15 July 2014, Volume 33 Issue 4

    

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  Ecological research of orchid mycorrhizae: a review

  GAI Xue-Ge,XING Xiao-Ke,GUO Shun-Xing

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 753-767. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140024

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  Orchidaceae are typical mycorrhizal plants. Most orchid species are dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination and growth during seedling stage even grown stage of some orchid species. At present, most orchid plants are endangered species. Ecological researches of interaction between orchids and mycorrhizal fungi are of high scientific value for protection of orchid species and restoration of their wild populations. Recent researches indicated that the recruitment and establishment of symbiotic relationship is closely related to the spatial distribution and abundance of mycorrhizal fungi. However, at present the actual distribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi in natural conditions is still inadequately known. This paper ecologically analyzes the relationship between orchid plants and mycorrhizal fungi and reviews the hotspot in this field, providing a reference for ecological research of orchid mycorrhizae.
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  Lophodermium urniforme, a new species of Rhytismataceae from China

  WANG Shi-Juan, XU Ya-Fei, TANG Yan-Ping, LI Qing, LIN Ying-Ren

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 768-772. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140029

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  Lophodermium urniforme on fallen leaves of Rhododendron fortunei in Anhui Province is described as a new species. It is distinguished from similar species by urniform mature ascomata, well-developed and valgus lips, and irregularly subhypodermal conidiomata. Description, comments, and illustrations of appearance and anatomic structures of fruitbodies of the fungus are provided. The type specimen is deposited in the Reference Collection of Forest Fungi of Anhui Agricultural University, China (AAUF).
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  A new species and a new record of Puccinia on Poaceae from China

  LIU Tie-Zhi,YANG Xiao-Po,ZHUANG Jian-Yun

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 773-776. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140078

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  Two rust taxa of Puccinia on Poaceae collected from China are reported. Puccinia alxaensis on Elymus cylindricus and E. dahuricus is described as new species. Puccinia pygmaea var. ammophilina on Deyeuxia pyramidalis is recorded as new to China. Morphological descriptions and illustrations were provided based on Chinese collections. The collections were deposited in the Mycological Herbarium of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China (CFSZ), and the Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae, Beijing, China (HMAS).
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  Five new species of Scolecobasidium (Hyphomycetes) and a key to species of the genus known from soil in China

  XU Jun-Jie,ZHANG Yue-Li,WU Yue-Ming,GENG Yue-Hua,ZHANG Tian-Yu

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 777-784. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.120249

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  Five new species of the genus Scolecobasidium: S. acutimum, S. anisomerum, S. curvularioides, S. spheroideum and S. zhejiangense from soil in China are described and illustrated. The relationship of the new taxa with similar species are discussed. Additionally, a key to twenty-two Scolecobasidium species known from soil in China is provided. The types (dried cultures) and living cultures studied are deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP). The isotypes (dried cultures) are kept in HMAS.
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  Four new species of Stachybotrys and a key to species of the genus known from soil in China

  PAN Hao-Qin,KONG Jin-Hua,XU Jun-Jie,ZHANG Yue-Li,ZHANG Tian-Yu

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 785-792. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140006

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  Four new species of Stachybotrys isolated from soil in China were described and illustrated, including S. aksuensis, S. biformis, S. littoralis and S. yushuensis. The relationship of the new taxa with similar species are discussed. Additionally, a key to twenty-four species of Stachybotrys known from soil in China is provided. The holotypes (dried cultures) and living cultures studied were deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP). The isotypes (dried cultures) are kept in HMAS.
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  Notes on soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China Ⅰ

  ZHANG Yue-Li,WU Yue-Ming,ZHANG Tian-Yu

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 793-799. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130099

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  A total of 78 isolates of dematiaceous hyphomycetes belonging to 33 species in 20 genera were isolated and identified from 53 soil samples collected from various ecosystems of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Among them, Codinaea curvispora and Humicola guangxiensis are new spieces. Holotypes, all other specimens (dried cultures) and living cultures studied have been deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP). Isotypes (dried cultures) are kept in HMAS.
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  Soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes from the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley

  GENG Yue-Hua,ZHANG Tian-Yu

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 800-805. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130163

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  A total of 59 isolates of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes belonging to 27 species in 18 genera were obtained from the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. Two new species, Bipolaris pallescens and Humicola levis, are reported base on the morphological characteristics. The other 25 species previously known from China are also listed. All studied specimens (dried cultures) and living cultures are deposited in the Herbarium of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University (HSAUP).
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  Taxonomy and phylogeny of Cytospora in Northeast China

  ZHANG Yu-Bo,YOU Chong-Juan,FAN Xin-Lei,TIAN Cheng-Ming

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 806-818. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130058

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  Morphological investigations on Cytospora based on 102 specimens from different hosts in Northeast China were carried out. Species of Cytospora in the studied areas can be divided into five morphological groups based on their locules, discs, conceptacles, conidia of anamorphs and associated teleomorphs, and cultural characteristics. The five morphological groups were well supported by the phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences, indicating that the characteristics of locules, the number of ostioles, the size of conidia, and the appearance of centrum column and black zone line can be used for morphological classification of Cytospora.
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  Germination and sporulation of Pandora delphacis (Entomophthoromycota: Entomophthorales) on the rice pest Nilaparvata lugens: SEM observation

  ZHOU Xiang,WANG Da-Wei,GUO Kai,MAO Sheng-Feng

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 819-826. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130088

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  Rice planthoppers like Nilaparvata lugens frequently threaten food security in east and south Asia. Chemical insecticides, the main tools to control the pests, often bring about environmental issues and pest resistance. Entomopathogenic fungus, Pandora delphacis, is natural enemy of rice planthoppers, possessing biocontrol potential. Understanding its biology and epizootics is essential to explore this potential. The present study aimed at observation of infection process of P. delphacis against N. lugens using scanning electronic microscopy. Upon attaching on the N. lugens cuticle, the conidia of P. delphacis germinated rapidly to form penetrant germ tubes. After several days (ca. 4 days) of incubation period in vivo, P. delphacis mycelia emerged on the host body. The abdominal region was the first site of breakthrough on the rigid cuticle. Three specialized mycelia formed on body surface: cystidia, rhizoid and conidiophores. The cystidia outstretched to the air probably helped the fungus to detect the surrounding humid conditions and absorb the moisture for a new cycle of infection. The rhizoid fixed the mycosed cadaver on the plant in situ, and the conidiophores ejected enormous infectious conidia to infect the healthy hosts nearby. The cycle of P. delphacis infecting N. lugens including attachment, germination, penetration, incubation and sporulation presents the fungal potential of rice planthopper biocontrol, necessitating further study on its mass production and formulation for application in fields.
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  Induction and culture condition optimization of Beauveria brongniartii for microsclerotial production

  YANG Xin,ZHANG Da-Min,LI Zeng-Zhi

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 827-837. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130086

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  Sclerotium is a dormant structure of some hyphomycetes with high resistance ability and stability in soil. In recent years, it was found that microsclerotia (MS) of some entomopathogenic fungi formed under special culture conditions. Beauveria brongniartii is an important entomopathogenic fungus mainly for soil pest control. In the present study, formation of MS by B. brongniartii in shake culture was observed, and the indices of carbon source (A), carbon-nitrogen rario (B) and inocula amount (C) were determined to be significantly important factors, while the initial inoculation volume and rotation speed were not important. By a steepest ascent design and a central composite design, an optimal culture model was determined, which resulted in a maximum MS production of 8.24×103MS/mL, while A=30.66g/L, B=7.59:1 and C=1.03%. A optimization test resulted in a MS production of 8.00–8.25×103MS/mL, 21%–25% higher than the maximum yield produced in the initial test. The data of this study will benefit the potential application of B. brongniartii MS for soil pest control in the future.
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  Effects of blue light on the growth and bioactive compound production of Cordyceps militaris

  LIAN Tian-Tian,DONG Cai-Hong,YANG Tao^3,4,SUN Jun-De

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 838-846. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130116

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  Light as an important environmental factor can affect growth, life cycles, morphological characters and secondary metabolism of fungi. Light is a necessary environmental factor for the stroma formation and development of Cordyceps militaris. Effects of blue light on the growth of fruit body, anti-oxidative enzyme activities and bioactive compounds in two different strains, strain 85 and strain 138, of C. militaris were studied. It was indicated that blue light could not increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities but could increase the content of carotenoids significantly of C. militaris. There were no significant differences in the yield of fruit bodies, catalase (CAT) activity and the content of adenosine and mannitol under blue and natural illuminations. The influences of blue light on the peroxidase (POD) activities, polysaccharide content and cordycepin content were different in the two strains.
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  Effects of lanthanum element on the development of arbuscular mycorrhizas

  HAN Ya-Nan,CHEN Ke,SHI Jin-Sheng,LIU Run-Jin,LI Min

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 847-857. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130246

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  It is well documented that rare earth elements in certain doses can increase production and quality of crops. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lanthanum on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) infection and sporulation on Trifolium repens. Potted plants inoculated with or without AM fungus Glomus mossea in a greenhouse conditions were irrigated with a nutrient solution containing 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.025, 0.125, or 0.625mmol/L of lanthanum chloride. Each treatment was set up with six repeated supplies (200mL each). Clover plant biomass, plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, AM sporulation and colonization percentage were determined. Plants treated with lanthanum significantly increased their biomass, as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, regardless of AM fungus infection. Inoculation with G. mossea significantly increased the growth of Trifolium repens as compared with the non-inoculated plants. With the increase of lanthanum concentrations, N, P and K content in the inoculated plants initially increased and then decreased. The highest content of N, P and K were 68.3、9.1 and 106.0mg/g, respectively when the plants treated with 0.005mmol/L lanthanum chloride. There were different effects on root colonization percentage and the spore density when the plants irrigated with different concentrations of lanthanum. With the increase of lanthanum concentration, colonization percentage and spore density initially increased and then decreased. The highest colonization percentage and spore density were 82% and 8.03spores/g respectively when the plants treated with 0.005mmol/L lanthanum chloride. It is concluded that adding appropriate amount of lanthanum can enhance plant growth, and also improve sporulation of AM fungus.
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  Molecular identification of endophytic fungi with inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase from Huperzia serrata

  LAI Zheng,WANG Di,WANG Ya,YAN Ri-Ming,ZHANG Zhi-in,GAO Bo-Liang,ZHU Du

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 858-866. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130226

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  Two endophytic fungus strains, SF88 and LF52, from Huperzia serrata were cultured in potato dextrose broth (PDB), sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) and cazpek dextrose broth (CDB) liquid medium and the acetylcholinesterase- inhibitory activity of total alkaloid was analyzed. It was indicated that the inhibition rate of total alkaloid extracted from the strains SF88 and LF52 mycelium in PDB, SDB and CDB medium against acetylcholinesterase was 45.6% and 56.7%, 56.3% and 68.5%, 40.8% and 48.3%, respectively. rDNA ITS, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, TUB and RPB sequence analyses showed that the endophytic fungus strains belong to an unknown species in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae and SF88 and LF52 could be provided as the new potential resources for producing acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor.
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  The identification on race of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense based on multi-gene sequence analysis

  ZENG Li-Sha,Lü Shun,LIU Wen-Qing,ZHAO Zhi-Hui,WANG Fang,ZHOU Jian-Kun,LI Hong-Bo,CHEN Shi,DU Cai-Xian

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 867-882. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130079

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  Fusarium wilt of banana caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is one of the most widespread and destructive plant diseases in the world. It has been a serious problem in many banana growing areas in South China since 1996. Traditionally, pathogenicity test method was used to determine physiological races of plant pathogens, but it is time consuming and unstable. The current study was designed to determine races of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense by applying molecular markers instead of traditionally artificial inoculation. Four Foc isolates from Australia representing race 1 (BW1), race 2 (Race 2), race 3 (Race 3) and subtropical race 4 (BW4) were used for comparison. The physiological races of 14 pathogenic strains isolated in South China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Fujian provinces) were tested by artificial inoculation, and reconfirmed by molecular specific markers. Five loci DNA sequences including ITS, TEF-1α, IGS, histone H3, and β-tubulin were used to investigate the genetic relationships among the Foc strains, and the genetic relationships between Foc and nonpathogenic strains. The application of these five DNA sequences was evaluated. The results showed that: (i) Foc race 4 strains recovered from South China were TR4; (ii) TEF-1α, IGS, and Histone H3 showed well resolution within lineages of Foc, corresponding with the pathogenicity test results, so these three DNA loci could be used for physiological race identification; (iii) genetic diversity in race 1 was greater than that in race 4, and lineages identified as race 1 were phylogenetically closer to nonpathogenic lineages than to race 4.
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  Metabolite analysis of Hirsutella sinensis mycelia in different incubation duration

  LI Shu-Lin,LIU Xiao-Xiao,LU Rui-Li,ZHANG De-Long,LUO Fei-Fei,HU Feng-Lin

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 883-893. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130107

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  The method of partial least squares projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was developed for determination of metabolite difference of mycelia of Hirsutella sinensis incubated on a solid medium in different duration. The results showed that the secondary metabolites of mycelia was significantly different in different incubation duration. According to the metabolite differences, the incubation process of Hirsutella sinensis was divided into three phases: early period (before day 19), medium period (day 19–26), and late period (after day 26). In total, forty three secondary metabolites were detected throughout the incubation periods. Three of them were produced only in the early incubation period. Most of the secondary metabolites appeared in the late time of early period and medium period, including eight antibiotics and several other active substances. Three antibiotics were not detected in the late period. During cultivation, some metabolites with fluctuated concentrations may be controlled by the feedback regulation mechanism. Metabolites with increased concentrations may be stable compounds synthesized continuously by the fungus. Metabolites with decreased concentrations may be due to the slow-down of the synthetic speed or the gradual acceleration of the decomposition speed. In terms of metabolite content, artificially cultivated mycelia of Hirsutella sinensis should be harvested in the medium period due to that most of the active substances were produced in this periods. For the harvest of the compounds with continuously decreased concentrations, the cultured mycelia should be gathered at the early period. For the harvest of the compounds with continuously increased concentrations, the cultured mycelia should be gathered at the late period.
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  Genetic analysis of industrial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) based on sequencing of 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 domain and microsatellite markers

  TIE Chun-Yan,HU Yun,ZHANG Liang,SHI Gui-Yang

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 894-904. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130054

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  Thirty Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were obtained from different industrial applications in traditional brewing industry and laboratories or public collections. The genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship among these strains were studied using sequencing of the large-subunit (26S) rRNA gene D1/D2 domain and microsatellite markers. The sequences of 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 domain (591bp) were highly conserved in the tested strains and the sequence similarities of thirty strains with S. cerevisiae S288C are from 99.8% to 100%. A total of 30 multilocus genotypes and 188 alleles were observed by microsatellite markers among thirty strains. The mean observed heterozygosity and the mean expected heterozygosity were 0.576 and 0.886, respectively, and the average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.858. These results showed that the abundant polymorphism exists among the tested isolates. The clustering analysis showed that all strains can be differentiated but the correlation between clustering relationships and industrial sources or applications of the strains was not observed.
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  Three species of wild macrofungi with decolorization of malachite green and their decolorization conditions

  HAN Qi-Can,HUO Guang-Hua,LUO Gui-Xiang

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 905-915. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130112

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  To eliminate or reduce the pollution of malachite green dye, three species with stronger decolorization of malachite green were screened from 50 species of wild macrofungi. They are Trichaptum laricinum, Oudemansiella mucida, and Cystoderma amianthinum. The optimal medium composition and decolorization conditions for the best strain Trichaptum laricinum were investigated using the single factor and orthogonal design experiments. Results showed that its optimal fermentation medium was composed of potato 20%, corn juice 2%, KH2PO4 0.3%, MgSO4·7H2O 0.15%. The optimal decolorization conditions were 100mg/L of initial concentrations of dye, 6mL of fermented liquid content, 6mmol/L of Mg2+ concentration, 6.0 of pH, 50℃ of temperature, and 150r/min of oscillating speed of shaker. Under such conditions, the decolorization rate reached 92.6% within 1h. Fe2+ had a strong inhibitory effect of decolorization.
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  The genus Chlorociboria (Helotiales, Ascomycota) in China

  REN Fei,ZHUANG Wen-Ying

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 916-924. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130093

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  Chlorociboria collections from different regions of China were studied and three species are currently recognized. Among them, C. poutoensis is a new record for China. Its morphological features are described and illustrated and the ITS sequence analysis indicates its identity with the New Zealand collections.
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  Three new Chinese records of Massarina

  GUAN Xiao-Hui,CHI Sheng-Qi,LI Xiu-Lan,LU Bing-Sheng

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 925-931. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130089

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  Three new Chinese records of Massarina collected from Shandong Province are reported. They are Massarina brunaudii, M. papulosa, and M. polymorpha. Descriptions, illustrations, and discussions of these species are provided.
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  Three new records of Cladosporium isolated from marine environment in China

  LI Chang-Lin,LI Wei

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 932-936. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130094

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  Three Chinese new records, Cladosporium perangustum, C. ramotenellum and C. sinuosum, isolated from sediments of Bohai Sea and seaweeds of Yellow Sea, are reported in this paper. The morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided. The examined specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Ocean University of China Marine Biology (OUCMB).
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  One genus and two species of Sordariomycetes first recorded in China

  HUO Yuan-Yuan,LI Jing,LIU Fu-Jiang,ZHAO Xiao-Meng,WANG Xue-Wei

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(4): 937-944. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130042

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  Three cleistothecial fungi including two new to China were isolated in our survey of heterotrophic Sordariomycetes, each possessing distinct ascomatal hairs and single-celled dark ascospores. One of the isolates is characterized by ascomatal hairs with geniculate and sympodial branches, ascospores with germ slits and Dicyma-like asexual stage, and is assigned to Ascotricha distans in the Xylariaceae under Xylariales. Two others share smooth ascospores with germ pores, and are identified as Chaetomidium fimeti and Emilmuelleria spirotricha respectively, both in the Chaetomiaceae under Sordariales. Among them, Emilmuelleria is monotypic and recognized here as a newly recorded genus in China. Descriptions, illustrations and discussion of each species were given. The studied strains were preserved at China General Microbiological Culture Collection Centre (CGMCC) in the Institute of Microbiology, CAS.