1 大型真菌概述
真菌是真核生物中除植物和动物外的第三类生物,其中拥有肉眼可辨识的大型子实体的真菌被泛称为大型真菌,包括人们熟知的蕈菌、蘑菇等。分类学上大多数物种来自于担子菌门,少数来自子囊菌门。在自然生态系统中,大型真菌和其他大部分真菌一样,营寄生、腐生和共生生活,此外许多大型真菌具有突出的降解木质纤维素的能力,所以在全球物质循环,尤其是碳元素循环中具有不可替代的关键作用。从生物演化的角度而言,真菌是地球陆地生物演化的驱动者(Gan et al. 2021)。最早的陆生植物通过和真菌建立共生关系,在真菌的帮助下从贫瘠的陆地获取水分和养分,实现水生走向陆生。就目前现有的陆生植物中,约80%的陆生植物都存在菌根菌,这些菌根菌帮助植物吸收养分、抵抗逆境及病原物(Landeweert et al. 2001)。除了肉眼可见的大型子实体外,在每一片森林地表之下,它们的菌丝构成了复杂树际联系网络,使不同植物和真菌之间相互沟通,从而使森林成为庞大的超级生物体,孕育了陆地丰富的生物多样性。
在生活中,大型真菌和我们的经济活动关系密切。人类对大型真菌拥有悠久的食药用利用历史。在我国,早在2 000年前东汉的《神农本草经》中就已把灵芝、茯苓列为上药。现今食用菌产业已成为我国农业发展最迅速的产业,自2014年起成为仅次于粮、油、果、蔬的第五大类农产品。真菌也被喻为天然的化学工厂,随着大型真菌相关研究的深入,大量的物种及新功效成分不断发现,已成为药物及保健品研发的创新动力之一。尤其是生物化学、酶工程和基因工程的发展,使大型真菌在食品、医药等方面的开发利用呈现出了全新的面貌,在现代大健康产业中展现出广阔的发展前景。除食药用菌外,毒蘑菇亦是大型真菌中不可忽视的重要部分。毒蘑菇种类繁多,中国记录的有480余种(Wu et al. 2019)。我国每年都有因误食毒蘑菇中毒的报道,并且毒蘑菇中毒是食物中毒死亡的主要原因(Chen et al. 2014)。毒蘑菇所含的毒素多样,除了引起人中毒反应外,深入研究表明一些毒素可用于治疗癌症和精神疾病等。例如利用奥来毒素治疗肾癌,利用裸盖菇素治疗抑郁症等(Buvall et al. 2017;Davis et al. 2021)。
2 建立较为统一和完整的大型真菌分类系统的必要性
在真菌学家的不懈努力下,随着分子系统发育研究的普及,真菌分类学获得了巨大的进步,具体表现在近年来大量新分类单元的发表。就绝大多数大型真菌所在的担子菌门而言,近十年来,已新认定1个亚门Wallemiomycotina;发表2个新纲Malasseziomycetes和Moniliellomycetes;9个新目Holtermanniales、Trichosporonales、Golubeviales、Robbauerales、Unilacrymales、Amylocorticiales、Jaapiales、Stereopsidales和Lepidostromatales;63个新科;438个新属(Fell et al. 2000;Binder et al. 2010;Wuczkowski et al. 2011;Shirouzu et al. 2013;Hodkinson et al. 2014;Sjökvist et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2014,2015;Zhao et al. 2017;He et al. 2019)。同时随着对类群间进化关系认识的不断深入,真菌分类系统经历了大量的调整,不断推陈出新,这让使用者难以把握。同时相同类群却拥有不同分类系统的问题也很普遍(Justo et al. 2017;Hapuarachchi et al. 2019)。分类系统的不稳定给名称使用者及资源的开发利用者带来极大的困扰。
近五年来,Zhao et al. (2017)在构建担子菌门多基因和基因组的系统发育图谱、担子菌门分子钟分析基础上,结合担子菌门所有属的分类信息梳理,联合国内外65位真菌学家,修订了担子菌门完整的分类系统,提供了担子菌门从亚门到所有属的详细的分类系统(He et al. 2019;戴玉成等 2021;王科等 2021)。而子囊菌门自从1986年就开始构建整个门的分类系统(Eriksson 1986),随着研究的深入,分类系统保持持续更新(Eriksson 1986,1991,1998;Eriksson & Winka 1997;Eriksson et al. 2003,2004),这为稳定类群的分类系统起到了积极的作用。目前以真菌系统进化研究为基础的相关分类系统已初步完成(Wijayawardene et al. 2020)。
3 大型真菌分类系统及信息平台上线
为了满足广大研究者对大型真菌分类系统的需求,以及提供较为稳定、完整的大型真菌分类系统工作平台,上述研究成果在中国科学院微生物研究所大数据中心的网络技术支持下,建成了世界大型真菌分类系统及信息平台
图1
图1
世界大型真菌分类系统及信息平台主页面、大型真菌分类大纲及属信息展示页
Fig. 1
Home page, outline and notes of Macrofungi Classification System and Information Platform.
(1) 大型真菌从门至每个属的系统、完整的分类大纲。以点击下拉式展示大型真菌物种所涉及的担子菌门所有属及科目纲亚门的分类大纲(4亚门、18纲、68目、241科、1 928属,涉及41 270个种)和子囊菌门中涉及大型真菌的5个目所有属到科目(分属3个纲)的分类大纲。
(2) 网站设定属名检索。通过检索属名,可获得每个属的异名、分类地位、物种数、模式种、重要经济种类(食药用、植物病原等)、可靠分子数据来源、重要系统学研究成果和物种世界分布等信息。
(3) 提供自从2008年(Kirk et al. 2008)以来,涉及相关分类信息3 000余篇参考文献名录。
(4) 为保证分类系统的不断更新及学术可靠性,成立了大型真菌分类系统国际专家咨询组(表1),负责分类系统的维护和持续更新(每两年更新一次)。
表1 大型真菌分类系统专家咨询组成员信息表
Table 1
| 姓名 Name | 负责类群 Research field | 单位 Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| ZHAO Ruilin (赵瑞琳) | 总负责及蘑菇目 Agaricales | 中国科学院微生物研究所真菌学国家重点实验室 State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| Kevin D. Hyde | 大型子囊菌 Ascomycota | 泰国皇太后大学卓越真菌研究中心 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand |
| YAO Yijian (姚一建) | 蘑菇目 Agaricales | 中国科学院微生物研究所真菌学国家重点实验室/标本馆 State Key Laboratory of Mycology/ Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| Teun Boekhout | 担子菌酵母 Basidiomycetous yeast | 荷兰韦斯特迪克真菌生物多样性研究所 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Centre in Utrecht, The Netherlands |
| Bart Buyck | 红菇目 Russulales | 法国国家自然历史博物馆 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, France |
| CUI Baokai (崔宝凯) | 多孔菌类 Polyporales | 北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院微生物研究所 School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University |
| Bau Tolgor (图力古尔) | 蘑菇目 Agaricales | 吉林农业大学菌物研究所 Institute of Mycology, Jilin Agricultural University |
| Naveed Davoodian | 牛肝菌类 Boletales | 维多利亚皇家植物园 Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Victoria |
| József Geml | 蘑菇目 Agaricales | 匈牙利埃斯特哈西查尔斯大学 Eszterházy Károly University, Hungary |
| HE Maoqiang (贺茂强) | 蘑菇目 Agaricales | 中科院微生物研究所真菌学国家重点实验室 State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| Makoto Kakishima | 锈菌 Rust fungi | 日本筑波大学 University of Tsukuba, Japan |
| LI Taihui (李泰辉) | 蘑菇目 Agaricales | 广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室, 广东微生物研究所华南应用微生物国家重点实验室 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences |
| Eric H.C. McKenzie | 锈菌 Rust fungi | 新西兰马纳基威努亚土地保护研究所 Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, New Zealand |
| Olivier Raspé | 牛肝菌类 Boletales | 泰国皇太后大学卓越真菌研究中心 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand |
| Else C. Vellinga | 蘑菇目 Agaricales | 美国加利福尼亚大学 University of California, USA |
| Annemieke Verbeken | 红菇目 Russulales | 比利时根特大学 Ghent University, Belgium |
| Alfredo Vizzini | 蘑菇目 Agaricales | 意大利都灵大学 University of Turin, Italy |
| ZHU Xinyu (朱新宇) | 网站管理 Website management | 中科院微生物研究所真菌学国家重点实验室 State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| WANG Ke (王科) | 网站管理 Website management | 中科院微生物研究所菌物标本馆 Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
(5) 后续将提供大型真菌研究前沿信息,包括系统分类学、基因组学研究进展等。
大型真菌分类系统及信息平台提供了完整的大型真菌分类系统及相关分类信息,并在广泛的国内外合作基础上,实现定期更新。这将满足来自不同领域的研究者对相关信息的需求,并为研究者提供学术交流的平台,确保大型真菌分类系统的稳定性和前沿性。
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新世纪中国菌物新名称发表概况(2000-2020)
