验证，从而将SRAP标记和ISSR标记均成功地转化为特异性和稳定性更好的SCAR标记；将得到的4个SCAR标记在构成DNA池的152个菌株上验证，并建立多重PCR体系，最终证实了SCAR特异标记在菌株快速检测鉴定中的可行性和可靠性。

The regulatory effects of blood glucose, lipid metabolism and free radical elimination were compared in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats among the following treatments: Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGB), the biotransformation of EGB by Hericium erinaceus, a cultural filtrate of H.erinaceus, and the cultural filtrate of H.erinaceus plus EGB, together with the normal control, the model control and the positive control (Metformin). The best results were obtained from the biotransformation treatment group, which could significantly reduce the levels of blood glucose and fructosamine. However, the treatment did not increase the blood insulin level. The EGB transformed products could obviously increase the serum superoxide dismutase activity and reduce the malondialdehyde level, but the reduction of malondialdehyde was not obvious as compared with that of the other treatment groups. This study provides a useful information on improving the medical properties of the herb extracts by biotransformation.

Pot experiment was conducted to explore whether nursery inoculation of cucumber with Glomus etunicatum could alleviate fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Four-week-old seedlings inoculated with Glomus etunicatum were infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum by pouring conidial suspension. Biomass, contents of malonaldehyde (MDA), soluble sugar and free proline in roots, as well as the quantity of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere were determined. The results indicated that the root dry weight of seedlings preinoculated with Glomus etunicatum increased by 9.3%; contents of soluble sugar and free proline in roots increased, and the quantity of fungi in rhizosphere decreased significantly. The disease incidence and disease index of Fusarium wilt were reduced. On the contrary, root dry weight of seedlings without inoculation with Glomus etunicatum was reduced by 28.0%. It is concluded that Glomus etunicatum is beneficial to biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of cucumber seedlings.

蛹虫草已经成为我国乃至东南亚地区极其重要的食药用真菌,虽然其子实体已经实现规模化生产,但在产业发展中遇到许多问题,真菌病害为其中之一,如引起蛹虫草“白毛病”病害的虫草生齿梗孢Calcarisporium cordycipiticola。本研究以虫草生齿梗孢为对象,研究了其生物学特性、发病特性及侵染特点。结果表明：该病原菌菌丝分枝较多,短时间内产生大量分生孢子;最适生长温度为25℃,此温度有利于该病害快速传播;其分生孢子比蛹虫草分生孢子耐紫外能力强。栽培过程中该病害多发生在蛹虫草生长发育后期,可以侵染培养基表面、子实体底部、中部和顶端等各个部位。人工接种发现该病原菌可以侵染蛹虫草生长发育的任意阶段,后期子实体被白毛覆盖。对峙实验发现虫草生齿梗孢菌丝逐渐生长到蛹虫草菌丝上,但未发现两菌丝互相缠绕的现象。对该病原菌基本生物学研究,将为建立该病害的早期检测及预防方法提供依据。

Twenty species of Aspergillus and their teleomorphs were isolated from naturally fermented soybean pastes collected in 42 regions of China. Of which A. tubingensis, A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. candidus and A. fumigatus were predominant. The high frequency of A. flavus from the samples indicates that the traditional making method of soybean paste might possibly be harmful to food safety. Some Aspergillus species or strains isolated from the traditional food samples may be hopeful of using in pure leaven making and industrial production of soybean paste with special flavor.

Three new Chinese records, Acaulospora paulinae, Glomus aureum, and Pacispora robigina were found in a survey of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Prunus mume in China. They were redescribed and illustrated in accordance with Chinese materials. These specimens were stored in the Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae (HMAS) in Beijing.

对棒束孢属Isaria及近缘属物种开展5基因（nrSSU、nrLSU、tef-1α、rpb1和 rpb2）测序并联合分析,结合GenBank相关类群序列,探讨棒束孢属系统发育关系,最终获得95个菌株、58个明确分类群的2-5基因序列。利用MEGA和MrBayes软件进行多基因聚类分析,结果表明棒束孢属多系起源于虫草菌科中,分3个不同分支。A支主要由Isaria cicadae、I. teniupes、I. coleopterorum、I. fumosorosea和I. cateniannulata等组成;B支包括I. poprawkii、I. locustica、I. javanica、I. amoenerosea和I. cateniobliqua;C支仅有I. farinosa。分支间被Cordyceps militaris、C. ninchukispora、C. pruinosa等隔开。棒束孢在形态上,主要以瓶梗基部膨大、尖端变细及孢子呈链状等特征与其他类群分开,但同时也发现有棒状分生孢子梗和单孢子类型。基于节点的分歧时间预测分析,推测棒束孢属首次分化于70Mya,但棒束孢属主要物种形成却在60-55Mya,且3个分支的棒束孢物种为快速同时形成,而后大多数类群表现遗传稳定。同时发现,与Isaria Clade A较近一支有粉被玛利亚霉Mariannaea pruinosa（C. pruinosa无性型）和蛹草蚧霉Lecanicillium militaris（C. militaris无性型）;与粉棒束孢距离最近一支有Akanthomyces aculeatus（C. tuberculata无性型）和L. attenuatum（C. confragosa无性型）,是两个不同的属征分类群,且相互间遗传距离较近。根据棒束孢属及其近缘种属形态特征的复杂性推测,棒束孢属在快速物种形成中,其近缘类群存在一定程度的丢失和选择性演化。

Nematophagous fungi, one of the natural enemies of nematodes, have been employed in biological control. Extracellular enzymes secreted from nematophagous fungi, including protease, chitinase and collagenase serve as virulence factors of infection. In this study, we found Lecanicillium psalliotae can penetrate the eggs of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and influence development of the eggs. A chitinase gene Lpchi1 was isolated from L. psalliotae using degenerate primers and DNA-walking technique. Comparison of the chitinase amino acid sequences from different pathogenic fungi revealed that the enzymes were highly similar. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the chitinases derived from different fungi were clustered into three main clades corresponding to different molecular weight.

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been expressed in a variety of organisms and has been used extensively as a marker in the study of host-pathogen interaction. We have expressed GFP in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana through transformation with a vector that confers resistance to phosphinothricin. Conidia expressed GFP and were readily detected by fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescent hyphae and conidia were easily distinguished in the tissue of the cabbage worm. GFP-tagged strains of B. bassiana could be used to study the developmental fate of the fungus within its insect hosts. Thus, this method is useful for screening and monitoring the engineered strains even after infection.

The genetic diversity of the populations of Phytophthora infestans from some major potato production regions in China were detected by amplified restriction fragment polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Among 200 combinations of primer pair screened, 12 combinations could generate consistent polymorphic bands using six tested isolates. The twelve combinations were used to amplify the genomic DNA of 50 isolates collected in China from 1997 to 2002. A total of 922 AFLP bands were obtained, and 530 of them，covering 57.5%, showed polymorphism. Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) separated 50 isolates into five AFLP groups which were correlated to groups defined by geographical origin, however, they were not correlated to groups defined by mating type, or response to metalaxyl and virulence. Parameters of genetic diversity calculated by POPGENE software indicated that the genetic diversity level of Phytophtora infestans population in China was not high.

The knowledge of Irpex in China is summarized, and three species in the genus were found. Irpex hydnoides is newly found in China, and it is different from other species in the genus by its yellowish pore surface when fresh, and by ellipsoid basidiospores. The illustrated description of the species is given based on the Chinese materials.

本文研究了草生发网菌Stemonitis herbatica从孢子萌发-原质团形成-幼子实体-成熟子实体的个体发育完整过程。结果表明,草生发网菌孢子萌发类型为孔出式;原质团类型为隐型,子实体形态建成前形成淡黄色的珊瑚状原质团,需足够的光照后才能形成子实体;子实体的形成过程通常在6-7h内完成。

Two polypores, Ceriporia camaresiana and Tyromyces transformatus, are newly recorded from Wuyi Mountains in Fujian Province, eastern China. Ceriporia camaresiana is different from other species in Ceriporia by its white pore surface when fresh, larger pores and wide allantoid basidiospores. Tyromyces transformatus was originally described from Japan, it may be confused with Tyromyces fissilis by having similar basidiospores (4-6 × 3-4μm), however, the latter species has white to cream pore surface and larger pores (2-3 per mm). The illustrated descriptions of the two species are given based on the Chinese materials.

本文报道了基于香草醛-高氯酸显色反应的分光光度法定量测定灵芝三萜的修正方法,并对该方法应用进行了探讨和优化。采用此方法检测了灵芝子实体中含量较高的几种三萜酸,结果表明若采用齐墩果酸为标准品检测灵芝三萜,检测结果远低于真实值。在光谱分析上,研究表明对紫外-可见光扫描吸收峰进行面积积分,获得的标准曲线的线性关系更优。

The aim of this study is to investigate whether Pythium guiyangense, a mosquito-killing fungus isolated in Guiyang, Guizhou Province of China in 1994, is pathogenic to plants. Six common crops, Cucumis sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annuum, Nicotiana tabacum, Brassica campestris and Oryza sativa were used as subjects for test. Zoospores of the fungus were used to infect the plants with soil inoculation method, caudex injection method and foliage spray method. Both positive control (using P. aphanidermatum) and negative control (using sterile water) were set up in all the experiments. The results showed that no infection was found on the tested plants in soil inoculation experiments. In caudex injection test, callus grew around the wounded tissue in most of the plants. Brownish rottenness could be found only in the injected wounds in a few plants, probably caused by saprophytic bacteria or other fungi, and the germ-carrying plants grew normally. No abnormal appearance was found on the six crops in foliage spray test. It was demonstrated that P. guiyangense could hardly infect plants in nature, and was a safe and promising agent for mosquito biological control.

“白毛菌病”是近年来东北地区木耳栽培中一种常见病害。其病原菌在盛夏伏天侵染木耳子实体，在木耳耳片腹面生长一层白色网状霉层，对木耳生长及商品形态造成严重危害。从黑龙江省尚志地区染病耳片上分离得到两株病原菌，经对它们进行形态学特征观察、rDNA ITS序列分析和致病性测定，证明这两株病菌为尖孢镰孢和厚垣镰孢，二者均对栽培木耳具有致病性。

近年来，我国对药用真菌的研究和利用越来越重视，相关报道逐年增加。针对有些种类鉴定有误、拉丁学名使用没有严格遵守最新国际植物命名法规、命名人缩写不规范等问题，作者系统考证了我国药用真菌的名称，共收录473种，对每种名称按新近的研究成果和最新命名法规（维也纳法规）进行了订正，对过去的错误报道或不存在的名称进行了修正，将曾报道的、但应作为其他种的同物异名者列在其正名之后，所有名称定名人的缩写全部按国际植物命名法规的要求加以规范化。每种名称之后还列举了该种的主要药用功能或价值，并引证了主要参考文献