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菌物学报, 2021, 40(8): 1938-1957 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.210031

研究论文

中国菌根食用菌名录

魏杰,1, 高巍2, 黄晨阳,2,*

1.内蒙古农业大学林学院 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010018

2.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 农业农村部农业微生物资源收集与保藏重点实验室 北京 100081

A checklist of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in China

WEI Jie,1, GAO Wei2, HUANG Chen-Yang,2,*

1. Forestry College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China

2. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

责任编辑: 王敏

收稿日期: 2021-01-18   接受日期: 2021-03-19  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金(31360010)
陕西省榆林市造林绿化服务中心科研项目(2020YLAGSC09)

Corresponding authors: *E-mail: huangchengyang@caas.cn

Received: 2021-01-18   Accepted: 2021-03-19  

Fund supported: National Natural Science Foundation of China(31360010)
Research Project of Afforestation and Greening Service Center of Yulin, Shaanxi(2020YLAGSC09)

作者简介 About authors

ORCID:WEIJie(0000-0002-9732-1374) 。

摘要

菌根食用菌是一个未被合理利用的非木质林产品类群。通过文献和数据调研,本名录共收录532个中国菌根食用菌分类单元,它们隶属于28科62属,包括子囊菌门的39个分类单元以及担子菌门的493个分类单元。其中红菇科和牛肝菌科种类最丰富,红菇属、乳菇属、枝瑚菌属、蜡伞属、乳牛肝菌属、口蘑属、块菌属、牛肝菌属、鹅膏菌属和丝膜菌属是我国菌根食用菌的代表属。本研究揭示了我国菌根食用菌的多样性,并对我国菌根食用菌持续发展给予了初步建议。

关键词: 菌根; 食用菌; 多样性; 非木质林产品

Abstract

Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms (EEM) are a neglected and underexploited group of non-wood forest products. The review of literature and available databases reveals that 532 taxa of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms have been recorded in China. They belong to 62 genera of 28 families, of which 39 taxa belong to ascomycetes, and 493 basidiomycetes. The highest species richness are found in Russulaceae and Boletaceae, particularly in genera Russula, Lactarius, Ramaria, Hygrophorus, Suillus, Tricholoma, Tuber, Boletus, Amanita, and Cortinarius. In this review the edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms hitherto known in China are listed and basic guidelines on how to further develop the resources are discussed.

Keywords: mycorrhizae; edible mushroom; diversity; non-wood forest products

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本文引用格式

魏杰, 高巍, 黄晨阳. 中国菌根食用菌名录[J]. 菌物学报, 2021, 40(8): 1938-1957 doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.210031

WEI Jie, GAO Wei, HUANG Chen-Yang. A checklist of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in China[J]. Mycosystema, 2021, 40(8): 1938-1957 doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.210031

菌根食用菌(edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms,EEM)是一类与树木根系形成共生关系并产生硕大子实体(足够大可以用手采摘)的大型真菌,且在世界一些区域有食用这些真菌的习俗(Zambonelli & Bonito 2012)。菌根食用菌不仅生长在森林中,也见于草原上(Massicotte et al. 1998;Gao & Yang 2010,2016)。与我们日常食用的腐生真菌如香菇、木耳和平菇等最大的不同之处在于菌根真菌的生长和子实体形成需要活体共生植物。菌根食用菌是重要的食药用菌资源,全球菌根食用菌有近1 000种(Hall et al. 2011,2016),但目前我国还没有菌根食用菌资源名录。

包括菌根食用菌在内的野生食用菌从古代开始就被人类作为食物来源或药用,在国际和我国都被认定为重要的非木质林产品类群(FAO 2004;李秋娟等2016)。我国菌根食用菌具有以下几个特点:(1)绿色、可再生及环境友好,符合国家发展战略要求;(2)菌根食用菌因水热条件及共生植物呈现区域和地带性分布,各地区的特色菌根食用菌不同,并且形成了具地方特色的菌根菌食用文化;(3)菌根食用菌的产地多集中在山区和林区,是我国扶贫的深度区域,当地人民早已形成“靠山吃山”的习俗,是生计所需必然依赖性强,因此菌根食用菌长期以来在该区域人民脱贫中发挥着重要作用;(4)不破坏土壤和菌塘的科学采集方式以及合理的收集方式(用篮子等采集便于孢子扩散)产生的菌林矛盾小,反而是森林提质增效的途径之一,既有利于生态建设,又可实现经济发展;(5)资源利用方式简单,以“采集-自用或出售”为主。产于广袤森林和草原的野生菌蕴藏在青山绿水中,但包括菌根食用菌在内的野生菌至今也未被人们充分认识和科学利用(刘培贵等 2020)。

细分是真菌系统学的主流趋势,近年涌现了越来越多的新分类单元(杨祝良2020),对菌根食用菌资源的认知也需要不断更新。中国近10年来在大型真菌分类研究中取得了令人瞩目的成就,发表大型真菌(含地衣)新种1 240余个(杨祝良2020;戴玉成等2021),而过去10年在Index Fungorum(http://www.indexfungorum.org/)上记录的中国外生菌根真菌新种达400余种。除了原有的很多菌根食用菌类群,如牛肝菌科Boletaceae的牛肝菌属BoletusZeng et al. 2014a;Cui et al. 2016),红菇科Russulaceae的红菇属RussulaLi et al. 2012,2013,2015;Song et al. 2018;Wang et al. 2018;Wang et al. 2019)和乳菇属LactariusWang et al. 2015,2018;Shi et al. 2017;王向华 2017;Wang 2018,2019;Han et al. 2019),鸡油菌科Cantharellaceae的鸡油菌属CantharellusTian et al. 2012;Shao et al. 2014),鹅膏科Amanitaceae的鹅膏菌属AmanitaLi & Cai 2014;Deng et al. 2016;Cui et al. 2018),块菌科Tuberaceae的块菌属TuberFan & Cao 2012;Fan et al. 2012,2016;Deng et al. 2013;Wan et al. 2017),马鞍菌科Helvellaceae的马鞍菌属HelvellaWang et al. 2016;Zhao et al. 2016a,2016b)等,也增加了很多菌根食用菌新类群,如牛肝菌科的很多新属(Li et al. 2011;Wu et al. 2014,2016;Zeng et al. 2014b),极大地丰富了我国菌根食用菌的多样性。此外,以前报道的野生食用菌被研究证实有毒(Wu et al. 2019),因此有必要对我国菌根食用菌资源进行更新。

由于受人类活动、环境污染、全球变化等因素影响,菌物生存环境受到了不同程度的威胁,真菌子实体种类和数量急剧减少(刘培贵等 2003;李玉等 2015),菌根食用菌资源的保护是当务之急。生态环境部联合中国科学院在2018年5月22日发布了我国首个官方大型真菌红色名录《中国生物多样性红色名录-大型真菌卷》(http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/sthjbgw/sthjbgg/201805/t20180524_441393.htm),对我国已知的9 302种大型真菌的受威胁状况进行了评估(姚一建 2020),我国需关注和保护的大型真菌高达6 538种。近危等级的大型子囊菌共41种,包括菌根食用菌中的块菌属、马鞍菌属及猪块菌属Choiromyces庄文颖等 2020),而块菌最多,达19 种(李熠等 2020;庄文颖等 2020),易危块菌4种(姚一建等 2020;庄文颖等 2020)。近危的大型担子菌共54种,包括菌根食用菌中的枝瑚菌属Ramaria、牛肝菌属和鸡油菌属,其中枝瑚菌属物种最多,达16种,易危枝瑚菌4种(姚一建等 2020),我国知名的菌根食用菌如松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake及干巴菌Thelephora ganbajun也都是易危物种(魏铁铮等 2020;姚一建等 2020)。我国大型真菌的濒危类群很多都是有重要经济价值的菌根食用菌,如牛肝菌和块菌(刘培贵等 2003,2020),但除一些块菌种类(弓明钦 2009;Huang et al. 2009;Wang 2012;Wang & Chen 2014)和其他少数地上真菌如红汁乳菇Lactarius hatsudake Nobuj. Tanaka(谭著明等2008)的种植达到产业规模外,其他EEM真菌的栽培还未成功或规模化。长期以来松口蘑、块菌和牛肝菌是我国食用菌出口中菌根食用菌的主要类群,如2018年鲜或冷藏的松口蘑出口量71多万吨,出口金额超过3.46千万美元,鲜或冷藏的块菌出口量12万多吨,出口金额超过491万美元(中国食用菌协会2018年统计数据)。无节制地从野生生境中获取菌物资源使很多菌根食用菌面临近危的境地,松口蘑在1996年产量为6×106kg,近年来只有(8-12)×105kg,而西南块菌自然产量由20世纪90年代的(1-1.5)×106kg,锐减到21世纪初(3-5)×105kg(刘培贵等 2020)。因此对我国的菌根食用菌资源的保护迫在眉睫,应加强野生食用、药用菌种资源的调查和收集整理并存入国家种质资源库(《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》,http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bwj/201009/t20100921_194841.htm)。

基于以上原因,有必要对我国菌根食用菌资源进行梳理,在了解我国菌根食用菌名录的基础上,深入了解资源状况,同时加强对我国菌根食用菌资源保护与可持续利用。本研究是在Wu et al.(2019)对中国大型真菌1 662个分类单元的食、药用及毒性评价结果及Li et al.(2021)对全球野生菌2 786个分类单元的食用性评价结果基础上,依据Tedersoo et al.(2010)Tedersoo & Smith(2013)的系统发育分析结果筛选我国菌根食用菌资源,并查阅我国近几年发表的菌根食用菌新种文献(An et al. 2017;Cui et al. 2018;Ge et al. 2020;Huang et al. 2020;Jian et al. 2020;Wang & Li 2020;Wang et al. 2020;Wang et al. 2021)形成名录。中文学名参照中国食用菌名录(戴玉成等2010)、中国食用菌普通名名录(李传华等2013)、中国大型菌物资源图鉴(李玉等2015)、中国生物多样性红色名录-大型真菌卷以及发表新种的相关文献。

1 结果与分析

1.1 中国菌根食用菌名录

本名录共收录中国菌根食用菌532种,隶属于7目28科62属,包括子囊菌门1目5科4属的39个分类单元以及担子菌门6目23科58属的493个分类单元,其中8属24个分类单元(标注*)食用前需要对食材进行一定程度的制备。

子囊菌门 Ascomycota

盘菌纲Pezizomycetes

盘菌目Pezizales

平盘菌科Discinaceae

腔地菇属Hydnotrya

Hydnotrya cerebriformis Harkn. 脑状腔地菇

马鞍菌科Helvellaceae

马鞍菌属Helvella

Helvella albipes Fuckel白柄马鞍菌

H. atra J. König 黑马鞍菌

H. bachu Q. Zhao et al. 巴楚马鞍菌

*H. crispa (Scop.) Fr. 皱马鞍菌

*H. elastica Bull. 马鞍菌

H. ephippium Lév. 灰褐马鞍菌

H. lactea Boud. 乳白马鞍菌

*H. lacunosa Afzel. 多洼马鞍菌

H. macropus (Pers.) P. Karst 粗柄马鞍菌

H. orienticrispa Q. Zhao et al. 东方皱马鞍菌

H. phlebophora Pat. & Doass. 脉马鞍菌

H. subspadicea Q. Zhao et al. 近白腿褐马鞍菌

H. taiyuanensis B. Liu et al. 太原马鞍菌

火丝菌科Pyronemataceae

疣杯菌属Tarzetta

Tarzetta catinus (Holmsk.) Korf & J.K. Rogers地疣杯菌

盘菌科Pezizaceae

地菇属Terfezia

Terfezia arenaria (Moris) Trappe地菇

T. spinosa Harkn. 刺孢地菇

块菌科Tuberaceae

块菌属Tuber

Tuber aestivum Vittad. 夏块菌

T. borchii var. sphaerosperma Malençon
勃氏块菌球孢变种

T. excavatum Vittad. 凹陷块菌

T. gigantosporum Y. Wang & Z.P. Li巨孢块菌

T. glabrum L. Fan & S. Feng光巨孢块菌

T. huidongense Y. Wang 会东块菌

T. indicum Cooke & Massee 印度块菌

T. latisporum Juan Chen & P.G. Liu 阔孢块菌

T. liaotongense Y. Wang 辽东块菌

T. lijiangense L. Fan & J.Z. Cao 丽江块菌

T. liyuanum L. Fan & J.Z. Cao 李玉块菌

T. neoexcavatum L. Fan & Yu Li 网孢凹陷块菌

T. panzhihuanense X.J. Deng & Y. Wang
攀枝花块菌

T. pseudoexcavatum Y. Wang et al. 假凹陷块菌

T. pseudohimalayense G. Moreno et al.
假喜马拉雅块菌

T. pseudomagnatum L. Fan 拟白块菌

T. pseudosphaerosporum L. Fan拟球孢块菌

T. sinoaestivum J.P. Zhang & P.G. Liu
中华夏块菌

T. sinoexcavatum L. Fan & Yu Li中华凹陷块菌

T. sinosphaerosporum L. Fan et al.
中华球孢块菌

T. subglobosum L. Fan & C.L. Hou亚球孢块菌

T. taiyuanense B. Liu太原块菌

担子菌门 Basidiomycota

伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes

伞菌目 Agaricales

鹅膏科 Amanitaceae

鹅膏属 Amanita

Amanita alboumbelliformis Y.Y. Cui et al.
大白鹅膏

A. caesareoides Lj.N. Vassiljeva拟橙盖鹅膏

A. caojizong Zhu L. Yang et al. 草鸡 鹅膏

A. chepangiana Tulloss & Bhandary白条盖鹅膏

A. esculenta Hongo可食鹅膏

*A. fritillaria Sacc. 格纹鹅膏

A. hemibapha (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.
浅橙黄鹅膏

A. hunanensis Y.B. Peng & L.J. Liu 鹧鸪鹅膏

A. imazekii T. Oda et al. 短棱鹅膏

A. kitamagotake N. Endo & A. Yamada亮黄鹅膏

A. ochracea (Zhu L. Yang) Y.Y. Cui et al. 黄褐鹅膏

*A. pseudoporphyria Hongo假褐云斑鹅膏

A. rubroflava Y.Y. Cui et al. 凸顶红黄鹅膏

A. sinensis Zhu L. Yang 中华鹅膏

*A. sinensis var. sinensis Zhu L. Yang
中华鹅膏中华变种

A. subhemibapha Zhu L. Yang et al. 亚黄褐鹅膏

*A. vaginata (Bull.) Lam. 灰鹅膏

A. yuaniana Zhu L. Yang袁氏鹅膏

粪锈伞科 Bolbitiaceae

圆头伞属 Descolea

Descolea flavoannulata (Lj. N. Vassiljeva) E. Horak黄环圆头伞

丝膜菌科 Cortinariaceae

丝膜菌属 Cortinarius

Cortinarius alboviolaceus (Pers.) Fr. 银紫丝膜菌

C. bovinus Fr. 牛丝膜菌

C. callochrous (Pers.) Gray 托柄丝膜菌

C. caperatus (Pers.) Fr. 皱皮丝膜菌

*C. cinnamomeus (L.) Gray 黄棕丝膜菌

C. claricolor (Fr.) Fr. 亮色丝膜菌

C. collinitus (Sowerby) Gray 粘柄丝膜菌

C. cotoneus Fr. 棕绿丝膜菌

C. elegantior (Fr.) Fr. 雅致丝膜菌

C. emodensis Berk. 喜山丝膜菌

C. fuscobovinus Kytöv. et al. 褐牛丝膜菌

C. multiformis Fr. 多形丝膜菌

C. pholideus (Lilj.) Fr. 鳞丝膜菌

C. salor Fr. 蓝紫丝膜菌

C. tenuipes (Hongo) Hongo细柄丝膜菌

C. turmalis Fr. 黄丝膜菌

C. varius (Schaeff.) Fr. 多变丝膜菌

C. violaceus (L.) Gray堇紫丝膜菌

粉褶蕈科 Entolomataceae

粉褶蕈属Entoloma

Entoloma abortivum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Donk角孢粉褶蕈

E. sarcopum Nagas. & Hongo粗柄粉褶蕈

E. saundersii (Fr.) Sacc. 淡黄褐粉褶蕈

E. turbidum (Fr.) Quél. 锥盖粉褶蕈

腹菌科 Hymenogastraceae

层腹菌属Hymenogaster

Hymenogaster cangyanshanensis B. Liu
苍岩山层腹菌

H. fusisporus (Massee & Rodway) G. Cunn.
梭孢层腹菌

轴腹菌科 Hydnangiaceae

蜡蘑属Laccaria

Laccaria acanthospora A.W. Wilson & G.M. Muell. 棘孢蜡蘑

L. alba Zhu L. Yang & Lan Wang白蜡蘑

L. angustilamella Zhu L. Yang & Lan Wang
窄褶蜡蘑

L. aurantia Popa et al. 橙黄蜡蘑

L. bullipellis A.W. Wilson & G.M. Muell.
泡状蜡蘑

L. fraterna (Sacc.) Pegler 橘红蜡蘑

L. fulvogrisea Popa et al. 黄灰蜡蘑

L. himalayensis A.W. Wilson & G.M. Muell.
喜马拉雅蜡蘑

L. laccata (Scop.) Cooke 漆亮蜡蘑

L. longipes G.M. Muell. 长柄蜡蘑

L. moshuijun Popa & Zhu Liang Yang墨水蜡蘑

L. negrimarginata A.W. Wilson & G.M. Muell. 棕黑蜡蘑

L. salmonicolor A.W. Wilson & G.M. Muell.
鲑色蜡蘑

L. tortilis (Bolton) Cooke 二孢蜡蘑

L. trichodermophora G.M. Muell. 兴安蜡蘑

L. vinaceoavellanea Hongo灰酒红蜡蘑

L. yunnanensis Popa et al. 云南蜡蘑

蜡伞科 Hygrophoraceae

蜡伞属 Hygrophorus

Hygrophorus agathosmus (Fr.) Fr. 美味蜡伞

H. arbustivus Fr. 树状蜡伞

H. calophyllus P. Karst. 美蜡伞

H. camarophyllus (Alb. & Schwein.) Dumée et al. 拱盖蜡伞

H. ceraceus (Wulfen) Fr. 蜡伞

H. chrysodon (Batsch) Fr. 金齿蜡伞

H. deliciosus C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li 美味蜡伞

H. discoideus (Pers.) Fr. 盘状蜡伞

H. discoxanthus (Fr.) Rea 粉黄蜡伞

H. eburneus (Bull.) Fr. 象牙白蜡伞

H. erubescens (Fr.) Fr. 变红蜡伞

H. fagi G. Becker & Bon 粉肉色蜡伞

H. hedrychii (Helen.) K. Kult乳白蜡伞

H. hypothejus (Fr.) Fr. 青黄蜡伞

H. inocybiformis A.H. Sm. 丝盖蜡伞

H. leucophaeus (Scop.) Fr. 浅黄褐蜡伞

H. lucorum Kalchbr. 柠檬黄蜡伞

H. nemoreus (Pers.) Fr. 黄粉红蜡伞

H. olivaceoalbus (Fr.) Fr. 橄榄白蜡伞

H. pacificus A.H. Sm. & Hesler 太平洋蜡伞

H. parvirussula H.Y. Huang & L.P. Tang
小淡红蜡伞

H. persoonii Arnolds 佩尔松蜡伞

H. poetarum R. Heim 大白蜡伞

H. pseudolucorum A.H. Sm. & Hesler 拟光蜡伞

H. pudorinus (Fr.) Fr. 粉红蜡伞

H. russula (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kauffman 淡红蜡伞

H. speciosus Peck 美丽蜡伞

离褶伞科Lyophyllaceae

离褶伞属Lyophyllum

Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Singer 荷叶离褶伞

L. fumosum (Pers.) P.D. Orton 烟色离褶伞

L. loricatum (Fr.) Kühner 暗褐离褶伞

L. semitale (Fr.) Kühner墨染离褶伞

L. shimeji (Kawam.) Hongo玉蕈离褶伞

L. transforme (Sacc.) Singer 角形离褶伞

L. trigonosporum (Bres.) Kühner角孢离褶伞

乳头蘑科 Biannulariaceae

乳头蘑属 Catathelasma

Catathelasma imperiale (P. Karst.) Singer
大乳头蘑

C. laorentou Z.W. Ge 老人头乳头蘑

C. subalpinum Z.W. Ge 亚高山乳头蘑

C. ventricosum (Peck) Singer 梭柄乳头蘑

口蘑科 Tricholomataceae

口蘑属 Tricholoma

Tricholoma acerbum (Bull.) Quél. 酸涩口蘑

*T. album (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 白口蘑

T. atrosquamosum Sacc. 黑鳞口蘑

T. atrosquamosum var. squarrulosum (Bres.) Mort. Chr. & Noordel. 黑鳞口蘑多鳞变种

T. bakamatsutake Hongo 假松口蘑

T. caligatum (Viv.) Ricken 欧洲松口蘑

T. cingulatum (Almfelt ex Fr.) Jacobashch
灰环口蘑

T. columbetta (Fr.) P. Kumm. 白毛口蘑

*T. equestre (L.) P. Kumm. 油口蘑

T. flavovirens (Pers.) S. Lundell 黄绿口蘑

T. fulvocastaneum Hongo 栗褐松口蘑

*T. fulvum (DC.) Bigeard & H. Guill. 黄褐口蘑

T. imbricatum (Fr.) P. Kumm. 鳞盖口蘑

T. matsutake (S. Ito & S. Imai) Singer 松口蘑

T. orirubens Quél. 粉褶口蘑

*T. pessundatum (Fr.) Quél. 锈口蘑

T. populinum J.E. Lange 杨树口蘑

T. portentosum (Fr.) Quél. 灰口蘑

T. robustum (Alb. & Schwein.) Ricken 粗壮口蘑

T. scalpturatum (Fr.) Quél. 雕纹口蘑

*T. sejunctum (Sowerby) Quél. 丝盖口蘑

T. vaccinum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 红鳞口蘑

T. zelleri (D.E. Stuntz & A.H. Sm.) Ovrebo & Tylutki泽勒氏口蘑

牛肝菌目 Boletales

牛肝菌科 Boletaceae

南牛肝菌属 Austroboletus

Austroboletus gracilis (Peck) Wolfe细南牛肝菌

金牛肝菌属 Aureoboletus

Aureoboletus thibetanus (Pat.) Hongo & Nagas. 西藏金牛肝菌

条孢牛肝菌属 Boletellus

Boletellus chrysenteroides (Snell) Snell
金条孢牛肝菌

B. emodensis (Berk.) Singer 木生条孢牛肝菌

B. mirabilis (Murrill) Singer 绒斑条孢牛肝菌

B. projectellus (Murrill) Singer 大孢条孢牛肝菌

B. puniceus (W.F. Chiu) X.H. Wang & P.G. Liu
紫红条孢牛肝菌

牛肝菌属 Boletus

Boletus auripes Peck 黄肉牛肝菌

B. bainiugan Dentinger 白牛肝菌

B. botryoides B. Feng et al. 葡萄牛肝菌

B. citrifragrans W.F. Chiu & M. Zang 橙香牛肝菌

B. edulis Bull. 美味牛肝菌

B. fagacicola B. Feng et al. 壳斗牛肝菌

B. griseiceps B. Feng et al. 灰盖牛肝菌

B. meiweiniuganjun Dentinger 中国美味牛肝菌

B. monilifer B. Feng et al. 念珠牛肝菌

B. orientialbus N.K. Zeng & Zhu L. Yang
东方白牛肝菌

B. reticuloceps (M. Zang et al.) Q.B. Wang & Y.J. Yao 网盖牛肝菌

B. shiyong Dentinger食用牛肝菌

B. sinoedulis B. Feng et al. 中华美味牛肝菌

B. squamulistipes M. Zang 鳞柄牛肝菌

B. subviolaceofuscus B. Feng et al. 近紫牛肝菌

B. tylopilopsis B. Feng et al. 似粉孢牛肝菌

B. umbrinipileus B. Feng et al. 褐盖牛肝菌

B. violaceofuscus W.F. Chiu紫牛肝菌

B. viscidiceps B. Feng et al. 黏盖牛肝菌

黄肉牛肝菌属 Butyriboletus

Butyriboletus pseudospeciosus Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang拟小美黄肉牛肝菌

B. sanicibus D. Aroa & J.L. Frank
撒尼黄肉牛肝菌

B. subsplendidus (W.F. Chiu) Kuan Zhao et al. 黄褐黄肉牛肝菌

B. yicibus D. Arora & J.L. Frank彝族黄肉牛肝菌

美牛肝菌属 Caloboletus

Caloboletus taienus (W.F. Chiu) Ming Zhang & T.H. Li 灰柄美牛肝菌

橙牛肝菌属 Crocinoboletus

Crocinoboletus rufoaureus (Massee) N.K. Zeng et al. 金红橙牛肝菌

粉蓝牛肝菌属 Cyanoboletus

Cyanoboletus instabilis (W.F. Chiu) G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang 斜脚粉蓝牛肝菌

网孢牛肝菌属 Heimioporus

Heimioporus betula (Schwein.) E. Horak
桦网孢牛肝菌

疣柄牛肝菌属 Leccinum

Leccinum atrostipitatum A.H. Sm. et al.
黑鳞疣柄牛肝菌

L. aurantiacum (Bull.) Gray 橙黄疣柄牛肝菌

L. duriusculum (Schulzer ex Kalchbr.) Singer 皱皮疣柄牛肝菌

L. holopus (Rostk.) Watling 污白疣柄牛肝菌

L. oxydabile (Singer) Singer 赭黄疣柄牛肝菌

L. quercinum (Pilát) E.E. Green & Watling
栎疣柄牛肝菌

L. rubropunctum (Peck) Singer红点疣柄牛肝菌

L. rugosiceps (Peck) Singer 皱盖疣柄牛肝菌

L. subglabripes (Peck) Singer 亚疣柄牛肝菌

L. subradicatum Hongo 污白褐疣柄牛肝菌

L. variicolor Watling 变色疣柄牛肝菌

L. versipelle (Fr. & Hök) Snell 变形疣柄牛肝菌

小疣柄牛肝菌属 Leccinellum

Leccinellum crocipodium (Letell.) Della Magg. & Trassin. 黄皮小疣柄牛肝菌

L. griseum (Quél.) Bresinsky & Manfr. Binder灰小疣柄牛肝菌

新牛肝菌属 Neoboletus

Neoboletus brunneissimus (W.F. Chiu) Gelardi et al. 褐盖新牛肝菌

褶孔菌属 Phylloporus

Phylloporus brunneiceps N.K. Zeng et al.
褐盖褶孔菌

P. imbricatus N.K. Zeng et al. 覆鳞褶孔菌

P. incarnatus Corner 灰黄褶孔菌

P. luxiensis M. Zang 潞西褶孔菌

P. orientalis var. brevisporus Corner
东方褶孔菌短孢变种

P. pachycystidiatus N.K. Zeng et al. 厚囊褶孔菌

P. rubeolus N.K. Zeng et al. 淡红褶孔菌

P. rubrosquamosus N.K. Zeng et al. 红鳞褶孔菌

P. scabrosus M. Zang糙柄褶孔菌

P. yunnanensis N.K. Zeng et al. 云南褶孔菌

红牛肝菌属 Porphyrellus

Porphyrellus porphyrosporus (Fr. & Hök) E.J. Gilbert 红牛肝菌

网柄牛肝菌属 Retiboletus

Retiboletus fuscus (Hongo) N.K. Zeng & Zhu L. Yang 黑网柄牛肝菌

R. kauffmanii (Lohwag) N.K. Zeng & Zhu L. Yang考夫曼网柄牛肝菌

R. pseudogriseus N.K. Zeng & Zhu L. Yang
假灰网柄牛肝菌

R. sinensis N.K. Zeng & Zhu L. Yang
中国网柄牛肝菌

R. zhangfeii N.K. Zeng & Zhu L. Yang
张飞网柄牛肝菌

灰暗红牛肝菌属 Rubroboletus

Rubroboletus esculentus Kuan Zhao et al.
可食灰暗红牛肝菌

皱牛肝菌属 Rugiboletus

Rugiboletus brunneiporus G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang 褐孔皱牛肝菌

R. extremiorientalis (Lj.N. Vassiljeva) G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang皱牛肝菌

松塔牛肝菌属 Strobilomyces

Strobilomyces confusus Singer混淆松塔牛肝菌

S. glabriceps W.F. Chiu 光盖松塔牛肝菌

S. seminudus Hongo 半裸松塔牛肝菌

S. strobilaceus (Scop.) Berk. 松塔牛肝菌

紫盖牛肝菌属 Sutorius

Sutorius obscureumbrinus (Hongo) G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang 赭盖紫盖牛肝菌

S. rubriporus G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang
红孔紫盖牛肝菌

粉孢牛肝菌属 Tylopilus

Tylopilus alboater (Schwein.) Murrill
黑盖粉孢牛肝菌

T. albofarinaceus (W.F. Chiu) F.L. Tai
白粉孢牛肝菌

T. chromapes (Frost) A.H. Sm. & Thiers
色柄粉孢牛肝菌

T. indecisus (Peck) Murrill 褐粉孢牛肝菌

T. pseudoballoui D. Chakr. et al.
假黄盖粉孢牛肝菌

T. punctatofumosus (W.F. Chiu) F.L. Tai
斑褐粉孢牛肝菌

绒盖牛肝菌属 Xerocomus

Xerocomus alutaceus (Morgan) E.A. Dick & Snell 淡棕绒盖牛肝菌

X. illudens (Peck) Singer 拟绒盖牛肝菌

X. parvulus Hongo 细绒盖牛肝菌

X. rugosellus (W.F. Chiu) F.L. Tai
长孢绒盖牛肝菌

X. subtomentosus (L.) Quél. 绒盖牛肝菌

X. yunnanensis (W.F. Chiu) F.L. Tai
云南绒盖牛肝菌

臧氏牛肝菌属 Zangia

Zangia roseola (W.F. Chiu) Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang红盖臧氏牛肝菌

铆钉菇科 Gomphidiaceae

色钉菇属 Chroogomphus

Chroogomphus confuses Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 易混色钉菇

C. filiformis Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 丝状色钉菇

C. orientirutilus Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang东方色钉菇

C. pseudotomentosus O.K. Mill. & Aime
假绒盖色钉菇

C. purpurascens (Lj. N. Vassiljeva) M.M. Nazarova淡紫色钉菇

C. roseolus Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 淡粉色钉菇

C. rutilus (Schaeff.) O.K. Mill. 血红色钉菇

铆钉菇属 Gomphidius

Gomphidius glutinosus (Schaeff.) Fr. 黏铆钉菇

G. maculatus (Scop.) Fr. 斑点铆钉菇

G. roseus (Fr.) Fr. 粉红铆钉菇

G. subroseus Kauffman 亚红铆钉菇

圆孔牛肝菌科 Gyroporaceae

圆孔牛肝菌属 Gyroporus

Gyroporus atroviolaceus (Höhn) E.J. Gilbert 暗紫圆孔牛肝菌

G. castaneus (Bull.) Quél. 褐圆孔牛肝菌

G. cyanescens (Bull.) Quél. 蓝圆孔牛肝菌

G. longicystidiatus Nagas. & Hongo
长囊体圆孔牛肝菌

G. pseudomicrosporus M. Zang微孢圆孔牛肝菌

G. purpurinus Singer ex Davoodian & Halling紫褐圆孔牛肝菌

桩菇科 Paxillaceae

圆牛肝菌属 Gyrodon

Gyrodon lividus (Bull.) Sacc. 铅色圆牛肝菌

须腹菌科 Rhizopogonaceae

须腹菌属 Rhizopogon

Rhizopogon jiyaozi Lin Li & Shu H. Li
鸡腰子须腹菌

R. luteolus Fr. 浅黄须腹菌

R. nigrescens Coker & Couch 变黑须腹菌

R. piceus Berk. & M.A. Curtis黑根须腹菌

R. roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr. 瑰色须腹菌

R. shanxiensis B. Liu山西须腹菌

R. songmaodan R. Wang & Fu Q. Yu
松毛蛋须腹菌

R. superiorensis A.H. Sm. 褐黄须腹菌

硬皮马勃科 Sclerodermataceae

硬皮马勃属 Scleroderma

Scleroderma aurantiacum Pers. ex Sacc.
金黄硬皮马勃

S. bovista Fr. 大孢硬皮马勃

S. flavidum Ellis & Everh. 黄硬皮马勃

S. polyrhizum (J.F. Gmel.) Pers. 多根硬皮马勃

S. tenerum Berk. & M.A. Curtis 薄硬皮马勃

S. yunnanense Y. Wang 云南硬皮马勃

乳牛肝菌科 Suillaceae

乳牛肝菌属 Suillus

Suillus acidus (Peck) Singer 酸乳牛肝菌

S. albidipes (Peck) Singer 白柄乳牛肝菌

S. americanus (Peck) Snell 美洲乳牛肝菌

S. asiaticus (Singer) Kretzer & T.D. Bruns
紫红乳牛肝菌

S. brevipes (Peck) Kuntze 短柄乳牛肝菌

S. cavipes (Klotzsch) A.H. Sm. & Thiers
空柄乳牛肝菌

S. collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze 褐乳牛肝菌

S. flavidus (Fr.) J. Presl 黄乳牛肝菌

S. glandulosipes Thiers & A.H. Sm.
腺柄乳牛肝菌

S. glandulosus (Peck) Singer 腺点乳牛肝菌

S. grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer 厚环乳牛肝菌

S. grisellus (Peck) Kretzer & T.D. Bruns
淡褐乳牛肝菌

S. kunmingensis (W.F. Chiu) Q.B. Wang & Y.J. Yao 昆明乳牛肝菌

S. kwangtungensis Rui Zhang et al.
广东乳牛肝菌

*S. luteus (L.) Roussel 褐环乳牛肝菌

S. phylopictus Rong Zhan et al.
系统虎皮乳牛肝菌

*S. placidus (Bonord.) Singer 琉珀乳牛肝菌

S. plorans (Rolland) Kuntze 泪珠乳牛肝菌

S. subaureus (Peck) Snell 金乳牛肝菌

S. subluteus (Peck) Snell 亚褐环乳牛肝菌

S. tomentosus Singer 绒毛乳牛肝菌

S. variegatus (Sw.) Richon & Roze杂色乳牛肝菌

S. viscidus (L.) Roussel 灰乳牛肝菌

鸡油菌目 Cantharellales

鸡油菌科 Cantharellaceae

鸡油菌属 Cantharellus

Cantharellus albus S.P. Jian & B. Feng白鸡油菌

C. cerinoalbus Eyssart. & Walleyn淡蜡黄鸡油菌

C. cibarius Fr. 鸡油菌

C. cinereus (Pers.) Fr. 灰鸡油菌

C. cinnabarinus (Schwein.) Schwein. 红鸡油菌

C. ferruginascens P.D. Orton 伤锈鸡油菌

C. hainanenis N.K. Zeng et al. 海南鸡油菌

C. lateritius (Berk.) Singer 薄黄鸡油菌

C. minor Peck 小鸡油菌

C. pallidus Yasuda 苍白鸡油菌

C. phloginus S.C. Shao & P.G. Liu 粉鸡油菌

C. subalbidus A.H. Sm. & Morse 近白鸡油菌

C. vaginatus S.C. Shao et al. 鞘状鸡油菌

C. xanthopus (Pers.) Duby 黄柄鸡油菌

C. yunnanensis W.F. Chiu 云南鸡油菌

C. zangii X.F. Tian et al. 臧氏鸡油菌

喇叭菌属 Craterellus

Craterellus aureus Berk. & M.A. Curtis
金黄喇叭菌

C. cornucopioides (L.) Pers. 喇叭菌

C. lutescens (Fr.) Fr. 变黄喇叭菌

C. luteus T.H. Li & X.R. Zhong 黄喇叭菌

C. odoratus (Schwein.) Fr. 芳香喇叭菌

C. tubaeformis (Fr.) Quél. 管形喇叭菌

假喇叭菌属 Pseudocraterellus

Pseudocraterellus undulatus (Pers.) Rauschert波假喇叭菌

锁瑚菌属 Clavulina

Clavulina cinerea (Bull.) J. Schrōt. 灰锁瑚菌

C. coralloides (L.) J. Schrōt. 珊瑚状锁瑚菌

C. rugosa (Bull.) J. Schrōt. 皱锁瑚菌

齿菌属 Hydnum

Hydnum repandum L. 卷缘齿菌

H. rufescens Pers. 红齿菌

钉菇目 Gomphales

棒瑚菌科 Clavariadelphaceae

棒瑚菌属 Clavariadelphus

Clavariadelphus himalayensis Methven
喜马拉雅棒瑚菌

C. ligula (Schaeff.) Donk小棒瑚菌

C. pallidoincarnatus Methven 淡肉色棒瑚菌

C. pistillaris (L.) Donk 棒瑚菌

C. sachalinensis (S. Imai) Corner 长棒瑚菌

C. truncatus Donk 平截棒瑚菌

C. yunnanensis Methven 云南棒瑚菌

钉菇科 Gomphaceae

钉菇属 Gomphus

Gomphus clavatus (Pers.) Gray 钉菇

G. purpuraceus (Iwade) K. Yokoy. 紫陀钉菇

枝瑚菌属 Ramaria

Ramaria abietina (Pers.) Quél. 冷杉枝瑚菌

R. apiculata (Fr.) Donk 尖枝瑚菌

R. asiatica (R.H. Petersen & M. Zang) R.H. Petersen 亚洲枝瑚菌

*R. aurea (Schaeff.) Quél. 金黄枝瑚菌

R. botrytis (Pers.) Bourdot 葡萄状枝瑚菌

R. botrytoides (Peck) Corner 红顶枝瑚菌

R. botrytoides var. microspora R.H. Petersen & M. Zang 红顶枝瑚菌小孢变种

R. bourdotiana Maire小孢密枝瑚菌

R. brunneipes R.H. Petersen & M. Zang
棕顶枝瑚菌

R. campestris (K. Yokoy. & Sagara) R.H. Petersen 粗茎枝瑚菌

R. cedretorum (Maire) Malencon 雪松枝瑚菌

R. cyanocephala (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Corner蓝尖枝瑚菌

R. distinctissima R.H. Petersen & M. Zang
离生枝瑚菌

R. ephemeroderma R.H. Petersen & M. Zang枯皮枝瑚菌

R. eryuanensis R.H. Petersen & M. Zang
洱源枝瑚菌

R. eumorpha (P. Karst.) Corner 雅形枝瑚菌

R. fennica (P. Karst.) Ricken 芬兰枝瑚菌

*R. flava (Schaeff.) Quél. 黄枝瑚菌

*R. flavobrunnescens (G.F. Atk.) Corner
棕黄枝瑚菌

*R. formosa (Pers.) Quél. 美丽枝瑚菌

R. fuscobrunnea Corner 深褐枝瑚菌

R. hemirubella R.H. Petersen & M. Zang
淡红枝瑚菌

R. hilaris R.H. Petersen & M. Zang脐孢枝瑚菌

R. holorubella (G.F. Atk.) Corner 金红顶枝瑚菌

R. indoyunnaniana R.H. Petersen & M. Zang
印滇枝瑚菌

R. laeviformosoides R.H. Petersen & M. Zang 光孢枝瑚菌

R. linearioides R.H. Petersen & M. Zang
拟细枝瑚菌

R. linearis R.H. Petersen & M. Zang 细枝瑚菌

R. longicaulis (Peck) Corner 长茎枝瑚菌

R. lutea Schild 淡黄枝瑚菌

R. luteoaeruginea P. Zhang & Zhu L. Yang
黄绿枝瑚菌

R. nanispora R.H. Petersen & M. Zang
短孢枝瑚菌

R. neoformosa var. sinensis R.H. Petersen & M. Zang 拟粉红枝瑚菌中华变种

R. obtusissima (Peck) Corner 光孢黄枝瑚菌

R. pallidolilacina P. Zhang & Z.W. Ge淡紫枝瑚菌

R. rubriattenuipes R.H. Petersen & M. Zang 朱细枝瑚菌

R. rubricarnata var. laeta R.H. Petersen
红肉丛枝瑚菌亮色变种

R. sanguinipes R.H. Petersen & M. Zang
红柄枝瑚菌

R. secunda (Berk.) Corner 偏白枝瑚菌

R. sinoconjunctipes R.H. Petersen & M. Zang 华联枝瑚菌

R. stricta (Pers.) Quél. 密枝瑚菌

R. subaurantiaca Corner 金色枝瑚菌

R. subbotrytis (Coker) Corner 亚红顶枝瑚菌

R. zebrispora R.H. Petersen 斑孢枝瑚菌

红菇目 Russulales

地花菌科 Albatrellaceae

地花菌属 Albatrellus

Albatrellus confluens (Alb. & Schwein.) Kotl. & Pouzar波缘地花菌

A. cristatus (Schaeff.) Kotl. & Pouzar毛地花菌

A. ellisii (Berk.) Pouzar 大孢地花菌

A. flettii Morse ex Pouzar 佛莱特地花孔菌

A. fumosus H.D. Zheng & P.G. Liu灰褐地花菌

A. ovinus (Schaeff.) Kotl. & Pouzar绵羊状地花菌

A. pes-caprae (Pers.) Pouzar 羊脚地花菌

A. piceiphilus B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai 云杉地花菌

A. skamanius (Murrill) Pouzar 斯卡梅尼亚地花菌

A. syringae (Parmasto) Pouzar 丁香地花菌

A. tianschanicus (Bondartsev) Pouzar
天山地花菌

A. tibetanus H.D. Zheng & P.G. Liu西藏地花菌

A. yasudae (Lloyd) Pouzar 安田地花菌

A. yunnanensis H.D. Zheng & P.G. Liu
云南地花菌

A. zhuangii Y.C. Dai & Juan Li庄氏地花菌

红菇科 Russulaceae

乳菇属 Lactarius

Lactarius akahatsu Nobuj. Tanaka 橙红乳菇

L. angustizonatus X.H. Wang 窄环乳菇

L. aurantiacus (Pers.) Gray 桔色乳菇

L. blennius (Fr.) Fr. 粘乳菇

L. brachycystidiatus X.H. Wang 短囊体乳菇

L. camphoratus (Bull.) Fr. 浓香乳菇

L. chichuensis W.F. Chiu 鸡足山乳菇

L. cinnamomeus W.F. Chiu 黄褐乳菇

L. circellatus Fr. 环纹乳菇

L. controversus Pers. 白杨乳菇

L. corrugis Peck 皱皮乳菇

L. deliciosus (L.) Gray 松乳菇

L. echinatus Thiers 绒毛乳菇

L. flavidulus S. Imai 浅黄褐乳菇

L. fragilis (Burl.) Hesler & A.H. Sm. 脆香乳菇

L. fuliginosus (Fr.) Fr. 暗褐乳菇

L. gerardii Peck 宽褶黑乳菇

L. glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr. 香乳菇

L. hatsudake Nobuj. Tanaka 红汁乳菇

L. hengduanensis X.H. Wang 横断乳菇

L. hygrophoroides Berk. & M.A. Curtis 湿乳菇

L. indigo (Schwein.) Fr. 靛蓝乳菇

L. laeticolor (S. Imai) Imazeki ex Hongo
亮色乳菇

L. musteus Fr. 乳黄色乳菇

L. necator (Bull.) Pers. 茶绿乳菇

L. obliquus Fr. 歪斜乳菇

L. pallidus Pers. 苍白乳菇

L. picinus Fr. 沥青色乳菇

L. porninsis Rolland 波宁乳菇

L. pseudohatsudake X.H. Wang 假红汁乳菇

L. pubescens Fr. 绒边乳菇

L. romagnesii Bon 罗氏乳菇

L. rugatus Kühner & Romagn. 多皱乳菇

L. salmonicolor R. Heim & Leclair 鲑色乳菇

L. sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr. 血红乳菇

L. serifluus (DC.) Fr. 水液乳菇

L. sinozonarius X.H. Wang 中华环纹乳菇

L. subdulcis (Pers.) Gray 微甜乳菇

L. thyinos A.H. Sm. 粘柄乳菇

L. uvidus (Fr.) Fr. 潮湿乳菇

*L. vellereus (Fr.) Fr. 绒白乳菇

L. vietus (Fr.) Fr. 凋萎状乳菇

L. violascens (J. Otto) Fr. 堇菜色乳菇

L. vividus X.H. Wang et al. 鲜艳乳菇

L. volemus (Fr.) Fr. 多汁乳菇

红菇属 Russula

Russula abietina Peck 冷杉红菇

*R. adusta (Pers.) Fr. 烟色红菇

R. aeruginea Lindblad ex Fr. 铜绿红菇

R. albida Peck 白红菇

R. albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. 黑白红菇

R. alutacea (Fr.) Fr. 革红菇

R. amoena Quél. 怡红菇

R. anatina Romagn. 鸭红菇

R. atroaeruginea G.J. Li et al. 暗绿红菇

R. atropurpurea (Krombh.) Britzelm. 黑紫红菇

R. aurea Pers. 橙黄红菇

R. azurea Bres. 天蓝红菇

R. brunneoviolacea Crawshay 紫褐红菇

R. caerulea Fr. 蓝紫红菇

R. chloroides (Krombh.) Bres. 灰绿红菇

R. compacta Frost 致密红菇

R. cremeoavellanea Singer 奶榛色红菇

R. crustosa Peck 壳状红菇

R. cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. 蓝黄红菇

R. decolorans (Fr.) Fr. 褪色红菇

R. delica Fr. 美味红菇

*R. densifolia Secr. ex Gillet 密褶红菇

R. depallens Fr. 苋菜红菇

R. exalbicans (Pers.) Melzer & Zvára 非白红菇

R. faginea Romagn. 山毛榉红菇

R. farinipes Romell 粉柄红菇

R. fellea (Fr.) Fr. 苦红菇

R. furcata Pers. 叉褶红菇

R. galochroa (Fr.) Fr. 乳白红菇

R. granulata Peck 绵粒红菇

R. grisea Fr. 灰红菇

R. griseocarnosa X.H. Wang et al. 灰肉红菇

R. heterophylla (Fr.) Fr. 异褶红菇

R. incarnate Quél. 肉色红菇

R. integra (L.) Fr. 变色红菇

R. lepidicolor Romagn. 怡人色红菇

R. lilacea Quél. 淡紫红菇

R. livescens (Batsch) Bataille 变蓝红菇

R. lutea (Huds.) Gray 黄红红菇

R. luteotacta Rea 触黄红菇

R. mariae Peck 绒紫红菇

R. melliolens Quél. 蜜味红菇

R. mollis Quél. 软红菇

R. mustelina Fr. 厚皮红菇

R. nauseosa (Pers.) Fr. 臭味红菇

R. nigricans Fr. 黑红菇

R. nigrovirens Q. Zhao et al. 黑绿红菇

R. nitida (Pers.) Fr. 光亮红菇

*R. ochroleuca Fr. 黄白红菇

R. olivacea (Schaeff.) Fr. 青黄红菇

R. olivascens Fr. 橄榄色红菇

R. paludosa Britzelm. 沼泽红菇

R. parazurea Jul. Schäff. 似天蓝红菇

R. pectinatoides Peck 拟蓖形红菇

R. pseudointegra Arnould & Goris 假全缘红菇

R. pseudoromellii J. Blum 假罗梅尔红菇

R. puellaris Fr. 美红菇

R. purpurina Quél. & Schulzer 微紫红菇

R. risigallina (Batsch) Sacc. 鸡冠红菇

R. romellii Maire 罗梅尔红菇

*R. rosea Pers. 红色红菇

R. roseipes Secr. ex Bres. 玫瑰柄红菇

R. rubescens Beardslee变黑红菇

R. rubra (Lam.) Fr. 大红菇

R. sanguinaria (Schumach.) Rauschert
血根草红菇

R. subdepallens Peck 粉红菇

R. turci Bres. 土耳其红菇

R. velenovskyi Melzer & Zvára 细皮囊体红菇

R. vesca Fr. 菱红菇

R. violacea Quél. 堇紫红菇

R. violeipes Quél. 紫柄红菇

R. virescens (Schaeff.) Fr. 变绿红菇

R. viridirubrolimbata J.Z. Ying 绿边红菇

革菌目 Thelephorales

坂氏齿菌科 Bankeraceae

坂氏齿菌属 Bankera

Bankera fuligineoalba (J.C. Schmidt) Coker & Beers ex Pouzar 褐白坂氏齿菌

拟牛肝菌属 Boletopsis

Boletopsis grisea (Peck) Bondartsev & Singer灰黑拟牛肝菌

B. leucomelaena (Pers.) Fayod 白黑拟牛肝菌

亚齿菌属 Hydnellum

Hydnellum concrescens (Pers.) Banker
环纹亚齿菌

H. cumulatum K.A. Harrison 集生亚齿菌

栓齿菌属 Phellodon

Phellodon niger (Fr.) P. Karst. 黑栓齿菌

P. tomentosus (L.) Banker 毛栓齿菌

肉齿菌属 Sarcodon

Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. 鳞形肉齿菌

S. leucopus (Pers.) Maas Geest. & Nannf.
白肉齿菌

S. scabrosus (Fr.) P. Karst. 粗糙肉齿菌

S. violaceus (Thore) Quél. 紫肉齿菌

革菌科 Thelephoraceae

扇菌属 Polyozellus

Polyozellus multiplex (Underw.) Murrill簇扇菌

革菌属 Thelephora

Thelephora aurantiotincta Corner橙黄革菌

T. ganbajun M. Zang 干巴菌

T. japonica Yasuda日本革菌

T. vialis Schwein. 莲座革菌

1.2 中国菌根食用菌主要科属分析

我国菌根食用菌种类排名前10的科依次是红菇科、牛肝菌科、钉菇科、鸡油菌科、蜡伞科、口蘑科、乳牛肝菌科、块菌科、丝膜菌科和鹅膏科(图1)。

图1

图1   中国菌根食用菌种类占比前10的科

Fig. 1   Top ten families of Chinese edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms.


我国菌根食用菌种类排名前10的属依次是红菇属、乳菇属、枝瑚菌属、蜡伞属、乳牛肝菌属、口蘑属、块菌属、牛肝菌属、鹅膏属和丝膜菌属(图2)。

图2

图2   中国菌根食用菌种类占比前10的属

Fig. 2   Top ten genera of Chinese edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms.


2 讨论

我国菌根食用菌物种多样性很高。本研究收录了532个菌根食用菌分类单元,与联合国粮农组织公布的中国食用菌数据比较(FAO 2004),本名录的菌根食用菌数量增加了488种,与FAO公布的全球食用菌数据相比,本名录增加了375种。与Hall et al.(2016)报道的全球菌根食药用菌名录比较,本名录菌根菌种类增加了263种。增加的菌根食用菌种类中,除了全球广布种以外,我国有很多特有菌根食用菌种类。与国内研究结果比较,戴玉成等(2010)发表的966个中国食用菌分类单元中,包含了500多种菌根食用菌,本名录不但补充了该名录菌根食用种类,更重要的是在名录内容上的更新,尤其牛肝菌科及牛肝菌属和丝膜菌属中的内容变化较大。

我国菌根食用菌与全球菌根食用菌存在很多共性和差异。在科水平上,红菇科、牛肝菌科是全球及我国菌根食用菌种类最多的两个科。全球范围,排名前10的科依次为红菇科、牛肝菌科、鹅膏科、鸡油菌科、口蘑科、钉菇科、蜡伞科、丝膜菌科、乳牛肝菌科及块菌科(Hall et al. 2016),而我国依次为红菇科、牛肝菌科、钉菇科、鸡油菌科、蜡伞科、口蘑科、乳牛肝菌科、块菌科、丝膜菌科和鹅膏科,与全球前10的科组成一致,只是排名顺序不同。属水平,红菇属是全球及我国的菌根食用菌种类最多的属,我国与全球排名前10的属的组成十分相似,排名顺序有所差异。Li et al.(2021)对全球野生菌可食性的综述结果表明红菇属、鹅膏菌属、乳菇属、丝膜菌属、蘑菇属Agaricus、枝瑚菌属、牛肝菌属、口蘑属、鸡油菌属和乳牛肝菌属是全球野生食用菌种类最多的10个属,除蘑菇属外,其他属真菌都是菌根真菌。Hall et al.(2016)的全球菌根食用菌名录也呈现出类似结果,排名前10的属依次为红菇属、乳菇属、牛肝菌属、鹅膏菌属、口蘑属、鸡油菌属、蜡伞属、丝膜菌属、枝瑚菌属和乳牛肝菌属,只是蜡伞属代替了蘑菇属。而我国排名前10的属依次为红菇属、乳菇属、枝瑚菌属、蜡伞属、乳牛肝菌属、口蘑属、块菌属、牛肝菌属、鹅膏菌属和丝膜菌属。鸡油菌属未进入我国前10属,取而代之的是块菌属,这与评价证据来源、地区文化差异、物种鉴定准确性、物种的种群数量等都相关(Li et al. 2021)。此外,全球名录和我国菌根食用菌名录中“一属一种”的特征比较明显,全球名录有59个,占全部122属的48.4%,而我国为17个,占比27.4%,这些属种群数量较小,属内其他真菌的可食用性有待深入研究。我国可食用菌根菌属的数量与全球差异较大,我国为62属,而全球为122属,其主要原因是其中40%的菌根真菌属在我国没有分布或记载,对我国分布的块菌以外的地下真菌类群如地孔菌Geopora、黑腹菌Melanogaster、猪块菌Choiromyces等和腹菌类群可食用性评估不足可能是原因之一。

菌根食用菌绝大多数类群都包含毒蘑菇或存在食用危险的种类应引起重视。全球范围,红菇属、鹅膏菌属、乳菇属及丝膜菌属是可食用菌种类最多的前4属,但以上4属可食用种类占各属全球种的比例都不超过11%。我国鹅膏菌属、丝膜菌属、口蘑属、马鞍菌属、乳牛肝菌属、乳菇属、红菇属以及枝瑚菌属中包含常见的毒蘑菇(陈作红 2014,2020;图力古尔等 2014),红菇属和乳菇属真菌有毒物种和可食用物种外形易混淆,因此在判断其食用性时要保持足够的警惕(王向华 2020)。本名录中以*标注的以上属的24个分类单元需要对食材进行一定程度的制备才可安全食用(Li et al. 2021),在食用过程中应特别注意。

过去20年我国很多学者对我国菌根食用菌的研究进行了综述,主要集中在生理生化(唐超等 2011;冯云利等 2013;王冉等 2013;温祝桂和陈亚华 2013)、共生机理(陈政明 2001;付绍春等 2009;唐超等 2011;刘培贵等2020)、资源现状和保护(唐超等 2011;温祝桂和陈亚华 2013;冯云利等 2013;刘培贵等2020)、食药用价值(陈政明 2001;刘培贵等2020)、经济价值(陈政明 2001;唐超等 2011;刘培贵等2020)、生态意义(陈政明 2001;金樑等 2004;冯云利等 2013;林双双等2013;温祝桂和陈亚华 2013;刘培贵等2020)、原产地科学管理和保护(刘培贵等2020)、种植园建立和经营管理(唐超等 2011;冯云利等 2013;林双双等2013;杨智等 2016;刘培贵等2020)、资源开发与利用(金樑等 2004;唐超等 2011;冯云利等 2013;刘培贵等2020)等方面,并对我国菌根食用菌发展给予了建议(陈政明 2001;唐超等 2011;冯云利等 2013;温祝桂和陈亚华 2013;刘培贵等2020)。此外,Wang et al.(2020)Yu et al. (2020)分别对我国和云南的部分菌根食用菌类群及栽培进行了梳理。

今后我国菌根食用菌需加强以下方面的研究:(1)菌根食用菌的分类与资源研究;(2)我国菌根食用菌地理分布格局;(3)基于基因组学的菌根食用菌与植物的共生机理;(4)气候变化对菌根食用菌的影响;(5)菌根食用菌扩散机制;(6)菌根食用菌种质资源长期监测和保护;(7)区域特色菌根食用菌仿野生栽培及种植园建立;(8)菌根食用菌资源共享平台。

致谢:感谢斯洛文尼亚林业研究所的Tine Grebenc博士对文章结构的建议及摘要的润色。

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2018年5月22日是第25个国际生物多样性日, 生态环境部和中国科学院联合发布了《中国生物多样性红色名录——大型真菌卷》。子囊菌是真菌界物种数量最丰富的类群, 其中小型种类居多, 此次参评的我国非地衣型大型子囊菌(以下简称“大型子囊菌”)包括870种。评估结果表明, 我国大型子囊菌受威胁物种有24种, 其中疑似灭绝1种、极危6种、濒危3种、易危14种, 受威胁物种占评估大型子囊菌物种数的2.76%。此外, 无危的大型子囊菌189种, 占评估物种数的21.72%, 数据不足的616种, 占评估物种数的70.80%。本文对中国大型子囊菌红色名录评估的方法、过程和评估结果等进行了介绍, 对其受威胁现状、受威胁物种的区域分布、致危因素等进行了总结分析, 并提出了相应的保护措施和建议。分类学研究是进行红色名录评估的基础, 在未来相当长的一段时间里, 真菌资源调查和分类学研究仍然需要引起重视并投入资金。建议分类学工作者、保护区管理人员、业余爱好者群体和生态学家合作并广泛参与大型真菌受威胁状况的评估。

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