Jiejin Mountain National Forest Park located in northeastern Heilongjiang Province is abundant in biological resources. Up to the present the macrofungal resources in the area is still uncertain. In this work, random inspection method was used to explore the macrofungal resources of the area. Identification of the specimens was carried out on the basis of morphology combined with molecular biology methods. Relevant literature was consulted to evaluate the economic value of the fungi. The results indicate that there are 209 species of macrofungi in this forest park, belonging to 2 phyla, 5 classes, 19 orders, 63 families, and 111 genera. Of these 72, 52, 32 and 30 are respectively edible, medicinal, ectomycorrhizal and poisonousing, accounting for 34.45%, 24.88%, 15.31%, 14.35% of the total respectively. Seventy-two species cause rot decay and 78 species have other values, accounting for 34.45% and 37.32% of the total respectively. The dominant families having more than 10 species each were Amanitaceae, Mycenaceae, Polyporaceae, and Russulaceae. The dominant genera each containing more than 5 species were Amanita, Inocybe, Laccaria, Marasmius, Mycena, Pluteus, Russula and Trametes. Most of these fungi are cosmopolitan and boreal-temperate. One species is found to be endangered, one vulnerable and two nearly threatened. There are two Chinese endemic species.

Three new varieties of ‘Sichuan Morel Series’ were bred by systematic breeding method. ‘Sichuan Morel No. 7’ is Morchella eximia, with typical characteristics of having grayish-brown and almost conical pileus with round and blunt-top and without obvious ridge. ‘Sichuan Morel No. 8’ is M. sextelata, characterized by reddish-brown to dark reddish-brown pileus with moderately dense ridge; longitudinal ridge is extremely obvious, and the colour of hymenia is fleshy-pink. ‘Sichuan Morel No. 10’ is M. importuna, characterized by grayish-brown, nearly triangular, blunt-topped and moderately ridgy pileus, with light grayish-brown hymenia.

Spinach root rot disease was found in five counties of Shandong Province. The roots of the diseased plants turn brown and become shorter, and the root epidermis turns wet rot and vascular bundles are necrotic; the lateral roots are significantly reduced, and the overground parts wilt and green-lose, and finally die in severe cases. Six oomycete strains were isolated and purified by the methods of tissue separation and glass capillary separation, respectively. According to morphological characteristics, biological characteristics, sequence analyses of ITS, cox1 and cox2 together with pathogenicity test by Koch’s postulates, the pathogens were identified as Globisporangium irregulare and G. sylvaticum. This is the first report of spinach root rot caused by G. sylvaticum.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by specific clinical manifestations of eczema, accompanied by intense pruritus and scratching, which can lead to the disruption of the skin barrier and subsequently induce microbial infections. Lack of understanding diversity of fungal infections and incomplete comprehension of the clinical manifestations of fungal infections during the occurrence and progression of AD as well as improper drug treatments may lead to misdiagnosis and incorrect therapeutic approaches. This article systematically summarizes the types of pathogens causing skin fungal infections in AD patients, including common fungi such as Malassezia, Trichophyton and Candida and rare fungi such as Pseudallescheria and Xanthothecium, aiming to comprehensively understand the impact of fungal infections of the skin and its structures on the occurrence, development and prognosis of AD.

Lysurus mokusin (L.f.) Fr., initially described and named ‘mo-ku-sin’ after pronunciation of Chinese ‘蘑菰蕈’ by the French missionary Cibot in 1774, is the first scientifically described fungus from China. To facilitate the correct application of its name, its typification and taxonomic study according to the current nomenclature code were carried out. The lectotype and epitype were designated, and mitochondrial genome and nuclear genome of the epitype specimen were assembled. The circulated mitochondria of L. mokusin totaled 101.1 kb, containing 26 tRNA and 16 protein-coding genes. Each nuclear haplotype contains 11 chromosomes with a total length of 33 Mb and 8/11 fragment contigs of 1.4 Mb. The BUSCO analysis suggested that the genome is 88.5% completed. This is the first genome reported for Lysurus. A high proportion of repeat sequences (ca. 16%) was detected and, after masking, 8 637 and 8 572 protein-coding genes were predicted for two haplotypes, respectively. The gene distribution shows a typical pattern of a “two-speed genome”. In addition, 27 non-redundant biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were predicted, mainly distributed in Chr01, Chr04 and Chr06. Two BGCs are 100% homologous to known insecticidal and antimicrobial BGCs producing xenotetrapeptide and rhizomide. Our study provides a model for the typification of numerous early-described species lacking types in China.

The omnifungi include the fungi in the kingdom Fungi, the pseudofungi, such as Oomycota, Hyphochytriomycota and Labrinthulmycota in the kingdom Chromista, and the Dictyosteliomycota, Myxomycota and Acrasiomycota in the slime moulds with similar organisms in the kingdom Protozoa. The three life-forms in the kingdom Fungi include symbiosis, phagosis and saprophysis.

Pseudobulbs of Cremastra appendiculata have been used as precious and rare traditional Chinese medicine. C. appendiculata seed germination depends on mycorrhizal fungi because of lacking endosperm in tiny dust-like seeds under natural conditions. A symbiotic fungus isolate DJL1 obtained from the roots of C. appendiculata was identified as Coprinellus disseminatus on the basis of morphological and molecular biological characteristics. The results of studies of the biological characteristics showed that the optimum carbon source for the mycelial growth of C. disseminatus were soluble starch, the optimum nitrogen source was yeast extract, the optimum pH was 7.0 and the optimum temperature was 25 ℃. This study was expected to be helpful to the future protection and utilization of C. disseminatus.

The population genetic structure and genetic diversity of Phlebopus portentosus germplasm resources of 53 samples from 9 regions in southern China were identified by using rDNA ITS and SSR molecular markers. The results showed that all 53 samples were Phlebopus portentosus, and the similarity of their ITS sequences was 92.09%. In total, 252 polymorphic loci were successfully amplified by 28 pairs of SSR primers, with each pair exhibiting 48-53 amplification sites and the polymorphism rate exceeding 90%. The Nei’s genetic diversity index and Shannon’s diversity index were determined to be 0.371 6-0.605 1 and 0.327 3-0.584 5, respectively. At the population level, Nei’s genetic diversity index and Shannon’s diversity index were 0.097 3-0.237 0 and 0.142 0-0.358 6, respectively, and the polymorphism rate was 23.48%-74.09%, indicating abundant genotypes within populations. The average genetic differentiation coefficient and gene flow between populations were 0.282 0 and 1.273 2 respectively, indicating a low degree of genetic differentiation and gene exchange. The genetic similarity coefficient of the UPGMA cluster ranged from 0.67 to 0.89, and the 53 samples could be divided into 3 groups at the level of 0.72, showing basically consistent with the results of the PCoA principal component analysis, the Mantel test and the STRUCTURE clustering. The application of population structure analysis enabled the division of samples into 8 genetic components, with subgroup 2 being identified as the most abundant in terms of genotypes. AMOVA analysis revealed that 90% of the observed genetic variation could be ascribed to within-population genetic factors. The tested population of Phlebopus portentosus exhibited a substantial number of genotypes, a moderate degree of genetic differentiation, and impeded gene exchange.

The in vitro antioxidant effects and mechanisms in protecting human skin fibroblasts (HSF) from oxidative stress damage of the ethyl acetate extract of Inonotus hispidus (EAE) and its main components (fractions Fr1-Fr5 and hispidin) are investigated. Through UPLC-MS detection, in vitro antioxidant experiments, network pharmacology, and other experimental methods, the composition of polyphenolic compounds in EAE, the reducing ability and free radical scavenging ability of EAE, Fr1-Fr5, and hispidin, as well as the potential targets and pathways of hispidin in treating oxidative stress diseases were investigated. Result indicates that EAE contains various polyphenolic compounds, with hispidin being the primary one. EAE, Fr1-Fr5, and hispidin all exhibit certain reducing and free radical scavenging abilities, with antioxidant capacity ranking as EAE>Fr1-Fr5>hispidin. Network pharmacology analysis speculated that hispidin had nine core targets for treating oxidative stress diseases and they were mainly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway and several other signaling pathways. An oxidative stress injury model for HSF cells was established. By using various methods, cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, collagen levels, and the expression of related proteins and relative messenger RNA (mRNA) were detected. The results indicate that 200 μg/mL of EAE, Fr4, and hispidin can enhance the survival rate and antioxidant capacity of HSF under oxidative stress, reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) content and ROS levels, promote the synthesis of typeⅠcollagen (COLI), and possibly inhibit its degradation by regulating the MMPs/TIMPs system in the MAPK pathway. EAE has a significant protective effect on HSF under oxidative damage. In summary, this study verified that the ethyl acetate extract of I. hispidus and its active components possess strong antioxidant capabilities and can improve damage caused by oxidative stress by acting on multiple targets through the MAPK signaling pathway.

Ganoderma tsugae, a significant medicinal fungus, has abundant germplasm resources and various bioactive substances, having a long collection and utilization history in China. This paper is the research progress of the germplasm resources and bioactive substances of G. tsugae. G. tsugae is mainly distributed in the northeast region of China. Its artificial cultivation mainly adopts cut-log cultivation mode, using the wood of larch and Mongolian oak as culture medium. Significant achievements have been made in biomimetic cultivation under forest, wild cultivation under forest, greenhouse cultivation and other modes. G. tsugae is rich in active ingredients such as polysaccharides, terpenoids, and sterols, among them polysaccharides and triterpenes are important. Previous studies have shown that they can enhance the body’s immune function, inhibit tumor cell growth and metastasis, and have protective effects on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. Further research should focus on the extraction and purification of active ingredients, exploration of pharmacological mechanisms, and improvement of artificial cultivation techniques in order to achieve their more wide-ranging development and utilization.

The checklist of edible and medicinal fungi from National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest was compiled based on systematic investigation, species identification, and review of literature and databases. The scientific name and Chinese name of all hitherto known species were provided. A total of 529 species has been found in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest, of which 366 species are edible, and 316 medicinal. The 366 edible species refer to 122 genera and 53 families, of which 7 species belong to ascomycetes and 359 basidiomycetes. The highest species richness was found in Russulaceae (62 species) and Boletaceae (55 species), accounting for about 16.94% and 15.03% of the total species, respectively. The genera with more than 10 species include Russula, Agaricus, Lactarius, Phylloporus, Amanita, Pleurotus, Suillus, and Auricularia. The 316 medicinal species refer to 146 genera and 69 families, of which 20 species belong to ascomycetes and 296 basidiomycetes. The highest species richness was found in Russulaceae (33 species) and Polyporaceae (26 species), accounting for about 10.44% and 8.23% of the total species, respectively. The genera with more than 8 species include Russula, Ganoderma, Agaricus, Pleurotus, Lactarius, and Scleroderma. The present study provides scientific basis for the protection, development and utilization of edible and medicinal macrofungal resources in this tropical area.

Macrofungal germplasm resources are an important part of the construction of national germplasm banks. A wild fungal strain collected from Baishanzu National Nature Reserve was isolated and purified, and it was identified as Bondarzewia dickinsii by morphology and ITS sequence analysis. The effects of different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, pH, temperature and illumination on the mycelium growth under solid culture conditions were studied by cross streaking method. Three optimal levels were selected from the above four single factor experiments for orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was starch; the optimal nitrogen source was yeast extract; the optimal pH was 7.0, and the optimal temperature was 25 °C. The fruiting bodies of Bondarzewia dickinsii were obtained by domestication and cultivation, and the content of crude polysaccharide, crude protein, and 16 amino acids in the fruiting bodies were determined. The total polysaccharide content is as high as 37.29 g/100 g, and the crude protein content 24.9 g/100 g. This study provides a reference for the further research and development of this fungus.

A wild Morchella strain MS-1 was isolated from an ascocarp collected from high-altitude areas in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province. Identification based on multi-gene analysis of ITS, RPB1, RPB2 and EF1-α proved that this wild strain was M. sextelata. The optimal temperature for the growth of wild strain MS-1 during the stock culture was 18-20 ℃; the minimum growth temperature was 1 ℃, and the maximum 33 ℃. The optimal pH value is 6-7. The optimal carbon source is lactose and soluble starch. The optimal nitrogen source is yeast extract and beef dipping powder. The optimal C/N ratio is 40:1-45:1. The lethal temperature under 2 h high-temperature treatment during stock culture is 44 ℃, while that during expanded cultivation is 48 ℃; the yield per unit area is 0.6 kg/m², significantly higher than that of commercial production strains using for comparison. Its agronomic traits are excellent, with a medium cultivation period of 140 d. Comprehensive analysis shows that the wild M. sextelata MS-1 has potential to be further developed as a new commercial production strain.

A wild strain AH150 of Pleurotus collected from Qiyun Mountain of Anhui Province was isolated and identified as Pleurotus giganteus based on morphological observation and ITS sequence analyses. The suitable carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature and pH for the mycelial growth were screened by single factor and orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimum carbon source and nitrogen source were fructose and peptone respectively. Under the optimum temperature of 30 ℃ and optimum pH of 8, the relative growth rate was the fastest and the mycelium was most robust and dense. The substrate for domesticated cultivation was sawdust 52%, corn cob 25%, wheat bran 20%, lime 2% and gypsum 1%. After spawning and covering soil, the air humidity was kept at more than 80%. The primordium appeared on the 11th day. Under humidification of 85%-90%, the fruiting body appeared in 4-5 d. This research provides a reference for extended development and utilization of P. giganteus AH150.

Cup-fungi refer to a group of non-lichenized fungi whose basidiomata appear disc-shaped. This group has a wide range of habitats, diverse species, in addition to various ecological types. The Chongzuo region is a typical representative area of the southwest Karst in Guangxi and rich in biodiversity resources. However, there is a lack of research on the cup-fungal resources and their diversity status in this region. In this study White-headed Langur Nature Reserve, Nonggang Nature Reserve, and Qinglongshan Nature Reserve in the southwest Karst region of Guangxi (hereinafter simplified as “the areas”) were selected as the research areas to investigate the diversity of cup-fungi. In total, 523 specimens of cup-fungi were collected, and 34 species belonging to 8 families and 15 genera were identified using morphological and molecular biology methods. The Shannon diversity index and Simpson diversity index of cup-fungi in the areas both trended towards Nonggang>White-headed Langur Reserve>Qinglongshan, while the evenness index was highest in the White-headed Langur Reserve. The Margalef richness index ranked as Nonggang>Qinglongshan>White-headed Langur Reserve. The plate confrontation culture and fermentation broth crude extract method were used to screen the strains with biocontrol potential. As a result, three antagonistic strains were screened from the anamorphic strains. Among them, Bloxamia discedens S0161 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, with an inhibition rate of 88.8%. Additionally, two strains of Mollisia peruni, QLD011 and QLD012, had significant inhibitory effects on Cladobotryum protrusum. The antifungal properties of the ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth revealed that S0161 had a significant inhibitory effect, QLD012 took second place, whereas QLD011 revealed no significant inhibitory effect. The results will be based for development and utilization of cup-fungi and the screening of antagonistic fungi for biocontrol purpose.

Based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses, a new species, Efibula candidissima, is described from Bawangling, National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest. The basidiomata are resupinate, waxy, snow white when fresh, white to cream and soft corky to fragile when dry, with distinct snow white rhizomorph at margin. Hymenophore surface are smooth, and the clamp connections are absent. Ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measure 4.8-5.8 × 3.3-4 μm. This species is distributed in tropical forest in southern China.

Cordyceps javanica is an entomopathogenic fungus with biocontrol potential in control of many important pests belonging to Homoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera and Coleoptera. Submerged conidia and blastospores can be obtained by liquid fermentation of C. javanica, and aerial conidia can be obtained by solid culture. The differences in morphology, size and surface ultrastructure of the three kinds of spores of C. javanica IF-1106 were compared. It is clear that aerial conidia, submerged conidia and blastospores have different morphology, and the average sizes are 4.45, 4.17 and 7.67 μm, respectively. A similar structure, the scar at one end of three kinds of spores, was observed by scanning electron microscope. The surface of the aerial conidia was rough and appeared to be covered with a layer of small rods. The surface of blastospores is smooth with obvious cracks, and sometimes segmented. The surface of the submerged conidia is smooth with a few thin cracks, and some of them have structures like bud scars. Image of transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell wall thickness and outer layer structure of the three kinds of spores were significantly different. The hydrophobicity of three kinds of spores of C. javanica IF-1106 was determined by the test of microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons (MATH) and the results showed the hydrophobicity ranked as aerial conidia > blastospore > submerged conidia. When pH ranging from 3.0 to 9.0, the Zeta potential of aerial conidia varied from +2.68 mV to -18.44 mV, that of blastospores ranged from +5.16 mV to -5.51 mV, and that of submerged conidia changed from +0.39 mV to -18.09 mV. The isoelectric points of the three kinds of spores were in acidic range and all spores were negatively charged in neutral condition. The germination rate and stress tolerance of the three kinds of spores were compared. It was found that blastospores germinated fastest but were least stress-tolerant; the aerial conidia were more stress-tolerant but slowest germinated, while germination rate of submerged conidia was close to that of blastospores and the stress-tolerance was the best, showing good potential for utilization and development. These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of C. javanica IF-1106 in production.

Ganoderma lingzhi 13 is an excellent cultivated variety with superior agronomic character. The mononucleate strain, G. lingzhi 13-5, as assembled into a complete genome by three-generation HiFi sequencing and Hi-C sequencing, and five replicated bi-nucleate strains were subjected to high throughput sequencing by Illumina, and then the genome of G. lingzhi 13-5 was used as a reference for SNP calling to establish the molecular markers based on the whole genome of G. lingzhi 13. The genome contains 13 chromosomes with a total of 45.73 Mb. After the SNP calling of five replicate strains were de-emphasized and merged, 319 074 shared heterokaryotic allelic difference sites were obtained as a molecular marker library for the identification of G. lingzhi 13 strains. Seven post-fruiting strains were randomly selected from the strain library. It was found that the percentage of allelic difference sites of the post-fruiting strains shared with G. lingzhi 13 ranged from 22.20% to 45.18%, being far inferior to threshold value, indicating that these strains were different from G. lingzhi 13 and they were not the same strains. In this study, molecular markers based on the whole genome of G. lingzhi 13 and its heterokaryotic allelic differentiation sites were established, which can accurately differentiate G. lingzhi 13, a superior cultivated variety.

Ganoderma applanatum is one of the important medicinal fungi found in China, with a long history of medicinal and clinical application in China and East Asia. Ganoderma triterpenes are tetracyclic derivatives of lanostane, and they have been considered to be the main secondary metabolites and functional components of G. applanatum. Ganoderma triterpenoids have various chemical structures, and 7,8-epoxy-9(11)-ene-12-oxo-ganoderma triterpenoid is one of the characteristic secondary metabolites that distinguish G. applanatum from other species in this genus. With the recent continued discovery of various types of meroterpenoids, it has been shown that these compounds are another important kind of secondary metabolites in G. applanatum. They possess novel and diverse structures, including 10-carbon-chain, lactone-containing, pentacyclic/hexacyclic/heptacyclic, bridged, nitrogen-containing and dimeric meroterpenoids. Their different structural features determine the diverse pharmacological activities of G. applanatum. In addition, these compounds have been reported to have liver-protecting, angiogenesis- promoting, neuroprotective, anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory as well as antibacterial pharmacological activities. This article summarizes the structures and pharmacological activities of 98 naturally occurring triterpenoids and 67 meroterpenoids reported in the literature, aiming at providing a reference for further studies and development of G. applanatum.

A survey and evaluation of macrofungi in the Fuyan Nature Reserve in Zheng’an County, Guizhou Province was conducted. The species composition, number of dominant families and genera, geographical distribution patterns of species, resource evaluation, and endangered level of species in the area were analyzed. In total, 392 species of macrofungi were found in the area, belonging to 152 genera in 70 families of 26 orders in 5 classes. Among them, 212 species were newly recorded in the area. The dominant families were Russulaceae, Polyporaceae, Omphalotaceae, and Mycenaceae etc., with species accounting for 51.78% of the total. The dominant genera were Russula, Gymnopus, Marasmius, Mycena, and Amanita etc., with species accounting for 31.38% of the total. The macrofungi in the Fuyan Nature Reserve was mainly composed of cosmopolitan families and cosmopolitan genera with northern temperate characteristics in some degree. Cosmopolitan species and northern temperate species were dominate. There were 74 edible fungi in the area; medicinal and edible-medicinal species totaled 62 and 54, respectively. There were 34 toxic species. The endangered level evaluation showed that the ecological environment in the surveyed area was adaptive for maintaining diversity of macrofungi and the significantly threatened species had not been found, however, there were four nearly threatened species (NT). Seventeen endemic Chinese species were found. This study provided a reference for conservation and sustainable development of macrofungi species in this area.

Armillaria is a worldwide fungal group known for its large size and extremely long life cycle. The mating system of this genus is polytypic, with a variety of trophic patterns such as saprophytic, parasitic and symbiotic. The morphological characteristics are highly similar but the genetic heterogeneity is significant among the species, leading to the coexistence of multiple taxonomic systems for a long time. These unique biological characteristics not only endow it with complex niche adaptability, but also make it a focus group of fungi with both functional value and research challenges. Its outstanding food and medicinal value and key role in forest ecosystems stimulate the urgent need for basic theoretical and applied research. In this review, the latest research progress of Armillaria in the mating system, classification system, and ecological function was summarized to provide theoretical basis for understanding the formation mechanism of species diversity and the ecological adaptation strategy of this genus. At the same time, the application perspective and prospect of Armillaria are also put forward.

Species of Morchella possess high nutritional and medicinal value. Adversity stress is an important factor affecting the growth, yield and quality of Morchella during cultivation. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of Morchella responding to stress has received more and more attention. Omics technology based on transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics has been widely used in Morchella studies and has made it possible to clarify the molecular response mechanisms under stress. In this article, progress in the application of omics technology to study the response of Morchella to abiotic (temperature, drought, mineral elements, light etc.) and biological stresses in recent years is reviewed, and the future prospects for the development and application of omics technology are discussed, in order to provide reference for research on the mechanisms of Morchella in response to adversity stress.

Three new wood-rotting fungi Peniophorella growing on Pinus yunnanensis in southwestern China, Peniophorella euryhypha, Peniophorella pinicola and Peniophorella stellata, are described based on morphology and phylogeny. They all have annual resupinate basidiomata with smooth, white to cream hymenophore and clavate to cylindrical leptocystidia without resinous matter. P. euryhypha is characterized by simple septate subicular hyphae 7.5-9.5 μm wide and broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate cystidia, narrowly ellipsoid basidiospores 9.3-11 × 3-4.3 μm. P. pinicola is characterized by encrusted hyphae and bowl-shaped stephanocysts and thick-walled cystidia, oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores 5.5-8 × 3.2-5 µm. P. stellata is characterized by leptocystidia and sometimes hyphidia encrusted with rosette-like crystals in subhymenium and hymenium, and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores 8-10 × 3.5-5 µm. In addition, Peniophorella cremea is considered as a synonym of Hyphoderma transiens. A key to Chinese species of Peniophorella is provided.

The species and ecological diversity of macrofungi in the Jingdong area of Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve were investigated. Systematic field surveys and specimen collection in the area were conducted during August 2022 and July 2024. Utilizing morphological and molecular biological methods, comprehensive identifications of the collected specimens together with accumulative specimens in the past two decades were performed. In-depth statistical analyses focusing on species composition, floristic geographical components, resource evaluation, and newly recorded species were complemented. In total, 312 fungal species were documented in the region, encompassing 2 phyla, 7 classes, 22 orders, 66 families, and 131 genera. Among these, 27 species are edible, 13 medicinal, 5 both culinary and medicinal, and 23 poisonous. The dominant families include Russulaceae, Boletaceae, Omphalotaceae, Cortinariaceae, Amanitaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Entolomataceae, Mycenaceae, and Polyporaceae. The dominant genera cover Russula, Cortinarius, Amanita, Lactarius, Mycena, Gymnopus, Entoloma, Helvella, Hygrocybe, Collybiopsis, Xerocomus, and Laccaria. The cosmopolitan (57.25% of the total species), north temperate (29.77%), pantropic (9.92%), and East Asian fungi (3.05%) are predominant. Three species previously unrecorded in China are documented and one new species is decribed. Fungal communities within this ecological niche is in need of further research.

Hainan Province is situated at the northern edge of the Asian tropics, serving as China’s only tropical province. The province harbors exceptional biodiversity due to its unique geography and climate, particularly in fungal diversity. However, previous mycological surveys in Hainan are predominantly focused on central forested regions, while coastal ecosystems are largely overlooked. This study reports the first discovery of the genus Calocybella in China, with one new species and one new record for China collected from coastal Casuarina forests. Calocybella hainanensis sp. nov. is characterized by its ginger-yellow to yellowish-brown pileus, pale yellow lamellae, and small, oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores (4.9-5.5 × 2.3-3.1 µm) with faint ornamentation and inamyloid reaction. The newly recorded species, Calocybella sribuabanensis, exhibits gregarious growth, yellowish-brown pileus, densely arranged lamellae, and ellipsoid, faintly ornamented, inamyloid basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences reveal that C. hainanensis forms a unique evolutionary lineage within Calocybella, but it shows unresolved affinities to other taxa. C. sribuabanensis forms a sister lineage with the Indian species Calocybella dicholamellata.

Rhododendron aureum is one of the dominant plants in the tundra belt of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. In order to adapt itself to the environmental conditions of infertile soil and cold climate in the tundra of the mountains, R. aureum evolves a special ericoid mycorrhiza (ERM) with some soil fungi, which plays a key ecological role in the plant survival and propagation. Two isolates of ERM fungi were screened from the roots of R. aureum in the tundra of Changbai Mountains, and they were identified as Hyaloscypha hepaticicola by morphological observation and ITS sequence analysis. The study of the biological characteristics showed that the optimum culture conditions for this fungus were as follows: using glucose as carbon source and yeast powder as nitrogen source; cultivation at temperature of 20 ℃ and pH value of 4 under dark condition. This ERM fungus has adopted well to the relatively low temperature and acidic soil environment of the tundra of Changbai Mountains. Further in-depth investigation and economical utilization of H. hepaticicola and other related ERM fungi will be continued.

Auricularia heimuer is an important edible and medicinal fungus, which contains rich nutrients and bioactive components, and is widely cultivated in China. Targeted metabolomics was used to examine the variations in sugar, flavonoid, polyphenol, and essential amino acid content in A. heimuer grown on sawdust (SW), corncob (CO), and cottonseed shell (CH). It was found that the lowest total sugar content was demonstrated in the fruiting bodies grown on SW substrate. There was no significant difference in total flavonoid content in the fruiting bodies grown on the different substrate. Vitexin content was the highest in the fruiting bodies grown on CO substrate, but the lowest in those grown on CH substrate. Polyphenol content was usually higher in the fruiting bodies grown on SW substrate. The total content of amino acids and their derivatives was the highest in the fruiting bodies on CH substrate, and the levels of nine essential amino acids, especially lysine and histidine having substantial biological activities, were much higher in fruiting bodies on CH substrate than in those on the SW and CO substrates. The comprehensive determination of the content of sugars, flavonoids, polyphenols and essential amino acids in the fruit bodies of A. heimuer cultivated in different substrates can provide clues and basis for identification of nutritional quality of A. heimuer and development of functional products with different functions.

Molecular mechanism of Flammulina filiformis fruiting body development and differentiation from primordium formation to stipe elongation stages remains unclear. In this study, combined analyses of transcriptome and proteome were carried out to reveal the expression patterns of genes and proteins during the development of Flammulina filiformis fruiting bodies from primordium formation to stipe elongation stages. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome and proteome in primordium and stipe elongation stages revealed that there were 1 220 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 97 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the stipes, and 2 329 DEGs and 387 DEPs in the pileus. In the functional clustering of GO (gene ontology), these DEGs and DEPs mainly enriched in catalytic activity and cell components. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that in primordium and elongated stipe 105 DEGs were annotated to 20 pathways in which 19 pathways were related to metabolism; in primordium and pileus of stipe elongation stage 163 DEGs were annotated to 20 pathways in which 18 pathways were related to metabolism. Additionally, the differential protein interaction network was analysed and eight differentially expressed genes were randomly selected for real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). In this study a data reference for further understanding the growth and development mechanism of Flammulina filiformis fruiting bodies was provided, and candidate functional genes were screened for further study of molecular regulatory mechanisms of fruiting body differentiation and development of Flammulina filiformis and other edible fungi.

Using the genome of Naematelia sinensis monospore strain NX-20 as the reference, resequencing data from four monospore strains (D13, D25, D40, and D47) with different mating types was analyzed by using bioinformatics software to identify SNP and InDel positions. Primer5.0 software was used to design SNP/InDel marker primers, resulting in 8 pairs of SNP and 6 pairs of InDel markers with polymorphic differences for genetic diversity analysis of 14 widely used N. sinensis strains in the cultivation industry. Results of SNP marker analysis revealed that the J2F1 strain exhibited two genotypes in eight pairs of SNP primers, while other strains showed only one genotype. The analysis results of 6 pair InDel markers showed that the J2F1 strain displayed unique band patterns in the 1st, 2nd, and 5th pairs of primers compared to other strains, while most strains (such as YL, YR, JB, LL, and SC) exhibited consistent band patterns, indicating the phenomenon of synonyms. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic diversity of N. sinensis cultivated germplasm resources, and the identified SNP and InDel molecular markers can serve as valuable tools for genetic analysis, germplasm resource identification, protection and molecular-assisted breeding in N. sinensis research.

The development characteristics at different growth stages of fruiting bodies of Gerronema lapidescens (Chinese medicine name: Leiwan) were observed under different cultivation substrates, light intensities and planting seasons to determine the optimal conditions for domestication and cultivation of the fungus. The observation showed that in the process of fruiting body formation, the mycelium initially interweaved into a rice-like primordium, and then the primordium elongated and thickened to form a white columnar fruiting body. Subsequently, the central part of the tip of the column expanded and differentiated into a hemispherical black cap. With the cap colour lightened and cap volume increased, basidiospores were produced and a mature fruiting body formed. In the process of sclerotium formation, mycelium first aggregated and twisted into bundle to form rhizomorph, and the end of the rhizomorph sprouted white mycelial cluster with a relatively loose structure. With the density of the mycelial cluster increased, the volume expanded and the epidermal colour changed from light to dark, and finally the mycelial cluster gradually formed a mature sclerotium and detached itself from the rhizomorph. The cultivation experiment showed that the culture medium containing wood chips (87.7%), cornmeal (5.0%), wheat bran (5.0%), soybean meal (1.0%), gypsum (1.0%), MgSO₄ (0.1%), and KH₂PO₄ (0.2%) resulted in the fastest mycelial daily growth rate and the most vigorous growth, suggesting that it is the optimal cultivation formula. The higher environmental temperature in August was the optimal time for artificially inducing the formation of fruiting bodies. The morphology of the fruiting bodies approached the wild state under light intensity of 700 lx.

Bamboos are an important forest resource in China because of their significant economic and ecological values. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in bamboo growth and development. However, research on AMF communities associated with bamboo roots is extremely limited. This study was conducted in accordance with the data of National Bamboo and Flower Germplasm Collection, and focused on 24 bamboo species of eight genera in China, including Phyllostachys edulis and Ph. glauca. The Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used to explore the effects of bamboo species identity and soil chemical properties on the species diversity and community composition of AMF. The relationship between structural heterogeneity of AMF community composition and genetic distance of bamboos was also analyzed. Additionally, a network analysis was performed to investigate the bipartite network structure characteristics of bamboo-AMF interactions. A total of 1 805 725 sequences of all the samples was detected, resulting in the acquirement of 473 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that were categorized in nine genera of which Glomus was dominant, and Scutellospora, Acaulospora and Gigaspora were common. In the sample plot, bamboos’ identity had a significant individual effect on the differences in diversity indices (AMF Shannon-Weiner index and ASV richness) and the AMF community structure associated with the roots of different bamboo species. Bamboos’ identity explained 22.28% of the total variation in diversity indices, 20.06% of the total variation in the community structure at the ASV level, and 27.40% of the total variation in the community structure at the genus level. Six soil factors, including pH, did not contribute significantly to the differences in the root AMF community diversity and structure among bamboo species in the studied area. The genetic distance between different bamboo species was significantly positively correlated with the mean value of Hellinger distance of the root AMF community structure, indicating that more closely related bamboo species had more similar root AMF community structure. Structural features of bamboo-AMF interaction network cannot be predicted by null models of assuming species random interaction. The structure of this bipartite network was characterized by low level of nestedness (25.07), low level of connectance (0.17), low-to-medium level of specialization (0.35), and low-to-medium level of modularity (0.36), suggesting that there was a highly intense competition for resources among bamboo root-related AMF and that the interaction networks are relatively unstable.

A wild mycelium sample growing on rotten stump of Pinus yunnanensis collected from the Kunming Botanical Garden in Yunnan Province was identified as Pleurotus citrinopileatus by using molecular phylogenetic method. Morphological characteristics of asexual mycelium and spores were observed under stereomicroscope and light microscope. It was observed that asexual mycelium of P. citrinopileatus were dominated by dikaryotic hyphae with clamp connections and produced asexual spores in three ways: (1) spherical binucleate conidia with size ranging from 1.50 to 4.57 μm formed from short and unbranched conidiophores laterally differentiated from dikaryotic hyphae; (2) elliptical binucleate oidia with size ranging from 1.17 to 3.99 μm and cylindrical binucleate oidia with size being 2.78-5.40×1.57-3.03 μm formed from lateral branches of dikaryotic hyphae; (3) cylindrical uninucleate oidia with size being 3.71-6.70× 3.60-4.02 μm formed in chains from lateral monokaryotic branches of hyphae. The microscopic characters of asexual mycelium and spores were described and discussed in detail for the first time, with attached figures or drawing.

Whole genome re-sequencing of 56 collected Lentinula edodes germplasm resources was performed and their genetic diversity was analyzed. Agronomic traits of the strains were determined, including the mycelial growth rate, cap diameter, cap thickness, stipe diameter, stipe length, single fruit body weight, yield, and cap firmness under factory cultivation conditions. Tested strains were divided into 5 groups according to the systematic clustering and population structure analysis based on SNP molecular markers. It was found that the genetic distance between cultivated and wild strains was relatively far, and there were significant differences in agronomic traits among different groups. Grey correlation analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the agronomic traits of the fruiting bodies of 43 fructiferous strains. Two strains suitable for industrial cultivation were selected. Further efforts for breeding excellent L. edodes varieties for industrial cultivation are needful.

Based on 27 strains of the Auricularia delicata complex collected from China, molecular identification was carried out by using ITS sequences, and 16 phenotypic characteristics were evaluated by means of analyses of diversity, correlation, cluster, and principal component. The results showed that the tested strains were identified as Auricularia sinodelicata and A. delicata of the Auricularia delicata complex. The Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index of 16 phenotypic traits ranged from 0.42 to 1.60, with an average of 0.97; the variation coefficients of 4 quantitative characteristic scope were 4.35% to 26.49%; there is a correlation between some phenotypic characteristics. Cluster analysis indicated that 3 groups were divided at Euclidean distance of 1.54 in accordance with 5 phenotypic characteristics, namely, mycelium colloid, color change of mycelia (cultivated species), main color of ventral side of fresh basidiocarp, texture of basidiocarp and mature period of fruiting body. Principle component analysis changed 16 phenotypic characteristics into 5 principal components, and the cumulative contribution rate was 81.55%; the variance contribution rate of the first principal component was 26.67%, named as the fruit body color characteristic factor, and that of the second principal component was 23.05%, named as mycelium characteristic factor; the variance contribution rate of the third principal component was only 12.89%, defined as growth period-commodity characteristic factor. Through comprehensive analysis, three phenotypic characteristics, mycelium colloid, main ventral color of fresh basidiocarps and fruiting body mature period, were selected as the key indexes for germplasm evaluation.

Headspace solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) combined with electronic nose was applied for analysing the flavor substances of fruiting bodies of 9 different strains of Morchella in Ningxia region. A total of 82 volatile compounds was successfully identified, of which 22 volatile components were common to all the samples. From the perspective of overall odor perception, electronic nose could quickly and effectively distinguish the volatile flavor of fruiting bodies of different strains of Morchella. In the 9 samples, there are 18 flavor compounds with a relative odor activity value (ROAV) greater than 0.1. Among them, trans-2-octen-1-ol made the greatest contribution to the flavor of experimental samples 013 and 105, with citrus and fatty flavors. Isovaleraldehyde made the greatest contribution to the flavor of samples 159, 196, HLGO, SB25C, and Y1 (1719), with malty and fruity flavors. 2(5H)-furanone greatly contributed to the flavor of samples 166 and LY, with nutty and coconut flavors. Based on principal component analysis (PCA) of these 18 flavor substances, a comprehensive function quality evaluation model was established. It was found that the strain 105 had the highest score, indicating that it had the best flavor quality.

The effect of extraction temperature, ethylalcohol concentration, liquid to material ratio and extraction time on the extraction yield of ergothioneine in M. sextelata scraps were studied by using the content of ergothioneine obtained as indicator, and the response surface methodology based on single factor experiment was applied to optimize the technological process of extraction. The results obtained by single factor experiment and response surface methodology indicated that liquid to material ratio of 40:1 (mL/g), ethylalcohol concentration of 50%, extraction temperature of 60 ℃, and extraction time of 20 min were the optimum extraction condition. Under this optimized condition, the extraction yield of ergothioneine was (0.236±0.000 887) mg/g, no significantly difference was found as compared with estimated value 0.235 mg/g (error value 0.426%), indicating that the optimized process was effective and reliable. This study provides basic data for utilization of M. sextelata scraps.

A new species of Phyllobaeis, P. subcrustacea, was identified by methods of morphology, anatomy, chemistry, and phylogenetic analysis based on combination of sequences of the internal transcriptional spacer (ITS), the large ribosome subunit (nuLSU), and the small mitochondrial subunit (mtSSU). It is characterized by the crustose thallus with clear schizidia; light reddish brown to dark brown apothecia with circinate, flat or sunken discs, obvious margin, unconspicuous podetia; simple or septate paraphyses; long-clavate asci, 8-spored, with apex I-; ascospores are ovoid to fusiform, hyaline, simple or 1-septate, I-. The type specimen was produced in Zhejiang Province, China. In this paper, phenotypic description and characteristic photos of the new species are provided, and a key of known species of Phyllobaeis is also provided.

Palmitic acid was used to stimulate human colon cancer epithelial cells Caco-2 to construct a tight-junction protein injury model under high fat diet for studying the effect of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides on intestinal barrier and its functional mechanism. By measuring cell viability, cell integrity, redox level, inflammatory factor content, tight junction gene, protein expression level, and inflammatory signaling pathway expression level, it was found that 400 μg/mL T. fuciformis polysaccharides was non-toxic to Caco-2 cells, and could increase SOD and CAT content and decrease MDA content, inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6, enhance the mRNA and protein expression levels of tight junction proteins Claudin-1, Occludin and ZO-1, and down-regulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by inhibiting the inflammatory signaling pathway of TRL4/MyD88/NF-κB. T. fuciformis polysaccharides maintained the intestinal barrier by means of anti-oxidation, inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors and elevating the expression of tight junction protein.

The studies on specimens collected from Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park on the basis of morphological characteristics and molecular data have yielded three hypoxylaceous species new to China. The three species viz. Annulohypoxylon nouraguense, A. subnitens and A. viridistratum, were described and illustrated based on Chinese collections. The differences between the species and the related and morphologically similar species are discussed. The taxonomic positions of the three species were supported and confirmed by the ITS phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods.