Ten fungal isolates from the healthy rhizomes of Polygonatum cyrtonema naturally distributed in Xianyushan Nature Reserve of Qimen County in Anhui Province were identified based on colony and mycelial characteristics in the absence of conidia and sporogenous structures and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Five species in Neosetophoma, namely new species, N. endophyticum, N. polygonatum and N. qimenensis, and known species, N. poaceicola and N. guiyangensis were identified; besides, Setophoma caverna was also identified. The isolates were deposited in the Research Center for Entomogenous Fungi (RCEF) at Anhui Agricultural University.

Based on systematic resource investigation, species identification, and literature arrangement, the checklist of poisonous mushrooms in Beijing was complied. The poisonous mushrooms were classified according to the poisoning type. Scientific name, Chinese name, and references of each poisonous mushroom are provided. By 2023, 130 poisonous mushrooms have been found in Beijing, causing five known damage types. However, there are still some poisoning types difficult to confirm. The most toxic mushrooms to be concerned are Amanita subjunquillea and Lepiota brunneoincarnata, which can cause acute liver failure, as well as Amanita oberwinklerana, which can lead to acute renal failure.

A new species, Coltricia wuyiensis, is described from eastern China on the basis of morphological examination and molecular phylogeny. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and nuclear large subunit (nLSU) ribosomal RNA gene regions indicates that the new species is nested within the genus Coltricia in the order Hymenochaetales. Coltricia wuyiensis is characterized by the centrally stipitate basidiomata with even margin, orange brown to reddish brown pileal surface with concentric zones and clay-buff to fawn pore surface when fresh, loosely interwoven to subparallel tramal hyphae, sometimes septate basidioles, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.3-5.5×3.7-4.4 µm. Phylogenetically it is closely related to C. minima, but the latter species has aseptate basidioles and bigger basidiospores (6-7×4-5 µm vs. 4.3-5.5×3.7-4.4 µm). An identification key to accepted species of Coltricia in China is given.

Seventy isolates of Diporthe fungi from healthy Camellia oleifera leaves were obtained by using tissue isolation method. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of five fragment sequences (ITS, TEF, TUB, CAL, HIS), eight representative isolates were identified as six species, D. biguttulata, D. eres, D. hongkongensis, D. fusicola, D. qimenensis sp. nov. and D. reniformis sp. nov. β-Type conidia were not observed in the two new species. D. reniformis produces distinct reniform conidia.

Fusarium circinatum, F. tucumaniae, F. virguliforme and five formae speciales of F. oxysporum have been included in the “List of Quarantine Pests of Import Plants in the People’s Republic of China” in 2007. This article aims at revising the scientific names of these species and formae speciales in accordance with the current taxonomic system of the genus Fusarium and related genera in Nectriaceae. It is suggested that the Chinese name for the causal agent of pine pitch canker is revised as huan zhuang lian bao (环状镰孢). The Chinese and scientific names of the oil palm wilt pathogen are revised as you zong lian bao (油棕镰孢) and F. elaeidis. It has been clarified that the pathogens responsible for South American soybean sudden death syndrome, F. tucumaniae, and North American soybean sudden death syndrome, F. virguliforme, are the same species in the genus Neocosmospora, and the Chinese name and scientific name are now revised as cai dou xin chi qiao (菜豆新赤壳) and N. phaseoli, respectively. Additionally, this study indicates that the pathogens responsible for the banana wilt (race 4 and non-Chinese race), celery wilt, asparagus wilt, and strawberry wilt are not monophyletic, suggesting the necessity for taxonomic revisions of these formae speciales of F. oxysporum. These updates are references for future revisions and renewal of the quarantine pest lists.

Lentinula edodes is edible and medicinal mushroom with the second largest yield and output value in the world. It is necessary to explore the regulatory mechanism of qualified characteristics and the important functional genes related to characteristics in L. edodes. In this study, a known functional gene is edited by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and CRISPR/Cas9 is confirmed to work in L. edodes. By predicting and screening a U6 snRNA promoter in L. edodes, sgRNA was designed using a pyrG encoding gene of orotidine-5ʹ-monophosphate decarboxylase as the target gene for CRISPR/Cas9. According to the codon preference of L. edodes genome, the cas9 gene that is the core component of CRISPR/Cas9 system is optimized. A binary expression vector with both sgRNA and cas9 gene was constructed. The vector was transformed into the monokaryon by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of L. edodes mycelium to make the mutation of pyrG gene. The L. edodes monokaryon mutant with base deletion in pyrG gene was obtained successfully and the mutant was determined by functional screening as an uracil trophic deficiency strain. In this study, a binary expression vector was successfully constructed, which could simultaneously express the two important components of CRISPR/Cas9, and the purpose of using CRISPR/Cas9 to edit functional genes was realized.

Species of Geosmithia (Ascomycota, Hypocreales) are commonly associated with bark beetles, and several species can infect tree hosts and cause serious diseases. In this study, a culture-dependent and pathogenic trial was conducted to classify a species of Geosmithia associated with Tomicus armandii infesting Pinus armandii in southwest China. In total, 387 Geosmithia isolates were obtained from 45 adults and 64 galleries of T. armandii in Yuxi and Fuyuan Cities, Yunnan Province, China. Ten representative isolates were further identified on the basis of morphological and physiological characteristics and the phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on ITS, TUB2, and TEF1-α sequences. Among these, 90 isolates were used for the establishment of the ITS tree, 66 of the TUB tree, and 77 of the TEF tree. As a result, a novel species, G. armandii was identified. This is the first species of Geosmithia reported to be associated with T. armandii. In vivo pathogenicity analysis of the two isolates selected indicated that in one month after inoculation, there was no significant difference between average lesion length caused by the inoculated isolates and the experimental control, showing that G. armandii is a weak pathogen of Pinus armandii.

Fungi, integral components of the gut microbiota, exert direct or indirect influence on host health. Extensive research has focused on the anti-aging effects of gut bacteria, however, investigations into the impact of intestinal fungi on anti-aging are limited. In this study, a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotics was employed to deplete bacteria from the feces of young mice, which were subsequently transplanted into the intestines of naturally aged mice. Physiological parameters, including learning and memory abilities, body weight, organ indices, and histopathological changes were assessed. Real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were utilized to evaluate the expression levels of aging-related genes, proteins, and inflammatory factors in various tissues of aged mice. Results demonstrated that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) following bacterial depletion significantly improved spatial learning and memory abilities in aged mice without adversely affecting body weight and other organ indices. Further analysis revealed that FMT ameliorated tissue conditions in the brain, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and small intestine in aged mice. FMT upregulated genes associated with intestinal barrier integrity while downregulated the expression of aging-related genes p53 and p21 in the brain, liver, and kidney of aged mice, with no significant impact observed on the lung, spleen, and small intestine in aged mice. Additionally, FMT significantly increased antioxidant enzyme levels in the serum and multiple tissues of aged mice and reduced the expression of aging biomarkers and pro-inflammatory factors. In conclusion, the gut fungal microbiota from young donor can effectively delay the aging process in serum, brain, liver, and kidney. This study provides a scientific foundation for further exploration of the potential mechanisms underlying the anti-aging effects of gut fungi.

Polycephalomyces ramosus is a rare species of Cordyceps-like fungi. Many species in Polycephalomyces have medicinal or health protection values. The synnemata of P. ramosus are domestically cultivated for the first time and the biological characteristics and active components of the fungus are studied. The mycelia have been identified by ITS sequence. The carbon source, nitrogen source, cultivating temperature and pH for mycelial growth were optimized by single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. Rice, wheat, millet and coix seed were used as cultivated media. The content of polysaccharide was detected by phenol-sulfuric acid method and the content of adenosine and cordycepin was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimum medium for solid culture was sucrose 20 g/L, peptone 15 g/L, agar 20 g/L, KH₂PO₄ 1g/L, MgSO₄·7H₂O 1 g/L, and Vitamin B₁ 10 mg/L; the optimum pH was 6.5 and growth temperature 23 ℃. The optimal liquid culture medium was sucrose 30 g/L, peptone 15 g/L, KH₂PO₄ 1 g/L, MgSO₄·7H₂O 1 g/L, and Vitamin B₁ 10 mg/L; the mycelia grew well under pH 6.5 and temperature 25 ℃. The yield of synnemata on wheat as culture medium was the highest, with average biological efficiency of 9.824%. The polysaccharide content of synnemata on rice media was the highest (4.693%). The content of adenosine in the synnemata produced on millet media was the highest (0.130%), while the content of cordycepin was the lowest (0.018%). The study provides a reference for utilization and artificial cultivation of P. ramosus.

The genus Diplodia (Botryosphaeriales, Botryosphaeriaceae) comprises many important pathogens or latent pathogens associated with stem canker, shoot blights and die-back of plants across a wide geographic distribution. In this study, a total of 13 Diplodia isolates was obtained from diseased branches of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) trees in Yunnan Province. Based on phylogenetic analyses of ITS, tef1 and tub2 loci, combined with morphological characteristics, two species were identified, D. mutila new to China and D. pipa sp. nov. The pathogenicity tests conducted on potted loquat trees demonstrated that both species can infect loquat trees, with D. mutila exhibiting a higher level of virulence as compared with D. pipa. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Diplodia from loquat trees in China.

Schisandra phenanthera is an important medicinal plant. Numerous species of Pestalotiopsis having wide-ranging distribution are associated with plant hosts as pathogens, endophytes, or saprobes. Ten isolates of Pestalotiopsis were obtained from samples of S. phenanthera collected from Ningshan County, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province through tissue separation method. Taxonomic identification were conducted based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of multi-gene sequence data from three loci (ITS, tef1, and tub2). These isolates were identified as P. abietis, P. jiangxiensis, P. lushanensis, P. orzae and P. schisandrae sp. nov. The species of Pestalotiopsis are first reported in Schisandra phenanthera.

Sanguinoderma is an important group of Ganodermataceae, many physiological functions have been found in the species of the genus, which are better than those of many well-known edible and medicinal fungi. Domestication of five wild Sanguinoderma species was attempted, and the cultivation characteristics and antioxidant activities of the species were studied, including the optimal temperature of mycelial growth, basidioma development process, polysaccharide and triterpene content and biological efficiency. The results showed that the optimum temperature for mycelium growth of the five species ranged from 25 to 30 ℃, and 25-38 days were needed for the fruiting body growth from primordium formation to harvest of basidiomata. S. rugosum growth is fastest and sporulation is early, while Sanguinoderma sp. growth is slowest and no sporulation was observed during cultivation. The morphological characters of cultivated basidiomata were quite different among different strains. The pilea were fan-shaped, reniform to nearly circular, with surface of greyish brown, ash-black, black and beige red, and length ranged from 4.96 cm to 12.56 cm, while width ranged from 3.84 cm to 10.76 cm, and height ranged from 0 cm to 10.1 cm. The first harvest biological efficiencies were 6.59%-18.34% for different strains, and the crude polysaccharide content and the total triterpene content were 1.89%-2.95% and 0.78%-1.68%, respectively. The antioxidant activities of polysaccharides and total triterpenes were compared with those of six Ganoderma species. It was found that Sanguinoderma spp. have better antioxidant activity. Sanguinoderma sp. and S. microporum have radical scavenging rate of over 80% to DPPH, and of 28% to total oxidant, under concentration of 3 mg/mL crude polysaccharide and 1 mg/mL total triterpene, respectively. In conclusion, Sanguinoderma spp. grow fast, contain rich polysaccharide and triterpene in basidiomata, and have good antioxidant activities for potential utilization.

A wild polypore strain isolated and purified from a basidioma collected in Wugong Mountain, Jiangxi Province was identified as Piptoporellus soloniensis based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. Biological characteristics and domestication of P. soloniensis were studied. Four single-factor tests indicated that the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for mycelial growth were glucose and yeast extract powder repectively under the optimal pH of 4.0 and the optimal culture temperature of 30 ℃. The orthogonal test further verified the results of the single factor tests. The influence levels of the four factors on the mycelial growth of P. soloniensis were ranked as temperature>pH>carbon source>nitrogen source. The cultivation spawn formula for P. soloniensis was 35% fine sawdust, 35% lotus seed hulls, 20% wheat bran, 7% corn flour, 1.5% gypsum and 1.5% quicklime. Under the optimal conditions, the mycelial growth rate reached 1.85-2.13 mm/d. Mycelia were sackful in 47-54 d at 23-26 ℃ in dark, and the mycelia aggregated to form initial basidiomata (primordia) in 30-35 d under the temperature of 23-26 ℃ and scattered light conditions. Fruiting body ultimately matured after another 20 d under the temperature of 18-20 ℃ and relative air humidity of 80%-90%.

Edible fungi can provide a variety of nutrients necessary for human bodies, including lots of proteins, polysaccharides and other active substances. Small molecular peptides produced by protease hydrolysis are important forms of protein activity. Protease-hydrolyzed peptides in edible fungi have received extensive attention due to their natural, safe, and good hypoglycemic effect. In this study, the proteins of 12 species of common edible fungi were selected as the research objects, and were extracted by ammonium sulfate precipitation method. The obtained proteins were then enzymatically hydrolyzed by alkaline protease. The inhibition rate of α-amylase and α-glucosidase were used as the screening indexes. The results showed that the protease hydrolysates of Hericium erinaceus had the best effect on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The inhibition rate of α-amylase was (65.70±0.33)%, and that of α-glucosidase was (69.25±0.27)%, suggesting that H. erinaceus may have good hypoglycemic activity. The hydrophobic and alkaline amino acids contained in the enzymatic-hydrolyzed peptides of H. erinaceus may be important factors for the hypoglycemic effect.

In June 2022, cobweb disease of Auricularia cornea occurred in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, with an incidence of up to 30%. The pathogen was identified as Hypomyces mycophilus. The biological characteristics and sensitivities to four biological pesticides and three chemical pesticides of the pathogen were studied. The results showed that the temperature of 25 ℃ and pH 6 were optimum for the growth of the pathogen. Soluble starch, yeast extract and rose bengal agar medium were beneficial to mycelial growth, and light conditions had no significant effect. The sensitivities of four biogenic fungicides and three chemical fungicides to the pathogen were determined by mycelial growth inhibition method. The results showed that both Bacillus subtilis WP and propiconazole EC had strong inhibitory effects on the pathogen, with EC₅₀ values of 0.018 and 0.022 mg/L, respectively. The inhibition rates of 0.100 mg/L of B. subtilis WP on the mycelial growth of A. cornea were 12.63%, indicating that B. subtilis WP had good selective toxicity for H. mycophilus and was avirulent to A. cornea. The results of this study proved that B. subtilis WP was suitable for the prevention and control of cob-web disease of A. cornea.

Auricularia cornea cultivated with mixed tree sawdust or miscellaneous sawdust (treatment A, control), eucalyptus sawdust (treatment B) and eucalyptus bark (treatment C) was used as the test material, and moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, soluble sugar, crude fibre and coarse ash in basidiomata on the three different substrates were measured respectively. Based on the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) technique, the differences of metabolites and their pathways in A. cornea were analyzed. The results show that compared with that in A. cornea cultivated with miscellaneous sawdust, the content of crude protein, soluble sugar, and crude ash in A. cornea cultivated with by-products of eucalyptus (eucalyptus sawdust and eucalyptus bark) is higher, while the content of crude fat and crude fiber is lower. There were 41 differential metabolites and 5 differential metabolite pathways between treatment B (using eucalyptus sawdust as cultivating substrate) and treatment A (using miscellaneous sawdust as cultivating substrate), 49 differential metabolites and 15 differential metabolite pathways between treatment C (using eucalyptus bark as cultivating substrate) and treatment A, and 44 differential metabolites and 21 differential metabolite pathways between treatment B and treatment C. Enrichment metabolic pathway analysis based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), demonstrated that treatment B and treatment A had two significant metabolic pathways (P<0.05) (amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism), while treatment C and treatment A had five significant metabolic pathways (alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, purine metabolism, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism), and treatment B and treatment C had four significant metabolic pathways (alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, purine metabolism, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism). Using eucalyptus sawdust and eucalyptus bark as cultivation substrates can increase the nutritional content of A. cornea, improve product quality, and reduce production costs. This study provides reference for the application of eucalyptus sawdust and eucalyptus bark in the cultivation of A. cornea.

Skin diseases caused by Fusarium, also known as cutaneous fusariosis, usually present as nodules and persistent ulcers on the skin; psoriasis-like rashes are uncommon and are frequently misdiagnosed. Due to the frequent occurrence of naturally drug-resistant strains of Fusarium, Fusarium infection is not only challenging to identify but also challenging to cure. In this paper, a case of psoriasis-like fusariosis caused by Fusarium proliferatum is reported. The 59-year-old patient had been suffering from plaques and scaly erythema on her right earlobe and surrounding skin for more than 30 years. The patient had been misdiagnosed as “eczema and psoriasis” and had been treated with various medications, but without any efficacy. Direct microscopic examination of the fungus, tissue fungal culture and pathology confirmed the diagnosis of Fusarium infection, and DNA identification as Fusarium proliferatum led to the diagnosis of cutaneous fusariosis. Skin damage improved significantly and almost subsided after intravenous injection of liposomal amphotericin B. Cutaneous fusariosis can mimic psoriasis and amphotericin B treatment is effective.

The new cultivar ‘Jinyu 1’ of Pleurotus citrinopileatus was bred by systematic breeding using commercial cultivar ‘Yuhuang 2’ as its parent. The pileus of the new cultivar is golden yellow or bright yellow, fan-shaped or fan hemispherical; the stipe is thick, and basidiomata are neat. The cultivar has excellent characters with stable yield, short growth period and strong stress resistance. The new cultivar ‘Shangyan A130’ of Flammulina filiformis was based on ‘Shangyan 1’ as parent. The spores of ‘Shangyan 1’ were mutated by atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis. This cultivar is white, with cap spherical and buckled and long stipe with less villi at the base. It is characterized by neat fruiting and high yield, and suitability for industrial annual cultivation. The new cultivar ‘Shangyan 1820’ of F. filiformis was bred by single spore crossbreeding. This cultivar is light yellow, with spherical cap, insignificant color deepening at the base of stipe, long stipe and neat fruiting. This cultivar has excellent commercial characters.

The karst forest in Guangxi-Vietnam border region represents a seasonal rainforest within the north tropical karst, serving as one of the key areas for terrestrial ecosystem diversity with international significance. The systematic study of macrofungi in this area is not complete so far. This study lasted for seven years and collected more than 1 500 samples of macrofungi. A total of 232 species of macrofungi, belonging to 2 phyla, 7 classes, 20 orders, 61 families and 135 genera, has been identified based on morphological and molecular analyses. Among the species, 25 belong to Ascomycota, and 207 belong to Basidiomycota; 30 were new to Guangxi. Four dominant families having more than 10 species each are Polyporaceae, Marasmiaceae, Boletaceae, and Agaricaceae. Six dominant genera having more than 5 species each are Marasmius, Auricularia, Ganoderma, Pluteus, Trametes, and Xylaria. At genus level, the macrofungi in the karst area of Sino-Vietnam border in Guangxi can be classified into eight geographical elements. The cosmopolitan element and pantropic element were found to be the most dominant, with 76 and 36 genera respectively. The evaluation of macrofungal resources showed that 59 species were edible, 19 medicinal, 8 simultaneously edible and medicinal, and 26 poisonous. Threat status analysis indicated that only two species were categorized as nearly threatened, merely accounting for 0.86% of the total known species. No vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered species were identified. This study provides reference for conservation and sustainable utilization of macrofungal resources within this specific region.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) can form symbiotic relationships with plants and promote their growth and development. However, the regulatory mechanisms by which AMF and DSE promote plant growth and development are largely unknown. In order to study the effects of AMF and DSE on the growth-promotion and metabolic components of Medicago sativa leaves, a greenhouse pot simulation experiment was designed and CK, AMF, DSE and AMF+DSE inoculation treatments were set up. The effects of different treatment on the root colonization, physiological growth, and nutrient uptake of M. sativa were studied under soil sterilization conditions. A non-targeted metabolomics method for identifying the metabolites of M. sativa leaves was established by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The results show that the addition of AMF and DSE promoted M. sativa root development (root length, root volume, root tip number, root surface area and root projected area) and increased M. sativa biomass, chlorophyll and nutrient content. A total of 91 metabolites was identified by metabolomics analysis of leaves, belonging to different chemical groups of which the content of lipids and lipid-like molecules accounted for the largest proportion. The proportion of lipids and lipid-like molecules in the leaves increased as a result of AMF and DSE treatment. Pathway analysis showed that AMF and DSE relatively influence glycerophospholipid metabolism, galactose metabolism, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. The content of key metabolites affecting the metabolic pathways, phosphatidylethanolamines, CDP-glycerol, palmitic acid, and beta-carotene, were the highest under the condition of AMF+DSE co-inoculation as compared to that under other treatments. The results prove that AMF and DSE evidently stimulate the growth and metabolism of M. sativa.

Penicillium raistrickii can yield plenty of secondary metabolites. However, there are few reports about its synthetic pathways and unexpressed biosynthetic gene clusters because of the lack of a genetic transformation system, as a result, the study of its biosynthesis mechanism and natural products is seriously hampered. An efficient genetic transformation system for P. raistrickii CGMCC 3.1066 was built in this study. The conditions for spore germination, the antibiotic concentration, the optimum condition for preparing protoplasts, and the concentration of DNA fragments have been determined. Five genes ranging in length from 1-10 kb were knocked out by polyethylene glycol-mediated protoplast transformation, and the average positive rate of gene knockout was 17.5%. In addition, the gene for synthesizing 1,8-dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN)-melanin has been knocked out. The results show that the lack of this gene can cause spore discoloration from green to white, but the growth of the strain is not affected, making this site to act as a fixed insertion site because the transformants can be identified quickly through observation. The genetic transformation system successfully established in P. raistrickii CGMCC 3.1066 will facilitate the identification of gene function, analysis of biosynthetic pathways of compounds, and other studies, and this study can provide a reference for building the transformation system of other non-model fungi.

Lichens are self-sustainable pioneer organism survived through mutualistic symbiosis of fungi and algae in the terrestrial ecosystem, which have strong stress tolerance to low temperature, drought, and heavy ion radiation, etc. The survivability of twelve lichen thallus samples originally collected from mountains and deserts and four lichen cultures is evaluated by using fluorescence staining method under space simulation treatment conditions including low temperature, drought and radiation. The results show that the same lichen has different tolerance ability to different treatment conditions, and different species under the same treatment condition show different tolerance ability. Under different treatment conditions, both mycobiont and photobiont in the lichen thallus are damaged more or less, however, mycobiont exhibit a certain degree of tolerance to all the simulation conditions in general. Compared with natural lichen thallus, cultures are much damaged, and they have higher tolerance to ultraviolet radiation and lower temperature than to drought and heavy ion radiation. The methods in this research can be used to evaluate the survival potential of lichens under space simulation conditions during space exploration in the near future.

Based on morphological, anatomical, chemical and molecular systematic methods, a new species, Leiorreuma polycrystallinum, was discovered in the investigation of lichen resources from China. It is characterized by the following characters: thallus crustose; apothecia lirelliform; thalline margin completely covering the proper excipulum, with abundant crystals; labia entire; disc black, opened, with white pruina; exciple completely carbonized, with well developed basal exciple; asci 2-8-spored; ascospores brown, transversely septate, 5-10-septate, (36-)41.5-47× 7-9.5 μm. A phylogenetic tree, morphological descriptions, and pictures of the new species were provided. The similarities and differences between the new species and similar species were discussed. A key to the known Leiorreuma species from China was also provided.

Verticillium alfalfae is an important quarantine pathogen, which can cause serious damage to more than a dozen crops. The sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker of V. alfalfae was chosen as the target gene, and a detection method combining RPA isothermal amplification technique and CRISPR-Cas12a system was established for specific detection of V. alfalfae. Under the optimized experimental conditions, 10.6 pg genomic DNA can be detected by using CRISPR-Cas12a based fluorescence and lateral flow strip method after the genomic DNA was amplified at 39 °C for 30 minutes. The spiked recovery experiment indicated that the established RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a can be used for the rapid detection of V. alfalfae in plant tissues.

Flammulina filiformis is an important edible fungus in China, which mainly includes yellow and white strains. For the purpose of understanding their metabolite variations, yellow and white strains of F. filiformis grown under identical conditions were chosen for untargeted metabolomics analysis. The results showed that most of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were significantly higher in the yellow strain, and the metabolite difference between fruiting bodies of yellow and white strains were significantly enriched to phenylalanine and tyrosine as well as tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. The content of phenylalanine decreased and that of tyrosine increased in yellow strain; correspondingly the expression level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene PAL1 was down-regulated, and that of tyrosinase gene TYR up-regulated. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosinase in fruiting body of yellow strain was significantly higher than that in fruiting body of white strain. The content of cysteine, arginine, proline, aspartic acid and histidine was higher in yellow strain than that in white strain. This study provides a clue to subsequent complete analysis of color phenotypic differences of the two strains.

Fusarium pseudograminearum is the dominant pathogen causing wheat crown rot in the Huanghuai wheat-growing region in China. Accurate and rapid detection techniques are beneficial for monitoring and early warning of wheat crown rot. In this study, a rapid detection system combining RPA (recombinase polymerase amplification) with CRISPR/Cas12a was established based on the NPS15 gene of F. pseudograminearum, which can complete the detection of the target pathogen in 40 min at a constant temperature of 37 ℃, with a sensitivity of 10^-3 pg/μL. The test results can be visually interpreted through the color reaction of nucleic acid test strips, with advantages of specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity. The system was validated to be able to detect the target pathogen from complex samples such as soil, seeds, and infected plants, providing an efficient method for the rapid detection of F. pseudograminearum in the field.

Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter) proteins widely found in all organisms are one of the largest and extensively studied protein families. Some members of this protein family play an important role in transmembrane transport of heavy metal ions and in response to abiotic stresses. In this paper, Blastp and Hmmer software were used to screen and analyze bioinformatically the members of ABC transporter protein family in giant sidearm at the genome-wide level. Differential genes were screened on the basis of transcriptome data and the overall expression trend of genes encoding this family was analyzed. In total, 38 ABC transporter protein genes of Pleurotus giganteus were obtained, which could be categorized into eight subfamilies, G, B, C, F, I, D, A and E, with 6, 5, 10, 3, 8, 3, 2 and 1 members, respectively. They are mainly distributed in the membranes of each cell organelle, with different subfamily members differing in the types of structural domains and the number of motifs, while members of the same subfamily have greater similarity. Some members of subfamily D were up-regulated in the early stage of cadmium ion stress, some members of subfamilies C, D and I were up-regulated in the middle stage of stress, and some members of subfamilies B and C were up-regulated in the late stage. The present study showed that some ABC transporter proteins were involved in the response of Cd ion stress in Pleurotus giganteus. These results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the role of ABC transporter protein family in Pleurotus giganteus and its molecular mechanism under Cd ion stress.

Penicillium oxalicum is an important biocontrol fungus. Previously, a new linear pentapeptide, sanxiapeptin, was obtained from the fermentation product of P. oxalicum isolated from vicinity of citrus orchard, which hada potent inhibitory effect on rot-causal fungus P. digitatum on citrus. To reveal the molecular regulatory mechanism and increase the production of sanxiapeptin, the transcriptome data of different strains of P. oxalicum previously determined under various cultural conditions were systematically analyzed. By establishing sets of differentially expressed genes among different comparison groups and taking the intersection of each set, nine candidate transcription factors were screened from 478 transcription factors that were highly correlated with the production level of sanxiapeptin, of which three were negatively and six were positively correlated with sanxiapeptin production. Bioinformatics analysis of the candidate transcription factors and their coding genes was performed, and the accuracy of transcriptome data was verified through qRT-PCR. This study provides a theoretical foundation for analyzing the molecular regulatory mechanism of sanxiapeptin and promoting the development of fruit and vegetable preservatives using sanxiapeptin as main component. It also serves as a reference for mining target genes through transcriptome data.

Corn southern leaf blight is one of the important diseases in maize production in China, causing significant yield reduction every year. Bipolaris maydis partitivirus 1 (BmPV1) is a dsRNA virus carried by B. maydis, the pathogens of corn southern leaf blight. It has hypovirulence and can reduce the pathogenicity of B. maydis, but the effect of BmPV1 on host infection is not clear. In this study, the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method was used to introduce the gfp gene into the BmPV1 carrying strain 3086-BmPV1 and the non-virus strain 3086-non of B. maydis. The stability of the fluorescent-labeled strains was analyzed by PCR and fluorescence observation. The effect of the introduction of gfp gene on biological characteristics of the fluorescent-labeled strains were analyzed. Spore suspensions were sprayed on maize leaves for inoculation, and the infection of B. maydis on maize leaves was observed using fluorescence microscopy. PCR amplification and fluorescence observation results showed that the gfp gene was successfully integrated into strains 3086-BmPV1 and 3086-non. There were no significant differences in growth rate, sporulation, and pathogenicity between the fluorescent-labeled strains and the non-labeled strains. The infection results revealed that the non-virus strain 3086-non-GFP could invade maize leaves through two pathways: directly infecting epidermal cells and spreading to adjacent cells, or invading stomata and spreading through intercellular spaces. The virus-carrying strain 3086-BmPV1-GFP could only grow on the leaf surface and had minimal ability to infect epidermal cells. This study clarifies that the BmPV1 virus can reduce the pathogenicity and inhibit the infection of B. maydis.

Using the genome of white-coloured monokaryotic Flammulina filiformis wm14 as reference genome, resequencing data of dikaryotic strains 15W, 16W, 18W, 19W, 20Y, 21Y, 22Y, and 25Y as research objects, self-provided four genomes of F. filiformis as blast verification database, and VCFtools-0.1.16 software for data filtering, reliable and highly polymorphic SNP, InDel, and SV site informations were exploited. Primer3 software was used for primer design. Through blastn specificity and universality testing of the marker primers, 26 InDel/SV markers were obtained, which could be directly amplified to detect genetic differences among strains based on the size differences of electrophoresis bands. Altogether 63 regions with abundant SNP markers were obtained and 16 pairs of universal primers were successfully designed, which could be used as beneficial supplements to traditional ITS, Rpb2, Ef1α, and other target sequences. More molecular markers for genetic analysis of F. filiformis have need to develop, aiming to clarify the genetic background of the research strains through whole-genome scanning, and provide support for subsequent research on molecular-assisted breeding, functional gene discovery, and mechanism exploration of F. filiformis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by specific clinical manifestations of eczema, accompanied by intense pruritus and scratching, which can lead to the disruption of the skin barrier and subsequently induce microbial infections. Lack of understanding diversity of fungal infections and incomplete comprehension of the clinical manifestations of fungal infections during the occurrence and progression of AD as well as improper drug treatments may lead to misdiagnosis and incorrect therapeutic approaches. This article systematically summarizes the types of pathogens causing skin fungal infections in AD patients, including common fungi such as Malassezia, Trichophyton and Candida and rare fungi such as Pseudallescheria and Xanthothecium, aiming to comprehensively understand the impact of fungal infections of the skin and its structures on the occurrence, development and prognosis of AD.

Ganoderma polysaccharide is one of the important bioactive ingredients in Ganoderma lingzhi. It has unique advantages in obtaining Ganoderma mycelium polysaccharides by liquid fermentation. In this study, Ganoderma lingzhi strain GZ36 was selected for liquid fermentation. The enrichment of target polysaccharide components was carried out by regulating the fermentation time, and the extraction process of intracellular polysaccharides of fermented mycelium was optimized. The physicochemical characteristics and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides obtained were analysed. The results showed that intracellular polysaccharide content of the mycelium was the highest in 60 hours of fermentation. The extraction rate of polysaccharides from fresh mycelia was 60.42% higher than that from dried mycelia and 59.16% higher than that from freeze-dried mycelia. The optimal extraction process for Ganoderma mycelial polysaccharides was: extraction temperature of 90 ℃, liquid-to-solid ratio of 1:3 (g/mL), extraction time of 2 hours, and two times of extraction cycles. Under these conditions, the acquisition rate of polysaccharides could reach 6.10%. Four polysaccharide components, GLP-10E, GLP-20E, GLP-50E and GLP-75E were obtained from graded alcohol precipitation, of which GLP-10E and GLP-20E had relatively large average molecular weights of 6.161×10⁶ g/mol and 4.112×10⁶ g/mol respectively, and the polysaccharide content in these two components reached 84.59% and 92.30% respectively, and the proportion of glucose reached 98%. It is speculated that these two components are glucan. GLP-50E is mainly composed of glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and a small amount of xylose. GLP-75E component contains a large amount of glucosamine. All four polysaccharide components have the activities of inducing macrophages to release NO. The study provides a reference for the better development and utilization of polysaccharides from liquid fermentation of Ganoderma mycelia.

The effect of twin-screw extrusion technology on the processing characteristics of Stropharia rugosoannulata powder is explored, in order to determine the application potential of this technology in improving the quality of S. rugosoannulata powder. The single factor experiments and response surface experiment of extrusion temperature, water addition and screw speed were carried out to determine the optimal parameters by using twin screw extruder. The structure of S. rugosoannulata powder before and after extrusion was characterized by spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope, particle size analyzer and infrared spectrometer, and water retention capacity, oil retention capacity and adsorption capacity of the extruded powder were analyzed. Finally, the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion experiment was carried out. The experimental results showed that the optimum conditions for twin-screw extrusion of S. rugosoannulata powder were as follows: extrusion temperature of 96 ℃, water addition of 27%, and screw speed of 15 Hz. Under these conditions, the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content of S. rugosoannulata powder was the highest. The extrusion treatment significantly changed the color, particle size and structure of the powder, and improved its water retention capacity, oil retention capacity, and adsorption capacity to cholesterol and nitrite. In vitro simulated digestion experiments showed that extrusion treatment significantly improved the digestibility of S. rugosoannulata powder. This study shows that twin-screw extrusion technology can significantly increase the content of soluble dietary fiber and enhance actual nutritional benefits of S. rugosoannulata powder, and can be applied to further development and large scale production of the powder.

With the continuous standardization of cultivation patterns, the genetic diversity researches of commercial cultivated edible fungi in China is gradually focused on the main derived varieties of a few excellent cultivars. In the face of the situation that nuclear source cannot be easily replaced, the nuclear-cytoplasmic hybridization method simply replacing cytoplasmic source will be a good way to improve commercial cultivars. In this study, the research progress and genetic mechanism of nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrids in edible fungi were reviewed in hope of providing theoretical support for promotion and application of nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrid technology for edible fungi in China. The concept and characteristics of nuclear-cytoplasmic hybridization method for edible fungi were expounded. The advantages of definition of intraspecific nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrids with different genotypes, stabilizing fruiting capacity, clearing nuclear and cytoplasm sources and changing reproduction rate were also expounded. The genetic mechanism of nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrids in edible fungi was concerned in two aspects: coordination between two parental nuclei and between nucleus and mitochondria. Two parental nuclei regulate vegetative growth and reproduction of the heterokaryotic mycelia with competitive coordination, in which one parental nucleus is dominant in total gene expression and is named as dominated nucleus. Mitochondrial structure assembled correctly and functioned normally are the key to the successful coordination of nuclei and mitochondria in the nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrid, especially the complex co-encoded by nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in the oxidative phosphorylation system.

The wild fruit-body of Ganoderma subflexipes is widely used to treat various sub-health diseases in Hainan, China. In recent years, the wild population of G. subflexipes has decreased year by year owing to excessive commercial harvesting. To enhance the conservation efforts and sustainable utilization of G. subflexipes, field investigations, specimen collections, and strain isolations were undertaken. The biological characteristics of isolated strains were studied, and domestication culture was also carried out. The mycelial growth were optimal at temperature of 30-32 ℃, and pH 5-8 under dark condition or green light treatment. Sucrose, maltose, glucose and soluble starch are optimum carbon source, and malt extract powder, yeast extract powder and beef peptone are optimum nitrogen source. CaSO₄, K₂HPO₄ and KH₂PO₄ are the best inorganic salt, and vitamin B₁₂, nicotinamide, and L-glutamate are the best growth factor. Domestication cultivation shows that the mycelium bagful time is about 30 d at 32 ℃ under dark condition; the primordium formed within about 20 d at room temperature, and afterwards fruit bodies matured in about 15 d.