Acta Agrestia Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (5): 1764-1775.DOI: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2026.05.018
ZHAO Jia-le1, WANG Zi-han1, WANG Zhong-wu1, Lü Shi-jie1, ZHANG Xing-fu2
Received:2025-07-31
Revised:2025-12-19
Published:2026-05-08
赵佳乐1, 王梓晗1, 王忠武1, 吕世杰1, 张兴夫2
通讯作者:
王忠武,E-mail:wangzhongwu@imau.edu.cn
作者简介:赵佳乐(2000-),女,内蒙古巴彦淖尔人,汉族,硕士研究生,主要从事草地资源生态与管理研究,E-mail:15147410857@163.com;
基金资助:CLC Number:
ZHAO Jia-le, WANG Zi-han, WANG Zhong-wu, Lü Shi-jie, ZHANG Xing-fu. Effects of Grazing on Leaf Functional Traits of Dominant Plants and Aboveground Biomass of Community in Desert Steppe[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2026, 34(5): 1764-1775.
赵佳乐, 王梓晗, 王忠武, 吕世杰, 张兴夫. 放牧对荒漠草原优势植物叶功能性状和植物群落地上生物量的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2026, 34(5): 1764-1775.
| [1] HE J S, HAN X G. Ecological stoichiometry: searching for unifying principles from individuals to ecosystems[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(1):2-6 贺金生, 韩兴国. 生态化学计量学:探索从个体到生态系统的统一化理论[J]. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(1):2-6 [2] LI B. Present situation, problems and countermeasures of grassland resources in China[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1997, 12(1):49-51 李博. 我国草地资源现况、问题及对策[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 1997, 12(1):49-51 [3] LIU D F, XI S Z, LIU Y Z. Evaluation of grassland resources in Inner Mongolia[J]. Inner Mongolia Prataculture, 1990, 2(1):1-7 刘德福, 席锁柱, 刘永志. 内蒙古草地资源评价[J]. 内蒙古草业, 1990, 2(1):1-7 [4] YUE R W, ZHANG N, WANG J J, et al. Spatiotemporal variation of grassland aboveground biomass in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2019[J].Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2022, 39(1):21-33 乐荣武, 张娜, 王晶杰, 等. 2000—2019年内蒙古草地地上生物量的时空变化特征[J]. 中国科学院大学学报, 2022, 39(1):21-33 [5] ZHANG Y J, ZHU J T, SHEN R N, et al. Research progress on the effects of grazing on grassland ecosystem[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020, 44(5):553-564 张扬建, 朱军涛, 沈若楠, 等. 放牧对草地生态系统影响的研究进展[J]. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(5):553-564 [6] LIU X J, MA K P. Plant functional traits—concepts, applications and future directions[J]. Scientia Sinica (Vitae), 2015, 45(4):325-339 刘晓娟, 马克平. 植物功能性状研究进展[J]. 中国科学:生命科学, 2015, 45(4):325-339 [7] ZHAO N, ZHAO X Q, ZHAO L, et al. Progress in researches of the response of plant functional traits to grazing disturbance[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2016, 35(7):1916-1926 赵娜, 赵新全, 赵亮, 等. 植物功能性状对放牧干扰的响应[J]. 生态学杂志, 2016, 35(7):1916-1926 [8] LI J W, HAN G D, LI Z G, et al. Variation of response in Cleistogenes songorica above-ground part functional traits to long-term grazing in a desert steppe[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2018, 35(5):1179-1187 李江文, 韩国栋, 李治国, 等. 无芒隐子草地上部分功能性状对长期放牧的变异性响应[J]. 草业科学, 2018, 35(5):1179-1187 [9] PEI J H, LI J W, HAN G D, et al. Response of functional characters of Stipa breviflora desert grassland plants to stocking rate[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2025, 47(1):27-36 裴婧宏, 李江文, 韩国栋, 等. 短花针茅荒漠草原植物功能性状对载畜率的响应[J]. 中国草地学报, 2025, 47(1):27-36 [10] AN H. Effect of grazing on morphological plasticity and biomass allocation of dominant species in desert steppe[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2014, 28(11):116-121 安慧. 放牧干扰对荒漠草原优势植物形态可塑性及生物量分配的影响[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2014, 28(11):116-121 [11] CHEN D D, LI Q, HE F Q, et al. A dataset of vegetation aboveground biomass, nutrients, and soil physicochemical properties in Sanjiangyuan and its surrounding areas in 2017[J]. China Scientific Data, 2025, 10(1):283-293 陈懂懂, 李奇, 贺福全, 等. 2017年三江源及其周边区域植被地上生物量、养分及土壤理化性质数据集[J]. 中国科学数据, 2025, 10(1):283-293 [12] TILMAN D, DOWNING J A. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands[J]. Nature, 1994, 367:363-365 [13] ZHANG B, LI S Y, GU C, et al. Biomass allocation of four dominant plant species in Inner Mongolia Desert grasslands in response to different grazing intensities[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2022, 30(12):3355-3363 张彬, 李邵宇, 古琛, 等. 内蒙古荒漠草原4种优势植物生物量分配对不同放牧强度的响应[J]. 草地学报, 2022, 30(12):3355-3363 [14] DENG T T, LI C B, LI X L, et al. Effects of different grazing intensities on species diversity and biomass of alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2025, 60(6):246-254 邓彤彤, 李长斌, 李希来, 等.不同放牧强度对青藏高原高寒草甸物种多样性和生物量的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报, 2025, 60(6):246-254 [15] GAO S, SIQIN C, WU L, et al. Relationship between species diversity and biomass of Stipa krylovii steppe community and its responses to grazing intensity[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2022, 42(23):9736-9746 高苏日固嘎, 斯琴朝克图, 乌兰图雅, 等. 克氏针茅草原群落物种多样性与生物量关系对放牧强度的响应[J]. 生态学报, 2022, 42(23):9736-9746 [16] CRUZ P, DE QUADROS F L F, THEAU J P, et al. Leaf traits as functional descriptors of the intensity of continuous grazing in native grasslands in the south of Brazil[J]. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2010, 63(3):350-358 [17] GARNIER E, SHIPLEY B, ROUMET C, et al. A standardized protocol for the determination of specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content[J]. Functional Ecology, 2001, 15(5):688-695 [18] AN H. Effects of grazing disturbance on leaf traits and their interrelationships of plants in desert steppe[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2012, 23(11):2991-2996 安慧. 放牧干扰对荒漠草原植物叶性状及其相互关系的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2012, 23(11):2991-2996 [19] ZHANG X X, ZUO X A, YUE P, et al. Response of leaf morphological traits and aboveground biomass of dominant plants to multi-resource synergies in desert steppe of Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2025, 45(6):2811-2820 张晓雪, 左小安, 岳平, 等. 内蒙古荒漠草原优势植物叶形态性状与地上生物量对多资源协同的响应[J]. 生态学报, 2025, 45(6):2811-2820 [20] ZHANG J. Effects of grazing and hydrothermal condition on quantitative characteristics of plant community in Stipa breviflora desert steppe [D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2019:3-13 张军. 放牧和水热条件对短花针茅荒漠草原植物群落数量特征的影响[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2019:3-13 [21] LIU W T. Response mechanism of Stipa breviflora to grazing in desert steppe[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2018:5-6 刘文亭. 荒漠草原短花针茅种群对放牧强度的响应机制[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2018:5-6 [22] LI B. Ecology[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000:40-50 李博. 生态学[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2000:40-50 [23] YAN R R, XIN X P, ZHANG B H, et al. Influence of cattle grazing gradient on plant community characteristics in Hulunber meadow steppe[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2010, 32(3):62-67 闫瑞瑞, 辛晓平, 张保辉, 等. 肉牛放牧梯度对呼伦贝尔草甸草原植物群落特征的影响[J]. 中国草地学报, 2010, 32(3):62-67 [24] ZHANG W H, GUAN S Y, LI Y J. Effect of graxing capacity on water content, nutrient and biomass of steppe soil[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2000, 14(4):62-65 张伟华, 关世英, 李跃进. 不同牧压强度对草原土壤水分、养分及其地上生物量的影响[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2000, 14(4):62-65 [25] WANG S P, WANG Y F, LI Y H, et al. The influence of different stocking rates on herbage regrowth and aboveground net primary production[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 1998, 6(4):275-281 汪诗平, 王艳芬, 李永宏, 等. 不同放牧率对草原牧草再生性能和地上净初级生产力的影响[J]. 草地学报, 1998, 6(4):275-281 [26] NOY-MEIR I. Compensating growth of grazed plants and its relevance to the use of rangelands[J]. Ecological Applications, 1993, 3(1):32-34 [27] CHRISTIANSEN S, SVEJCAR T. Grazing effects on shoot and root dynamics and above- and below-ground non-structural carbohydrate in Caucasian bluestem[J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1988, 43(2):111-119 [28] BELSKY A J. Does herbivory benefit plants:a review of the evidence[J]. The American Naturalist, 1986, 127(6):870-892 [29] LIU W, ZHOU L, WANG X. Responses of plant and rodents to different grazing intensity[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 1999, 19(3):376-382 刘伟, 周立, 王溪. 不同放牧强度对植物及啮齿动物作用的研究[J]. 生态学报, 1999, 19(3):376-382 [30] HICKMAN K R, HARTNETT D C. Effects of grazing intensity on growth, reproduction, and abundance of three palatable forbs in Kansas tallgrass prairie[J]. Plant Ecology, 2002, 159(1):23-33 [31] GUO J Y, DONG Z, LI J R, et al. Effects of grazing intensity on soil physical properties and soil erosion and sediment yield in desert steppe[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2019, 41(3):74-82 郭建英, 董智, 李锦荣, 等. 放牧强度对荒漠草原土壤物理性质及其侵蚀产沙的影响[J]. 中国草地学报, 2019, 41(3):74-82 [32] LIU S Y, LI X B, LI M Y, et al. The response of vegetation and soil properties to grazing intensity in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2021, 43(9):23-31 刘丝雨, 李晓兵, 李梦圆, 等. 内蒙古典型草原植被和土壤特性对放牧强度的响应[J]. 中国草地学报, 2021, 43(9):23-31 [33] LIU F Y, XU C L, LONG R J. Effect of yak grazing intensity on species diversity of Dasiphora fruticosa shrub grassland communities[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2008, 16(6):613-618 刘发央, 徐长林, 龙瑞军. 牦牛放牧强度对金露梅灌丛草地群落物种多样性的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2008, 16(6):613-618 [34] XUE C L, DONG R, LV S J, et al. Study on the similarity of plant communities in desert steppe under different grazing intensities[J]. Grassland and Prataculture, 2024, 36(4):22-27 薛昌琳, 董瑞, 吕世杰, 等. 荒漠草原中不同放牧强度下植物群落的相似性研究[J]. 草原与草业, 2024, 36(4):22-27 [35] WEI Z J, LIU W T, LV S J, et al. Response of Stipa breviflora height to grazing in a desert grassland[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2017, 36(4):885-891 卫智军, 刘文亭, 吕世杰, 等. 短花针茅种群高度对放牧调控的响应[J]. 生态学杂志, 2017, 36(4):885-891 [36] MA S W, GUO J Y, LI J R, et al. Effect of grazing intensity on Stipa breviflora communities and canopy interception[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2016, 38(5):66-70 马少薇, 郭建英, 李锦荣, 等. 放牧强度对短花针茅群落特征及冠层截留的影响[J]. 中国草地学报, 2016, 38(5):66-70 [37] WANG H Y, GUO J Y, LI H L, et al. Vegetation characteristics of Stipa breviflora desert steppe in different degradation degree[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2015, 37(3):74-79 王合云, 郭建英, 李红丽, 等. 短花针茅荒漠草原不同退化程度的植被特征[J]. 中国草地学报, 2015, 37(3):74-79 [38] SHAN Y M, WEN C, CHEN H J, et al. The seasonal variation of population density under different grazing intensities[J]. Ecological Science, 2017, 36(6):125-129 单玉梅, 温超, 陈海军, 等. 不同放牧强度下植物种群密度的季节性变化[J]. 生态科学, 2017, 36(6):125-129 [39] BAI Y F, LI D X, XU Z X, et al. Growth and reproduction of Stipa Krylovii population on a grazing gradient[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 1999, 19(4):479-484 白永飞, 李德新, 许志信, 等. 牧压梯度对克氏针茅生长和繁殖的影响[J]. 生态学报, 1999, 19(4):479-484 [40] QU Z Q, SUN X Y, YANG Z Q, et al. Effects of different grazing intensities on the characteristics of micro-patch of desert grassland meadows[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2024, 32(5):1558-1571 屈志强, 孙雪岩, 杨子琼, 等. 不同放牧强度对荒漠草原草地微斑块特征的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2024, 32(5):1558-1571 [41] MCINTYRE S L S. Disturbance response in vegetation: towards a global perspective on functional traits[J]. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1999, 10(5):621-630 [42] CYRILLE VIOLLE M N. Let the concept of trait be functional![J]. Oikos, 2007, 116(5):882-892 [43] ADLER P B, SALGUERO-GÓMEZ R, COMPAGNONI A, et al. Functional traits explain variation in plant life history strategies[J]. PNAS, 2014, 111(2):740-745 [44] SALGADO-NEGRET B, CANESSA R, VALLADARES F, et al. Functional traits variation explains the distribution of Aextoxicon Punctatum (Aextoxicaceae) in pronounced moisture gradients within fog-dependent forest fragments[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2015, 6:511 [45] LI J W. Relationship between plant functional traits and functional diversity in a Stipa breviflora desert steppe under long-term grazing with different stocking rates[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2018:37-39 李江文. 长期不同载畜率下短花针茅荒漠草原植物功能性状与功能多样性的关系[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2018:37-39 [46] WANG N. Physio-ecological response mechanisms to simulating leaf damage in four warm-temperate woody species[D]. Jinan:Shandong University, 2021:23-37 王宁. 暖温带四种木本植物对模拟叶受损的生理生态学响应机制[D]. 济南:山东大学, 2021:23-37 [47] HONG C J, LIN H, HONG W, et al. Leaf functional characteristics in different strains of Prunus campanulata[J]. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany, 2015, 23(2):191-196 洪陈洁, 林晗, 洪伟, 等. 不同品系福建山樱花叶功能性状研究[J]. 热带亚热带植物学报, 2015, 23(2):191-196 [48] ZHANG Y F, YANG X X, DONG Q M, et al. Effects of mixed grazing of yak and Tibetan sheep on feed intake of grazing livestock and plant compensation growth[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2019, 27(6):1607-1614 张艳芬, 杨晓霞, 董全民, 等. 牦牛和藏羊混合放牧对放牧家畜采食量和植物补偿性生长的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2019, 27(6):1607-1614 [49] DONG Q M, MA Y S, LI Q Y, et al. Effects of yaks stocking pates on aboveground and belowgrou nd blomass in kobrecia parva alpine meadow[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2004, 21(2):48-53 董全民, 马玉寿, 李青云, 等. 牦牛放牧强度对高寒草甸暖季草场植被的影响[J]. 草业科学, 2004, 21(2):48-53 [50] MCNAUGHTON S J. Grazing as an optimization process: grass-ungulate relationships in the serengeti[J]. The American Naturalist, 1979, 113(5):691-703 [51] TRLICA M J, RITTENHOUSE L R. Grazing and plant performance[J]. Ecological Applications, 1993, 3(1):21-23 [52] GU C. Effects of stocking rate on the biomass and its allocation of vegetation in the stipa breviflora desert steppe[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2019:45-46 古琛. 载畜率对短花针茅荒漠草原植被生物量及其分配的影响[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2019:45-46 [53] LIU Z E, WANG Y S, PAN J Z, et al. Prediction of aboveground biomass of Leymus chinensis grassland[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2004, 23(4):179-183 刘正恩, 王昱生, 潘介正, 等. 羊草草原地上生物量的预测[J]. 生态学杂志, 2004, 23(4):179-183 [54] KANG B W. Formative regularity of aboveground biomass of Agropyron and Elymus species[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1992, 3(1):56-61 康博文. 几种冰草属披碱草属牧草种群地上生物量形成规律的研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 1992, 3(1):56-61 [55] ZHANG R Y. Effects of grazing on biodiversity and ecosystem function of Stipa breviflora desert grassland[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2018:45-46 张睿洋. 放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原生物多样性和生态系统功能的影响[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2018:45-46 [56] POSTMA J A, HECHT V L, HIKOSAKA K, et al. Dividing the pie: A quantitative review on plant density responses[J]. Plant, Cell & Environment, 2021, 44(4):1072-1094 |
| [1] | LIU Meng-di, ZHANG Zhen-jie, WANG Hong-mei, ZHAO Ya-nan, LI Ao-tian. Effects of Shrub Introduction on Soil C-N-P Stoichiometry and Their Trade-off with Water in a Desert Steppe [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2026, 34(3): 905-916. |
| [2] | MI Yu-qing, XU Hong-bin, ZHANG Lei, TANG Yue-kun, AO Hu-richa, WEN Du-rigen, LI Ai-lan. The Impact of Enclosure on Vegetation Ecological Niche and Interspecific Associations in Inner Mongolian Desert Steppe [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2026, 34(3): 1007-1016. |
| [3] | BI Xin, YU Tian-qi, SHI Meng-yuan, XIN Xiao-ping, ZHANG Zhi-tao, YAN Rui-rui, HAN Guo-dong. The Influences of Grazing Intensity on the Composition of Plant Communities and Ecological Niches in the Leymus chinensis Meadow Steppe [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2026, 34(2): 403-414. |
| [4] | LIU Zhao-qi, WANG Qi, ZHENG Jia-hua, ZHANG Feng, LI Shao-yu, YANG Li-shan, ZHANG Bin, QIAO Ji-rong, ZHAO Meng-li, XU Long-chao, WANG Ning-bin, ZHOU Qing-ge, DENG Yang-zhen, WANG Xi-yuan, CHEN Xin-li, JI Xiang, WANG Zhong-wu. Effects of Grazing Intensities on AMF Colonization of Stipa breviflora and their influencing factors in Desert Steppe [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2026, 34(2): 469-477. |
| [5] | CHEN Wen-mei, GAO Hui, HU Hai-na, HUANG Zhen-zhen, SUN Zhi, LI Hai-gang. The Effects of Soil Microorganisms on the Growth of Annual and Perennial Forages in the Desert Steppe [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2026, 34(1): 61-74. |
| [6] | BAO Zhi-peng, LIN Dong, LIU Xue-peng, LUO Wei-wei, SONG Yi-nuo, HUA Xin-ying. Effects of Grazing Intensities on Soil Organic Carbon and its Fractions in Alpine Meadows [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2026, 34(1): 172-181. |
| [7] | GUO Fang, ZHANG Wei-qing, GUAN Hai-bo, WAN Zhi-qiang, YUAN Ya-nan, TSEDEVDORJ Ser-od, ZHANG Li. Characteristics of Ground-dwelling Arthropods Communities in Typical Grasslands of Inner Mongolia under Different Grazing Intensities [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2025, 33(9): 2950-2961. |
| [8] | JU Xin, WANG Xin-ya, WANG Bing-ying, HAN Guo-dong, WU Qian. Effects of Grazing Intensity on Plant Community Composition and Nutrient Quality of Forage in a Desert Steppe [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2025, 33(9): 2962-2972. |
| [9] | WANG Rui, SU Shi-feng, YIN Ya-li, ZHAO Wen, WANG Yan-long, LI Shi-xiong. Effects of Grazing on Soil Phosphorus Conversion Rate in Alpine Meadow in Spring Pasture [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2025, 33(8): 2502-2511. |
| [10] | ZHANG Li, ZHANG Wei-qing, GUAN Hai-bo, YUAN Ya-nan, CHUN Feng, WAN Zhi-qiang, GUO Fang. Characteristics of Soil Aggregate Nematode Community in Typical Steppe of Inner Mongolia under Different Grazing Intensities [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2025, 33(8): 2531-2540. |
| [11] | ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Yu-juan, SUN Shi-xian, XU Xue-bao, XING Yue, LIU Xiao-li, GAO Cui-ping, WANG Cheng-jie. Effects of Different Grazing Intensities on Soil Organic Carbon Content in Desert Steppe [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2025, 33(8): 2541-2547. |
| [12] | DUAN Jun-guang, FANG Kai, PEI Lu, CHU Jian-min, ZHANG Jin-xin, LI Xiao-xia, WANG Ying-xin. Changes of Trade-offs Between Aboveground and Belowground Plant Biomass Across Different Grazing Intensities of Alpine Meadow [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2025, 33(8): 2575-2584. |
| [13] | WANG Sheng-ju, LIU Wen-hao, JIN Gui-li, CUI Guo-ying, ZHANG Yong-juan, WEI Xiu-hong, LI Chao, CHEN Meng-tian, LI Wen-xiong, DU Wen-lin. Temporal and Spatial Changes of Grassland Aboveground Biomass and Its Response to Climate Factors in Xinjiang [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2025, 33(7): 2320-2332. |
| [14] | ZHOU Hui-min, GAO Zhi-wei, ZHANG Xiao-jia, WU Jia-xin, WANG Wei-feng, HAN Guo-dong. Effects of Different Grazing Intensity on Soil Bacterial Community in Inner Mongolian Desert Grasslands [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2025, 33(6): 1764-1770. |
| [15] | ZHANG Li, YANG Xin-guo, WANG Lei, ZHANG Xue, QU Wen-jie, LIU Rong-guo, ZHANG Bo. Spatial Associations Analysis of Species in Sand-Fixing Community of Caragana korshinskii Based on Point Pattern [J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2025, 33(6): 1886-1893. |
| Viewed | ||||||
|
Full text |
|
|||||
|
Abstract |
|
|||||