Based on morphological, chemical, and phylogenetic evidence, two lichen genera, Gintarasia and Asteristion, are reported for the first time from Hainan Province, China, together with a new species, G. pseudochapsa, and a new Chinese record, A. cupulare. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from combined ITS, nuLSU and mtSSU sequence data using maximum likelihood (RAxML) and Bayesian analyses. The characteristic lichen compounds were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). G. pseudochapsa is characterized by its gray-green thallus, irregularly rounded to elongate apothecia with a flesh-colored, epruinose disc, non-amyloid ascospores and the absence of the lichen substances. A. cupulare is characterized by a yellowish-green thallus, aggregate apothecia, a flesh-colored disc covered by white pruina, a double margin and a non-carbonized excipulum. Detailed descriptions, photographs and comparisons with similar taxa are provided.
The genus Hygrocybe is an ecologically significant and morphologically attractive fungal group. However, the formal records of edible species within this genus remain relatively scarce. This study investigates a wild edible fungus fruiting around the Lantern Festival in Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, with fresh products selling for up to 1 000 CNY per kilogram. It is locally known as “yuanxiaogu” (Lantern Festival mushroom), “zhugu” (bamboo mushroom) or “honggu” (red mushroom). Further study confirms that this taxon is a new Hygrocybe species, and named as Hygrocybe yuanxiaogu. This fungus has red-to-yellow, non-viscid or slightly viscid pileus when wet, with basidiospores measuring (7.0)7.5-9.5 × 4.0-5.5 μm. The fungus grows in bamboo forests, and fruits around the Lantern Festival in the local area. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences shows that this new species belongs to the Hygrocybe punicea-complex and is distinct from all known Hygrocybe species. This species is mainly distributed in southern China, providing new example of edible wild fungal resources within this genus.
To reveal species diversity of wood-inhabiting macrofungi in the Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, a systematic investigation and specimen collection was conducted in the nature reserve. In total 2 377 specimens were collected. Using an integrated approach combining morphological observation and molecular biological identification, a total of 243 species of wood-inhabiting fungi was identified, belonging to 139 genera, 45 families, 13 orders, 7 classes and 2 phyla. Among them, species of Polyporaceae and Hymenochaetaceae are dominant, accounting for 33.33% of the total species. Eight genera including Trametes were identified as dominant genera, comprising 51 species and representing 20.99% of the total species. In terms of funga, the fungi were dominated by cosmopolitan genera (accounting for 56.83% of the total genera) and tropical-subtropical-distributed genera (10.07%), reflecting the typical characteristics of mid-subtropics. In addition, 50 species with important economical values were detected, including 6 edible species, 37 medicinal species and 7 species with both edible and medicinal properties. The results provide a scientific basis for the conservation, exploitation and biodiversity research of this regional nature resources.
As a traditional and precious medicinal plant in China, the orchid Pleione bulbocodioides requires symbiosis with fungi to complete its life cycle under natural conditions. Therefore, the isolation and identification of symbiotic fungi are crucial for solving its resource regeneration using symbiotic technology in the future. In this study, wild, semi-wild (understory simulated wild) and artificially cultivated P. bulbocodioides plants in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province were used as research objects to compare and analyze the composition and diversity of culturable endophytic fungal communities in their roots under different growth conditions. Three isolation methods, tissue separation, single hyphal mass, and dilution grinding, were adopted. Total 619 fungal strains were obtained. These strains were identified through morphological observation and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence analysis, belonging to 4 phyla, 9 classes, 20 orders, 30 families, and 40 genera, with an overall isolation rate of 6.76%. There were significant differences in the endophytic fungal community structure in the roots of P. bulbocodioides under different growth conditions. The semi-wild samples in the understory had the highest fungal diversity (Hʹ=2.726, D=0.905 5) and the most balanced community structure (J=0.827 1), with Irpex as the dominant genus (IF=21.23%); the artificially cultivated samples in the cultivation base concentrated dominant strains, mainly belonging to Dactylonectria (IF=54.18%); the wild samples yielded the least culturable fungal resources, with only 4 genera isolated, dominated by Neopyrenochaeta (IF=60.00%). The results indicated that P. bulbocodioides under the understory semi-wild cultivation mode had a more stable and diverse endophytic symbiotic microbial system. This discovery is beneficial for screening useful symbiotic fungi and optimizing artificial cultivation modes of P. bulbocodioides.
Diabetic foot fungal infections are induced by impaired skin barrier and microcirculation disorders, and their role in disability has been long overlooked. This study systematically analyzed 36 confirmed cases, utilizing a multidimensional visualization model to dissect the correlation between etiology and prognosis. The pathogenic fungal spectrum involved Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium, species of Mucorales, Trichosporon, Madurella, Rhodotorula, etc. Clustering and principal component analysis identified two phenotypic clusters: the “highly invasive-vascular disruption type” composed of Fusarium and Mucorales was significantly positively correlated with high Wagner grades and amputation; the “biofilm-chronic colonization type” dominated by Candida was prone to form drug-resistant biofilms leading to delayed wound healing. The risk quantification model indicated that Wagner grades≥3 were the primary independent risk factor, with a significant threshold effect. The results of principal component analysis showed that special drug-resistant Candida might shift towards the high-risk group, suggesting that the virulence of drug-resistant pathogens might have a significant impact on prognosis. This study proposes a standardized diagnostic and treatment process, emphasizing “culture-pathology-molecular” multimodal diagnosis, and recommends early initiation of broad-spectrum potent antifungal treatment combined with thorough debridement for patients with grades ≥3 or high-risk fungal species, aiming to reduce the risk of amputation and improve patient prognosis through early intervention.
An artificial intelligence (AI) model based on the Deeplabv3+ algorithm was constructed to achieve rapid and accurate classification of clinically common dermatophyte species and enhance the efficiency of traditional diagnosis. In total, 74 clinically common dermatophyte strains (including Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, and Epidermophyton floccosum) were selected. After verifying the accuracy of the strains by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, lactophenol cotton blue staining images were acquired from cultured strains, yielding 962 images. These images were divided into a training set (839 images) and a test set (123 images) for model construction and performance verification, and the results were compared with those of routine visual identification by clinical technicians. The AI model achieved an overall accuracy of 71.54% for the four dermatophyte species, with the per-class recall values being 80.00% for M. canis, 79.07% for E. floccosum, 65.00% for T. mentagrophytes, and 53.33% for T. rubrum. The overall accuracy of routine visual identification by clinical technologists was 72.36%. Consistency analysis revealed a substantial agreement between the AI model and visual identification (Kappa=0.769, P<0.01). Subgroup analysis showed almost perfect agreement for T. rubrum (Kappa=0.875) and T. mentagrophytes (Kappa=0.808), while the Kappa values for E. floccosum and M. canis were 0.677 and 0.534, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed in the overall accuracy between the two methods(χ2=0.33, P>0.05). AI model exhibited a significantly higher recall for T. mentagrophytes than visual identification (P<0.05), whereas its identification performance for E. floccosum was significantly lower (P<0.05). In terms of recognition speed, the average speed of the AI model was (2.46±0.04) seconds per image, significantly faster than that of visual identification (3.75±0.61) seconds per image, P<0.05. The AI model could process images in batches continuously (approximately 40 minutes for disposing 962 images) without performance degradation, while visual identification was limited by visual fatigue and required intermittent rest, taking approximately 290 minutes for disposing the same number of images. This is the first construction of an AI classification model for dermatophytes, filling the research gap in this field. The model demonstrated comparable identification accuracy substantially consistent with visual identification of clinical technologists, offering the advantages of faster processing speed, stable batch processing capability, and without restriction of time and location. It can serve as a novel tool for rapid clinical diagnosis, especially in primary medical institutions, and thus holds promising prospects for clinical application and popularization.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth and development. However, the vast majority of soil P exists in insoluble forms that are largely unavailable for direct plant uptake. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) enhance the availability of insoluble soil P through mechanisms such as secreting organic acids and siderophores, thereby promoting plant P absorption and growth. Based on high phosphate-solubilizing capacity and high siderophore production in combination with phylogenetic analysis and physiological characterization, elite fungal strains were screened and obtained from typical phosphorus-limited habitats and their potassium-releasing capacity and biocontrol potential were evaluated. In total, 11 fungal isolates possessing both high-efficiency phosphate- solubilizing and high-yield siderophore production capabilities were obtained from saline-alkali soil in Dongying of Shandong and acidic soil of a Chinese fir forest in Shangrao of Jiangxi. After comprehensive screening, seven isolates were selected as elite strains. Strains H2, R13, and R33 exhibited the strongest solubilizing capacities to tricalcium phosphate, iron phosphate, and aluminum phosphate, respectively. The siderophore production of all 7 elite strains reached over 90% of the saturation level within 3 days, and a significant negative correlation was observed between siderophore yield and medium pH. Correlation analysis indicated that tricalcium phosphate dissolution capacity was positively correlated with malic acid and fumaric acid content and siderophore production; iron phosphate dissolution capacity was positively correlated with oxalic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid and succinic acid content and siderophore production; aluminum phosphate dissolution capacity was only positively correlated with tartaric acid content. Siderophore production showed a highly significant positive correlation with citric acid and fumaric acid content, suggesting a synergistic regulatory mechanism with specific organic acids. All 7 strains grew on potassium-releasing medium, but their growth was completely inhibited upon the addition of ferric chloride, indicating that their potassium-releasing capacity was associated with siderophore-related mechanisms. The inhibition rate of the fermentation filtrates of the 7 strains against Fusarium graminearum showed a significant positive correlation with siderophore production. Strain S4, with a siderophore content of 53.16%, achieved an inhibition rate of 87.95%. Based on multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of RPB2 and ITS genes combined with scanning electron microscopy morphological observation, strain H5 was identified as Penicillium adametzii; while R6, R18, H2, H1, and R13 were all identified as Penicillium sp., clustering closely with P. oxalicum; S4 was identified as Aspergillus sp., showing a close phylogenetic relationship with A. tubingensis. In summary, the seven elite fungal strains screened in this study demonstrate significant potential in solubilizing various forms of insoluble P, releasing potassium, and inhibiting pathogenic fungi, providing valuable microbial resources for developing novel microbial fertilizers and pesticides.
Leaf blight of Schisandra chinensis, caused by Alternaria tenuissima, is an important disease in commercial fields. To observe the infection process of the pathogen, a GFP fluorescent labeling vector pBS-HYG-GFP was constructed using homologous recombination technology and the protoplast preparation conditions were optimized (hyphae aged 36 h enzymolysed with 0.01 g/mL driselase, 0.01 g/mL lyticase and 0.01 g/mL snailase at 28 ℃ for 2.5 h). The protoplast yield reached 1.14×106/mL. Following genetic transformation, a stable fluorescent strain SccA071GFP was obtained that exhibited no significant differences from the wild-type strain in terms of growth rate, spore production capacity and pathogenicity. Infection process observation revealed that conidia attached and germinated on the leaf surface, with germ tubes developing into primary hyphae. The hyphae preferentially extended along the depressions on the leaf surface and mainly invaded the mesophyll tissue through stomata or intercellular spaces in 36 hours after inoculation. In 96 hours after inoculation, the hyphae spread in a network within the mesophyll tissue, and extensively branched and densely colonized the tissue, completing the entire process of penetration, incubation, and symptom development in 120 hours after inoculation. In this study, an efficient and stable genetic transformation system was first established for the pathogen causing leaf blight in S. chinensis. The findings provide a stable and efficient genetic transformation system for identifying functional genes in the pathogen, and advantage in-depth investigations into pathogen infection and pathogenesis mechanisms.
The majority of fungi in the order Boletales are ectomycorrhizal symbionts. Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus, a rare saprotrophic species within this order, is recognized as the second globally cultivated bolete mushroom, which holds significant value for both scientific research and industrial applications. However, genomic information for this species is currently nonexistent. In this study, PacBio sequencing technology combined with Hi-C-assisted assembly was employed to construct, for the first time, a chromosome-level high-quality genome of B. xylophilus. The genome comprises 12 chromosomes with a total length of 30.13 Mb, a GC content of 50.38%, a contig N50 of 2.64 Mb, and a BUSCO completeness of 98.5%; 11 195 protein-coding genes were annotated. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that the transposable element content (9.97%) in B. xylophilus is significantly lower than that in symbiotic boletes (e.g., ~39.5% in Boletus edulis), suggesting enhanced genome stability under the saprotrophic strategy. Gene family evolution exhibited a “contraction-expansion” synergistic pattern: contractions were mainly observed in functions related to cell wall modification and transcriptional regulation, whereas expansions involved environmental sensitivity, lignocellulose degradation [e.g., 2OG-Fe(Ⅱ) oxygenases], and DNA repair, adapting oneself to the dead wood decomposition niche. CAZyme analysis demonstrated that this fungus is enriched in glycoside hydrolases (GHs, 42.33%) and auxiliary activities (AAs, 14.88%), conferring efficient plant cell wall degradation capabilities. Its secondary metabolite gene clusters are relatively few (25), reflecting an energy allocation strategy biased toward carbon acquisition rather than complex secondary metabolism. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed its affiliation with the subfamily Chalciporoideae of the family Boletaceae, with a divergence time estimated at 13.84-33.82 million years ago. Synteny comparisons revealed that although the core genome of Boletales was conserved, approximately 39% of genes exhibited non-syntenic distribution and chromosomal rearrangements, suggesting possible association with the adaptive divergence of different nutritional strategies. This study elucidates the adaptive molecular characteristics of the B. xylophilus genome for the first time, providing theoretical foundations and genomic resources for revealing mechanisms of fungal ecological adaptation and advancing genetic breeding and biodegradation applications of this species.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) is widely used for genetic modification and functional analysis in filamentous fungi. This method exploits the process and transfer machinery of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver T-DNA into the fungal genome through a cleavage and integration mechanism. As an obligate symbiont cultivated by attelabid weevils, Penicillium herquei plays essential roles in nutrient provision and ecological adaptation within the insect-fungus symbiotic system. However, the lack of a genetic manipulation tool has severely limited functional studies of this fungus. In this study, an efficient and stable ATMT system was established for P. herquei strain Ph506, a symbiotic fungus cultivated by the farming weevil Euops chinensis. Initially, the selection markers and their concentrations were determined through antibiotic sensitivity assays; 75-100 μg/mL hygromycin B (Hyg) or 100-150 μg/mL geneticin (G418), combined with 200-300 μg/mL cefotaxime (Cefo), were used for transformant selection. Subsequently, shuttle plasmids carrying the mCherry red fluorescent protein gene and the corresponding resistance genes were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL-1 competent cells, respectively. Suspension of ground young fungal hyphae was used as the recipient and co-cultured with the Agrobacterium suspension on induction medium (IM) agar plates to facilitate T-DNA transfer. After 7 days of co-cultivation, the plates were overlaid with PDA medium containing the appropriate antibiotics to select resistant transformants. Genomic PCR confirmed the integration of the target gene into the genome, and fluorescence microscopy observation verified stable expression of the mCherry red fluorescent protein in the transformant hyphae. To further improve transformation efficiency, key parameters were systematically optimized using a one-factor-at-a-time approach. The optimal conditions were determined as follows: an acetosyringone (AS) concentration of 200 μmol/L, an Agrobacterium suspension density of OD600=0.6, and a co-cultivation temperature of 25-28 ℃. Under these optimized conditions, the number of transformants was significantly increased. The successful establishment of this high-efficiency ATMT system not only fills a critical gap in the genetic manipulation toolkit for the symbiotic fungus Ph506 but also provides a vital technical platform for subsequent investigations into gene function identification, secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways, and the complex metabolic regulatory networks of this unique fungal strain.
The autonomously replicating sequence-binding protein 2 (Abp2) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe regulates multiple stress responses and DNA replication initiation. However, its function in Aspergillus flavus has not been reported. In this study, the homolog of abp2 in A. flavus was identified and named as abpB. Fusion PCR and DNA homologous recombination were used to generate the ΔabpB knockout strain. The ΔabpB strain exhibits decrease in sporulation but increase in spore germination rate and colony diameter as compared with the wild type. The ΔabpB strain lacked the ability to form sclerotia or produce aflatoxin, responded poorly to DNA damage repair stress, reduced sensitivity to oxidative stress, and declined sporulation and aflatoxin production when infecting peanut cotyledons. These findings indicate that the abpB gene reduces A. flavus spore germination and colony expansion, promotes sclerotia formation and toxin production, and regulates oxidative stress, providing essential information and novel approaches for A. flavus contamination prevention and treatment.
Small heat shock proteins (Hsp20s/sHsps) are a class of molecular chaperones widely present in organisms and play a critical role in the heat stress response. In this study, the Hsp20 gene family members (MsexHsp20s) in Morchella sextelata were systematically identified through bioinformatic approaches. Their physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structures, protein tertiary structures, and promoter cis-regulatory elements were comprehensively analyzed. Furthermore, the expression patterns of MsexHsp20s under high-temperature stress were investigated using RT-qPCR. The results revealed that 6 MsexHsp20 members were identified in the Morchella sextelata genome, with protein molecular weights ranging from 16.60 to 27.15 kDa. Subcellular localization predictions indicated that most of these proteins are localized in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MsexHsp20s are evenly distributed within the Ascomycota clade. Promoter regions were found to be enriched with hormone- and abiotic stress-responsive cis-elements. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that, with the exception of MsexHsp20-6, the other 5 genes exhibited significant differential expression under heat stress. Specifically, MsexHsp20-2 and MsexHsp20-5 showed a rapid and drastic upregulation of over hundred-fold at the early stage (1 h) of stress, while MsexHsp20-1 was significantly upregulated at the later stage (24 h). This study highlights the important role of MsexHsp20s in the heat stress response of Morchella sextelata and provides candidate genes and theoretical foundations for elucidating the thermotolerance mechanisms and breeding stress-resistant varieties of morels.
Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) is a key metabolic enzyme regulating polysaccharide biosynthesis in Lentinula edodes. To elucidate the enzymatic properties of PGM in L. edodes, three pgm genes (Lepgm1-3) were identified and amplified from strain Xin 808 through genomic comparison. These genes were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3), and the recombinant proteins were purified via Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Enzymatic characterization revealed that the molecular weights of LePGM1, LePGM2, and LePGM3 were 72.15, 75.89, and 72.15 kDa, respectively. The three enzymes exhibited an optimal reaction temperature of 35 ℃, but differed in their optimal pH: 9.0 for LePGM1, and 8.0 for both LePGM2 and LePGM3. Kinetic analysis showed varying affinities to glucose-1-phosphate, with LePGM3 having the highest affinity (Km=0.64 mmol/L) and LePGM1 the lowest (Km=0.80 mmol/L). This study first presents systematic characterization of the pgm multigene family in L. edodes, and uncovers functional divergence among its isoenzymes, providing crucial enzymatic insights for optimizing lentinan production through metabolic engineering strategies.
MYB transcription factors are a crucial class of transcriptional regulators. Their highly conserved MYB domains bind specifically to cis-acting elements in the promoter region of target genes, thereby precisely regulating the expression of downstream genes and playing an irreplaceable core role in the growth and development of organisms. Currently, the MYB gene family has been identified in many plants, animals, and some fungi, but it has not been systematically dissected in the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes which has important economic value. In this study, based on the genomic data of the monokaryotic strain SP3 of L. edodes, 11 genes containing the typical MYB domain (LeMYB1-LeMYB11) were identified by using bioinformatics approaches. According to the number of domains, they were classified into three categories: LeMYB2, LeMYB5, and LeMYB8 as 1R-MYB; LeMYB6 and LeMYB7 as 2R-MYB; the remaining six as 3R-MYB. Expression profile analysis revealed functional differentiation among family members in development and stress responses: LeMYB3, LeMYB4, and LeMYB8 exhibited relatively high expression abundance across different developmental stages, with higher expression in caps than in stipes; LeMYB1 was highly expressed in the mycelial stage but significantly downregulated as development progressed; LeMYB8 was significantly upregulated by 2.72-fold in mature fruiting bodies. Under abiotic stress, heat shock (35°C) induced upregulation of most LeMYBs, with LeMYB1 and LeMYB11 upregulated by 12.9-fold and 3.8-fold, respectively, at 24 hours. Hydrogen peroxide treatment led to downregulation of all genes except LeMYB11, with LeMYB1 downregulated by 6.5-fold. During natural aging, only LeMYB4 showed sustained significant upregulation of 1.75-fold after 38 days of cultivation. In summary, the MYB transcription factor family in L. edodes exhibits high diversity in structural composition, expression dynamics, and regulatory networks. It is not only involved in the spatiotemporal regulation of fruiting body development but also plays essential roles in response to abiotic stresses such as heat stress, oxidative stress, and aging. This study provides important candidate gene resources for in-depth analysis of environmental adaptation mechanisms and molecular breeding in L. edodes.
Morphological characterization and molecular phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify Mattirolomyces spinosus and M. terfezioides. For the first time, voucher specimens and DNA sequence data are provided for confirming the occurrence of M. spinosus in China. Nutritional analyses revealed that M. terfezioides contained significantly higher crude protein (5.42%) and total amino acids (10.22 g/kg) than M. spinosus, whereas M. spinosus had higher content of water-soluble polysaccharides (107.88 mg/g). Seventeen amino acids were detected in the ascomata of both species, with taste-active amino acids accounting for a relatively large proportion (over 90% in each); overall, umami-tasting amino acids and sweet-tasting amino acids contributed more to flavor than bitter-tasting amino acids. Electronic tongue measurements indicated that umami was the predominant taste in both species. M. terfezioides exhibited more pronounced sweetness, consistent with its higher level of sweet-tasting amino acids. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that the free radical scavenging activity of water-soluble polysaccharides from the two tested fungi increased with rising concentration at 1-5 mg/mL, and M. terfezioides polysaccharides exhibited stronger scavenging effects against ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals. These results provide a scientific basis for resource conservation, nutritional evaluation, and potential functional exploration of these fungi in China.
Using three Pleurotus tuoliensis strains as experimental materials, the activities of lignocellulose degrading enzymes at different growth stages of the fungus were determined, and the correlation between extracellular enzyme activities and agronomic traits of the strains were analyzed. The results showed that under the same cultivation conditions, the changes of activities of 4 extracellular enzymes of three Pleurotus tuoliensis strains were basically consistent, but showed obvious stage-specific differences. The activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, filter paper cellulase and xylanase increased slowly in the mycelium growth stage, and the peak appeared in the mature stage of fruiting body, while the activity of laccase increased rapidly in the mycelium growth stage, and the peak appeared when bagful mycelium colonization, and the enzyme activities of all three strains showed a downward trend after fruiting body harvest. The mature time of fruiting body was negatively correlated with the growth rate of mycelium, and the thickness and diameter of pilei were positively correlated with the yield of fruiting body. The activity of cellulase was negatively correlated with the primordial formation time; the activities of cellulase and xylanase were positively correlated with the shape and yield of fruiting body; the laccase activity was positively correlated with the growth rate of mycelium. The filter paper cellulase and xylanase exhibited a synergistic effect.
Determination of the optimal culture conditions, analysis of antioxidant activity during fermentation and observation of enzymatic response mechanism to different culture substrates of Grifola albicans are carried out for providing theoretical basis for cultivation and high-value development and utilization of the fungus. Single-factor and orthogonal experiments were conducted to assess the effects of different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, pH and incubation temperatures on the mycelial growth rate of G. albicans. The extracellular polysaccharide, polyphenol content, superoxide dismutase activity, total antioxidant capacity, and scavenging rates against DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were measured during liquid fermentation. Sawdust of two oak species, Quercus mongolica and Q. glauca, were used as substrates to explore the activity differences of the lignocellulose-degrading enzyme secreted by G. albicans. The results showed that the optimal medium for mycelial growth were fructose as carbon source, wheat bran as nitrogen source, and MgSO4 as inorganic salt. Under pH 6 and 25 ℃, the fermentation broth exhibited strong comprehensive antioxidant potential. During degrading lignocellulose of Q. mongolica by G. albicans, laccase, filter paper cellulase, and xylanase showed comparatively high activities; whereas in degrading that of Q. glauca, the enzymatic activities exhibited fast response in the initial stage and high stability in the later stage.
