Species of Eurotiales are of great industrial, agricultural, ecological and medicinal importance. A strain of this order XCW_SN069 was isolated from Guangdong Province of China. In order to determine its phylogenetic position, the whole genome of the strain was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing platform. Two genomes of Elaphomycetaceae and two others of Onygenales were retrieved from GenBank for phylogenetic comparison. Nine gene partitions were extracted from the genomes or gathered from the public databases, which include internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit (28S) and small subunit (18S) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, RNA polymerase Ⅱ second largest subunit (RPB2), RNA polymerase Ⅱ largest subunit (RPB1), theta subunit of the TCP-1 chaperonin complex (Cct8), a putative ribosome biogenesis protein (Tsr1), β-tubulin (BenA) and calmodulin (CaM). Separate and concatenated datasets were compiled containing all the 27 accepted genera of the five families for reconstruction of the phylogenies of Eurotiales. The strain XCW_SN069 represents a new species (Austromyces sinicus) of a new genus (Austromyces) belonging to a new family (Austromycetaceae) which is sister to the ectomycorrhizal family Elaphomycetaceae in the nine-gene phylogeny. The current concept of Thermoascaceae was not supported by the analysis and needs to be emended, thus another new family, Paecilomycetaceae was proposed to accommodate the genus Paecilomyces. The classification of Eurotiales was therefore updated to include seven families: Aspergillaceae, Austromycetaceae, Elaphomycetaceae, Paecilomycetaceae, Penicillaginaceae, Thermoascaceae and Trichocomaceae. Detailed description and illustration of the new species were given. Taxonomic comments for the new taxa at higher ranks were also provided.
Tapinella (Tapinellaceae, Boletales, Basidiomycota) is a small but ecologically important genus of brown-rot fungi, with limited accepted species distributed mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α, rpb1), a new species, Tapinella bambusicola, is described from bamboo forest habitats in Zhushan County, Hubei Province, China. The new species is characterized by large basidiomata (pileus 98-133 mm in diam., fan-shaped to subfunnelform), an eccentric stipe densely covered with chestnut-brown to blackish-brown velvety tomentum, ovoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (5.0-6.0 × 3.5-4.0 μm), abundant clavate to fusiform cheilocystidia (18-33 × 3.0-6.5 μm), and a saprotrophic habit on decayed wood and bamboo litter. Phylogenetic analyses indicate the new species as an independent lineage sister to T. atrotomentosa (ML/BI = 100/1.00). Interspecific genetic distances between T. bambusicola and T. atrotomentosa across four gene regions (ITS: 0.021 4; nrLSU: 0.010 0; tef1-α: 0.033 8; rpb1: 0.023 6) were substantially greater than intraspecific distances (0.000 8-0.011 1), supporting its recognition as an independent species. T. bambusicola can be clearly distinguished from T. atrotomentosa by its significantly larger pileus (98-133 mm vs. 40-50 mm), presence of abundant cheilocystidia (vs. absent), and growth in bamboo forest (vs. decaying wood of Pinus). This study expands the known substrate range of Tapinella, providing new data for research on fungal diversity in bamboo forests.
Wood-inhabiting fungi represent a significant group of macrofungi characterized by essential ecological functions and substantial economic values. China has vast forest resources, where burned areas—an unique habitat—provide specialized growth substrates for these special fungi. Historically, research on wood-inhabiting fungi within Chinese forest burned areas has remained relatively fragmented. In this study, a systematic investigation of wood-inhabiting fungal resources was conducted across major burned areas nationwide. By integrating field surveys with a comprehensive review of specimens preserved in major domestic herbaria, a total of 347 species was identified and cataloged. These species belong to 190 genera, 89 families, 16 orders, and 3 classes within Basidiomycota. Notably, 99 species are reported from burned habitats for the first time. The dominant orders are Polyporales, Agaricales, and Hymenochaetales, with the sum of species accounting for 66.29% of the total wood-inhabiting species identified. Species of Polyporaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, and Fomitopsidaceae are the most prevailing, representing 19.88% of the total wood-inhabiting species. The dominant genera include Xylodon, Phlebia, Trametes, Steccherinum, Gymnopilus, Mycena, Pholiota, Exidia, Gloeophyllum, Phellinus, Skeletocutis, Ceriporiopsis, Phanerochaete, Peniophora, and Trechispora, with the sum of species accounting for 23.92% of the total wood-inhabiting species recorded.
Located in the central mountainous and hilly region of the Guizhou Plateau at the watershed between the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers, Guiyang features a mild and humid subtropical climate. With a forest coverage rate of up to 55%, it provides an ideal habitat for macrofungi, while a systematic inventory of its macrofungal species diversity is lacking for a long time. Based on specimen data collected by our research team from 2019 to 2025, a comprehensive checklist of macrofungi in Guiyang is compiled. The results reveal a total of 578 macrofungal species in the area, including approximately 250 newly recorded species. These taxa are distributed in 2 phyla, 9 classes, 24 orders, 103 families, and 262 genera, comprising 32 species of Ascomycota and 546 species of Basidiomycota. The dominant orders are Agaricales, Polyporales, and Russulales. The dominant families include Russulaceae, Polyporaceae, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Omphalotaceae, Boletaceae, and Psathyrellaceae, which account for 6.80% of the total families, with the sum of species accounting for 35.99% of the total macrofungal species recorded. The dominant genera are Russula, Amanita, Agaricus, Lactarius, and Marasmius, accounting for 1.90% of the total genera, with the sum of spcecies accounting for 15.74% of the total macrofungal species recorded. The world-wide distributed and boreal-temperate distributed species were the most common in this area, with 405 and 106 species respectively, accounting for 70.07% and 18.34% of the total species. Resource assessment indicated that there were 113 edible species, 60 medicinal species, 37 species concurrently edible and medicinal, and 51 poisonous species. Threatened status assessment identified three vulnerable (VU) species, and four near threatened (NT) species, accounting for 1.19% of all known species. Sixty-seven species are endemic to China. This checklist elucidates the composition, resource status, and threat status of the species of macrofungi in Guiyang, laying a foundation for the future development and utilization of these resources.
Wenshan Prefecture in Yunnan is located in the southeastern monsoon broadleaf forest biodiversity conservation priority area of southeastern Karst regions. Its complex terrain and diverse climate provide an excellent environment for the growth and development of macrofungi. The diversity, floristic composition, resource value, and endangered status of macrofungi in Wenshan Prefecture were systematically investigated through field collection, morphological identification, and molecular biological methods. A total of 303 species of macrofungi was identified, belonging to 2 phyla, 6 classes, 19 orders, 68 families, and 160 genera, including 18 species of ascomycetes and 285 species of basidiomycetes. The dominant families were Russulaceae, Boletaceae, and Polyporaceae, while the dominant genera included Russula, Amanita, and Lactarius. Analysis of floristic geography revealed that Cosmopolitan (51.82% of the total species), Pantropical (23.64%), and North Temperate (20.00%) elements were dominant, demonstrating significant subtropical floristic characteristics. Resource assessment indicated that 140 species possess fairly high economic value, including 104 edible species, 67 medicinal species, 45 species with both edible and medicinal uses, and 39 poisonous species. Threatened status assessment identified one vulnerable (VU) species (Thelephora ganbajun), and one near threatened (NT) species (Artomyces pyxidatus). Fifteen species are endemic to China. The findings demonstrate the diversity and resource potential of macrofungi in Wenshan Prefecture, providing a scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable utilization of fungal resources, and the construction of ecological security barriers in this region.
The macrofungi locally named “shagu” (sand mushrooms) in Qaidam Basin of Qinghai Province were studied to clarify their species composition and habitat adaptability. Specimens collected from Delingha, Nomhon and Ulan regions were examined through macro-morphological observation and molecular identification combined with physicochemical analyses of their native soils. Macro-morphological examination revealed that specimens from Delingha and Nomhon possessed brownish-yellow fine scales on the pileus turning into reddish-brown upon injury and single-layered, thick-membranous and boot-shaped annulus. In contrast, specimens from Ulan exhibited pure white and smooth pileus showing patchy browning upon injury and double-layered and thin-membranous annulus. Based on nrITS sequence phylogenetic analysis, these morphologically distinct sand mushrooms samples belonged to two species within the section Bivelares of subgenus Pseudochitonia of Agaricus. Samples from Delingha and Nomhon were identified as A. sinodeliciosus, while the samples from Ulan were identified as A. bitorquis. Soil physicochemical analysis further indicated significant habitat differences (P<0.05) between these two species. A. sinodeliciosus had a preference for relatively moist (water content 2.51%-8.06%) and fertile (organic matter 19.50-64.83 g/kg) saline-alkali soil, whereas A. bitorquis occurred in arid [water content (0.90±0.58)%], strongly alkaline [pH (9.22±0.09)], and nutrient-poor soil [organic matter (1.52±0.33) g/kg] with relatively high total potassium content [(22.33±0.83) g/kg]. This study offers a theoretical basis for resource conservation and artificial cultivation of the fungi.
Anthracnose, caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a major disease affecting litchi production. Current control strategies predominantly rely on chemical fungicides. However, with increasing environmental concerns and the emergence of fungicide resistance, developing efficient and environmentally friendly biocontrol technologies is of great significance. In this study, strain YN012, which exhibited significant antagonistic activity against C. gloeosporioides, was screened from a collection of 19 Trichoderma isolates. In dual-culture assays, its inhibition rates via non-volatile metabolites, volatile metabolites and fermented filtrate reached 72.96%, 78.14%, and 98.05%, respectively. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular identification, strain YN012 was identified as Trichoderma asperellum. The fermentation filtrate of this strain demonstrated a more pronounced inhibitory effect. At the concentration of 20%, it completely inhibited the formation of conidia. When the concentration was increased to 50%, it achieved inhibition rates exceeding 96% against both mycelial growth and conidial germination. In in vitro assays, treating litchi leaves and fruits with the 40% fermentation filtrate reduced the incidence of anthracnose to 29.00% and 25.33%, respectively. These findings provide a promising candidate strain for the development and application of strain YN012 as a biocontrol agent against litchi anthracnose.
Fifteen strains of Sparassis latifolia (10 cultivated strains and 5 wild strains) were systematically investigated. Species identity and genetic background were confirmed through molecular identification based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. Mycelial growth phenotypes and fruiting body agronomic traits of each strain were quantitatively determined. A multi-method approach including variance analysis, principal component analysis and systematic clustering analysis was employed to conduct in-depth data mining and comprehensive evaluation of the experimental results. ITS sequencing confirmed that all tested 15 strains belonged to S. latifolia. The phenotypic trait analysis revealed significant inter-strain variations in mycelial growth phenotypes and fruiting body agronomic traits. Overall, cultivated strains outperformed wild strains in fruiting body weight, biological conversion efficiency, toughness of basidiocarps, and cultivation cycle duration. Specifically, strain Sl-1 exhibited the highest basidiocarp weight [(321.07±29.18) g], while strain Sl-5 showed the fastest mycelial growth rate of the spawn [(1.13±0.04) mm/d]. The basidiocarps of most cultivated strains were milky white (2A2) with moderate to good toughness, and their cultivation cycle ranged from 103 to 125 days. In contrast with cultivated strains, wild strains typically had lower yields, with yellowish basidiocarp flesh, moderate to brittle toughness, and a cultivation cycle of 108 to 132 days. A notable exception was the wild strain Sl-12, which yielded well and the yield was comparable to that of high-performing cultivated strains and displayed the highest stability (coefficient of variation = 4.44%). Principal component analysis showed that accumulative contributor ration of the first three principal components was 82.47%, highlighting the main characteristic patterns and trait associations among strains. Cluster analysis categorized the 15 strains into three distinct groups: group 1 consisted entirely of cultivated strains characterized by high quality and high yield; group 2 included four cultivated strains with moderately lower yields and one wild strain; group 3 consisted of the remaining wild strains represented by Sl-12. This study provides theoretical foundation and empirical data for germplasm innovation, cultivar improvement, and industrial development of S. latifolia.
Myricetin (M), a flavonol compound, exhibits activities in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. However, the complete fungal-derived biosynthetic pathway of myricetin remains unclear. In this investigation, Alternaria alstroemeria ZZ-HY-03-02 was used as the research material, and three key genes involved in myricetin biosynthesis, AaCHI (gene encoding chalcone isomerase), AaF3ʹ5ʹH (gene encoding flavonoid 3ʹ,5ʹ-hydroxylase), and AaFLS (gene encoding flavonol synthase), were identified. Heterologous expression of these three genes in Aspergillus nidulans LO8030 showed that all of them could exert activity in the heterologous host and activate the biosynthesis of myricetin, with the AN-AaFLS strain achieving a myricetin yield of (12.94±0.35) μg/L. Feeding experiments revealed that AaFLS targetedly catalyzed the synthesis of myricetin from dihydromyricetin (DHM), and AaCHI could catalyze the isomerization of naringenin chalcone (Nar-chalcone) into naringenin (Nar). However, unlike conventional myricetin biosynthetic pathway, AaF3ʹ5ʹH may have a unique catalytic pathway. Metabolomic analysis indicated that these three genes could influence the content of final metabolites by mediating multiple upstream metabolic pathways such as tryptophan metabolism and tyrosine metabolism. Through gene mining and heterologous expression technology, this study clarified the functions of key genes in myricetin biosynthesis in A. alstroemeria, providing a theoretical basis and key biosynthetic technical support for myricetin biosynthesis in fungi.
Promoters and terminators are key regulatory elements for expressing exogenous genes in genetic function studies. Due to significant genetic differences among fungal phyla, gene expression regulatory elements are generally used only within the same species or between highly similar species. Aspergillus nidulans serves as a model species for studying fungal genetic development and is also widely used in synthetic biology research for exogenous protein expression. Currently, genetic transformation in A. nidulans primarily utilizes promoters from its own constitutive gpd or tef genes, for protoplast transformation mediated by PEG. In this study, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated approach was employed to genetically transform A. nidulans apospores using the expression plasmid P020 originally developed for basidiomycetes. This plasmid contains a carboxin resistance gene expression cassette driven by the self-promoter derived from Pleurotus eryngii, and an eGFP expression cassette driven by the gpd promoter from Hypsizygus marmoreus. P. eryngii-derived carboxin gene driven by its own promoter efficiently screens positive transformants in A. nidulans via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, while the gpd gene promoter from P. eryngii drives eGFP expression in A. nidulans mycelium. The above studies demonstrate that regulatory elements such as promoters and terminators from P. eryngii and H. marmoreus can successfully drive exogenous gene expression and exert protein function in A. nidulans. This study provides insights for utilizing gene regulatory elements from distantly related species in fungal expression systems.
Ergosterol is a vital component of the fungal cell membrane and serves as a key precursor for the synthesis of various steroidal drugs, demonstrating broad application value. Traditional production methods of ergosterol cause serious environmental pollution, making the development of efficient and green biosynthesis methods highly significant. The sterol C-24 methyltransferase encoded by the Erg6 gene is a key enzyme in the ergosterol synthesis pathway; however, the regulatory mechanism of this gene in macrofungi regarding ergosterol synthesis remains unclear. In this study, Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae was used as the experimental material, and its Erg6 gene was successfully cloned. The full-length of the gene is 1 062 bp, encoding 354 amino acids. An Erg6 gene overexpression vector was constructed, and 16 positive transformants were obtained via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The mycelial growth rate of 3 transformants was significantly lower than that of the wild-type strain. Liquid fermentation experiments showed that the wet weight of mycelial pellets of 3 transformants was significantly higher than that of the wild-type strain, and the dry weight also significantly higher in two of these transformants. Real-time quantitative PCR results indicated that Erg6 gene expression was significantly upregulated in all transformants. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that ergosterol content of 6 transformants was significantly increased as compared to that of wild-type strain. This study demonstrates that overexpression of Erg6 can enhance ergosterol content in P. eryngii var. ferulae, however, the expression level of the Erg6 gene is not entirely positively correlated with ergosterol content, and the underlying regulatory mechanism requires further investigation. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for future efforts to enhance ergosterol production in macrofungi using synthetic biology approaches.
By comparing the proteomic differences between mononuclear and multinucleate conidia, the response mechanism of nuclear number changes in Aspergillus oryzae conidia was explored, providing a theoretical basis for analyzing the molecular basis of phenotypic differentiation of different karyotype spores. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of intra-spore proteins was performed on mononuclear and multinuclear conidia of A. oryzae respectively. In total, 41 differential protein spots were screened out. After mass spectrometry identification, 6 unknown functional proteins and 45 known proteins were obtained, including heat shock proteins, various metabolic enzymes and proteins related to substance transport, etc. GO classification annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis of differential proteins revealed that mononuclear conidia optimize basal metabolic efficiency through refined regulation, with a focus on homeostasis maintenance. Multinuclear conidia enhance energy output through metabolic synergy and activate active defense to improve the ecological niche competitiveness of the population, and the complementary synergy of the two expands the ecological adaptability of A. oryzae. The experimental results provide important clues for understanding the environmental adaptability mechanism of A. oryzae and also offer theoretical references for the breeding of industrial strains and the regulation of the fermentation process.
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a significant plant pathogenic fungus with a wide host range, causing severe anthracnose worldwide and leading to substantial crop yield losses. To achieve rapid and efficient detection of this pathogen, specific primers Cg-tub-6F/Cg-tub-6R and CRISPR guide RNA (Cg-tub-6sgRNA) were designed, targeting its β-tubulin gene (TUB). A detection method integrating recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), CRISPR/dCas9 technology, and lateral flow assay (LFA) was established. The assay can be completed within 30 minutes and achieves a sensitivity of 3 copies/μL. As it requires no probes or additional reporter molecules, it offers certain advantages in reagent costs at the signal readout step compared to some CRISPR-Cas systems that rely on reporters. The single-tube reaction effectively prevents aerosol contamination and is simple to operate, making it suitable for rapid detection in various scenarios such as field settings, markets, and laboratories. This method provides crucial technical support for the early diagnosis and precise control of C. gloeosporioides, contributing to reducing the harm caused by anthracnose, ensuring agricultural production safety, and mitigating associated economic losses.
Verticillium alfalfae is an imported phytosanitary pathogen in China, and the Verticillium wilt caused by this pathogen poses a serious threat to the domestic alfalfa industry. In this study, specific primer-probe combinations targeting the sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) of V. alfalfae were designed and screened, based on the enzyme mediated duplex exponential amplification (EmDEA) technique. Results of the specificity test showed that this method could specifically detect V. alfalfae with no cross-reactivity observed for closely related species, and none of these non-target species were detected. For sensitivity, the minimum detection limit of the method was determined to be 10 pg/µL. Simulated sample detection indicated that the method successfully identified alfalfa samples contaminated with the pathogen, while no false positive signals were detected in healthy alfalfa controls. With advantages including easy operation, short time, and high specificity, this EmDEA-based technique can be effectively applied to the on-site rapid screening of V. alfalfae in imported alfalfa materials at the port of entry.
Fomitiporia subhippophaeicola (Hymenochaetaceae) is phylogenetically close to the well-known medicinal fungus Sanghuangporus vaninii, with potential of medicinal applications. The domestication and cultivation of this species have not yet been reported. A monospore isolating strain ZW129 was obtained from a wild fruiting body collected in Xizang, China, and identified as F. subhippophaeicola based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis. The strain has been preserved under the accession number CCTCC M20241904. Single-factor and orthogonal experiments for determining its biological characteristics and cultivation trial for fruiting body production were conducted. The results revealed that temperature had the most significant impact on mycelial growth, while carbon source, pH, and nitrogen source were lesser. The optimal culture conditions for mycelial growth were corn flour as the carbon source, peptone as the nitrogen source, temperature of 28 ℃, and pH 6. Under bag-cultivation condition, bagful mycelial colonization and browning needed 80 days at 28 ℃. Primordial formation followed in approximately 6-8 days after bag-opening under conditions of 80%-90% air humidity and appropriate scattered light. The fruiting bodies matured in about 50 days after primordia formation. Fundamental experimental data for the subsequent development and utilization of F. subhippophaeicola are needed.
Two Sanghuangporus vaninii strains were selected as the research objects in this study, and Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the correlations between the activities of four extracellular enzymes (laccase, amylase, cellulase, and polyphenol oxidase) and the extracellular polyphenol content. Laccase was identified as the enzyme with the highest correlation with extracellular polyphenol accumulation in both strains. Laccase production by liquid fermentation was then optimized using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. For S. vaninii Z-0090, the optimal fermentative conditions were the medium containing glucose 25 g/L, peptone 11 g/L and potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.5 g/L, inoculation quantity of 15%, agitation of 180 r/min, and initial pH of 7.0. For S. vaninii Z-0119, the optimal conditions were the medium containing glucose 26 g/L, beef extract 10 g/L, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate + magnesium sulfate 1.6 g/L, inoculation quantity of 10%, agitation of 180 r/min, and initial pH of 6.0. Under these conditions, after 192 hours of fermentation, laccase production reached 0.504 nmol/min/mL for S. vaninii Z-0090 and 0.409 nmol/min/mL for S. vaninii Z-0119, and the output increased 1.87 times and 2.05 times respectively, as against pre-optimization levels. S. vaninii strain Z-0090 shows promising potential for the application in liquid fermentation as a laccase-producing strain.
The chemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of the fruiting bodies of Amanita princeps were studied. The 95% ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of A. princeps was separated and purified by various column chromatography techniques including silica gel chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the compounds were identified by MS, NMR and electronic circular dichroism. Twelve monomeric compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of 85 g fruiting bodies, which were identified as amanitacid A (1), cinnamic acid (2), 2,6-dichloronaphthalene (3), 2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinolone (4), enniatin B (5), enniatin H (6), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (7), uracil (8), uridine (9), adenosine (10), thymine (11) and transtorine (12). Among them, compound 1 is a new compound and its absolute configuration is determined through electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compound 3 is a new natural product. Compounds 1-12 are all isolated from this fungus for the first time. The antibacterial activities of compounds 2-12 were determined. The results showed that compound 6 had weak inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, with MIC values of 32, 64, 64, 64 and 64 μg/mL, respectively. This study firstly reveals the structures of chemical constituents of Amanita princeps and discovers antibacterial components, providing theoretical support for further exploration of its antibacterial medicinal value.
Pleurotus pulmonarius is a major commercially cultivated mushroom, and its liquid spawn is widely adopted in factory cultivation. To prepare a high pellet density liquefied spawn, the preparation process of solid spawn based on the pellet density in liquefaction cultures was optimized. The suitable inoculum size, germination time and growth kinetics of the optimally prepared solid spawn were determined during liquefaction cultivation, and the growth performance of the spawn in a bioreactor was also evaluated. The optimized preparation of the P. pulmonarius solid spawn were substrate bulk density of 0.34 g/cm3, initial moisture content of 55% (W/W), and wheat bran of 5% (W/W). The fermentation temperature was 25 ℃, and cultivation time 15 d. The suitable inoculum size of the optimally prepared solid spawn was 1.2 g in 100 mL liquid medium, and the pellet density was as high as 2 585 pellets/mL. Further study indicated that the germination of the solid spawn was less than 8 h. The pellet specific growth rate changed significantly from -0.053 3 to 0.075/h during liquefaction cultivation using the optimally prepared solid spawn. In a 2 L bioreactor, low size of inoculum (2.0 g in 2 L medium) could obtain liquefied spawn with a high pellet density of 1 126 pellets/mL within 3 days. The pellets showed high uniformity in size, and the majority (92.46%) had a diameter within the range of 1.0-2.0 mm, with high vitality. The present study provides a reference for the production of high-quality liquefied spawn of mushrooms.
Three new varieties of cultivated edible fungi were bred by systematic selection method. Morchella eximia ‘Zhongyuan No. 1’ originated from wild type collected from Yongsheng, Lijiang, Yunnan. Its pileus is conical to ovoid, light brown in color, and it is suitable for cultivation in protected greenhouses with a cultivation cycle of 110 d. Pleurotus citrinopileatus ‘Dehua No. 1’ originated from wild type collected from Nyingchi, Xizang. Its pileus is golden yellow, shallowly funnel-shaped with wavy margins, and its stipe is white. It is suitable for stacked cultivation in greenhouses or soil-covered outdoor cultivation, with a cultivation cycle of 36.83 d. P. pulmonarius ‘Yunxiuzhen No. 1’ originated from wild type collected from Gongshan, Nujiang, Yunnan. Its pileus is plano-hemispherical to expanded, grayish-white, with smooth or slightly wavy margins; its gills are white and its stipe is short. It is suitable for industrial protected cultivation, with a cultivation cycle of 28.38 d.
