狭义的蘑菇是指隶属于真菌界Fungi，担子菌门Basidiomycota，蘑菇纲Agaricomycetes，蘑菇目Agaricales，蘑菇科Agaricaceae，蘑菇属Agaricus L.的部分物种。根据《GB/T12728—2006食用菌术语》规定，蘑菇(mushroom)是指大型真菌，其主要是以担子菌门Basidiomycota为主，此外也包括少量的子囊菌门Ascomycota (张金霞等 2006)。其主要生长在活立木或倒木及树桩上，大多数蘑菇是腐生菌，人工驯化栽培的潜力较大，也有不少生长在林地上的伞菌类的菌根菌，由于其独特的营养方式，使其人工驯化的难度较高(吴春玲等 2008；戴玉成 2012)。
蘑菇根据用途可划分为食用菌、药用菌、有毒菌和用途未知菌4大类，目前全球约有2 300多种食药用菌(Boa 2004)，我国已有描述的食用菌已经超过1 000种(戴玉成等 2010, 2021；Zhou et al. 2021, 2023)，其中包括500多种驯化栽培难度较大的菌根食用菌(魏杰等 2021)。当前我国已成功大规模人工栽培的食用菌有70-80种，并有50余种已投入商业化规模栽培，主要包括香菇Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler、双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach、糙皮侧耳Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.、金针菇Flammulina filiformis (Z.W. Ge, X.B. Liu & Zhu L. Yang) P.M. Wang et al. (戴玉成和杨祝良 2018)、黑木耳Auricularia heimuer F. Wu et al.、毛木耳Auricularia cornea Ehrenb. (吴芳和戴玉成 2015)、银耳Tremella fuciformis Berk.和羊肚菌Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.等(董娇等 2019)。
蘑菇的代谢产物中含有多种多糖，其中包括几丁质、β-葡聚糖及甘露聚糖等几种不可被人体消化的糖类，这些成分具有促消化、降血糖及调节血脂的功能，并且它们在总糖含量中占据较大比例，因此许多蘑菇具有极高的药用价值(戴玉成和杨祝良 2008；Wang et al. 2014；Wu et al. 2019)；此外，相较于牛肉、鸡蛋等高蛋白食物，蘑菇具有更低的脂肪含量，并且其氨基酸比例符合优质蛋白质标准，因此蘑菇具有极大的营养价值(李泰等 2021；罗晓莉等 2021)。由于蘑菇极高的营养价值及药用价值，因此当今食药用菌产业蓬勃发展，但野生蘑菇采集具有一定的局限性，且自然资源有限，因而野生大型真菌驯化栽培仍是食药用菌产业的重要来源。为了开发更多的蘑菇资源，我国许多研究者不断进行探索、创新，致力于挖掘更多具有高食药用价值的、可驯化栽培投入商业化生产的蘑菇。戴玉成(2023)总结了近年来我国多孔菌驯化栽培研究的最新进展，本文对近十年来我国新成功驯化栽培的33种除多孔菌以外的野生蘑菇类食药用菌物种名录进行了整理，同时总结了这些物种生长的最适温度、最适pH、最佳碳源、氮源以及最佳栽培料等生物学特性和驯化栽培条件。
1 丁香蘑菇Agaricus padanus Lancon.
胡日瓦和图力古尔(2019)对丁香蘑菇进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养的最适碳源为麦芽糖，最适氮源为酵母粉，最适无机盐为硫酸镁，最适生长因子为蘑菇汁，最适温度为25 ℃，最适pH为6.0；栽培料以草炭土为主料按3:1配比分别与羊粪、牛粪、发酵料、草木灰等混合，含水量为60%-65%、发菌温度为20-25 ℃、pH为6.5-7.5，暗培养33-50 d出现原基，菇蕾出现后温度保持17.5-22.0 ℃，湿度90%-95%，用散射光刺激，袋栽可成功出菇，覆土栽培出菇率较低。
2 中国美味蘑菇Agaricus sinodeliciosus Zhuo R. Wang & R.L. Zhao
李传华等(2018)对中国美味蘑菇进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝生长的最适碳源为葡萄糖，最适氮源为大豆蛋白胨，最适温度为25 ℃，最适pH为6.0-7.0；其最佳栽培料配方为芦苇62.5%、干家畜粪31.25%、尿素1.25%、过磷酸钙1.25%、碳酸氢铵1.25%、石灰粉2.5%，含水量60%左右、23-25 ℃条件下暗培养约38 d满袋，之后进行出菇处理，调整温度至20-23 ℃、湿度85%-90%，弱光培养10-15 d后产生原基，暗光培养5-8 d后子实体成熟可采收，生物学效率38.5%；此外，中国美味蘑菇是目前蘑菇属发现的唯一无需覆土即可出菇的物种。
3 絮缘蘑菇Agaricus subfloccosus (J.E. Lange) Hlaváček
梁倩倩等(2020)对絮缘蘑菇进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝生长的最适碳源为蔗糖，最适氮源为硝酸钾，最适无机盐为硫酸镁，最适维生素为VB12，最适温度为16 ℃，最适pH为6.0；培养料为木屑79%、高粱籽5%、玉米粉5%、石膏1%、麸皮10%，16 ℃暗培养至满袋之后覆土，出菇温度14 ℃、湿度85%，95-110 d可发育为成熟子实体，并可持续采收3-5潮菇。
4 奥氏蜜环菌Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink
陈鹏等(2023)对奥氏蜜环菌进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为葡萄糖，最适氮源为蛋白胨，最适生长因子为VB1，最适生长温度为25 ℃，最适pH为6.0；栽培料为木屑75.5%、麦麸20%、玉米粉2%、豆粕2%、石灰0.5%、石膏1%，含水量60%左右、温度22 ℃暗培养，50-60 d满袋，出菇阶段温度18 ℃、湿度60%条件下10 d左右形成原基，提高湿度2-3 d后形成子实体；栽培中应尽量选择碳氮比较高的基质配方，此外栽培料中木屑的粗细配比对子实体的产量和质量也有较大影响。
5 皱木耳Auricularia delicata (Mont. ex Fr.) Henn.
钱可晴等(2020)对皱木耳进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为葡萄糖，最适氮源为酵母浸粉，最适温度为28 ℃，最适pH为6.0；栽培料为片状阔叶树木屑40%、粉状阔叶树木屑37.5%、麸皮11%、玉米芯10%、石膏1%、石灰0.5%，含水量58%-60%、pH为7、28 ℃条件下暗培养20 d后满袋，之后保持温度22-28 ℃、湿度85%- 90%，8 d后形成原基；原基分化阶段，保证通风良好、温度20-26 ℃、湿度90%左右，干湿交替，15 d后子实体成熟，每包干重55-60 g；出耳阶段菌包划“V”字型小口出耳的商品形状好于“一”字型。
6 脆木耳Auricularia fibrillifera Kobayasi
张晓宇等(2019)对脆木耳进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为麦芽糖，最适氮源为牛肉粉，最适无机盐添加量为1.5% PO43-、1% Mg2+，最适生长因子为玉米汁，最适温度为33 ℃；最佳栽培料为木屑78%、麸皮20%、石膏粉1%、石灰粉1%，含水量65%可发育为成熟子实体，发菌温度为22 ℃，40 d左右满袋，出菇阶段先提高湿度直至形成原基后将湿度控制在70%左右。
7 泰国木耳Auricularia thailandica Bandara & K.D. Hyde
8 短毛木耳Auricularia villosula Malysheva
Zhang et al. (2018)对短毛木耳进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为蔗糖，最适氮源为豆粉，最适无机盐为0.5% PO43-，最适生长因子为马铃薯汁，最适温度为30 ℃，pH为8.0；最佳栽培料为木屑78%、麸皮20%、石灰1%、石膏1%，含水率65%左右可发育为成熟子实体，发菌温度为20-25 ℃，通风避光培养15 d后满袋，出菇阶段温度保持22-30 ℃，湿度80%-90%。
9 铅青褶伞Chlorophyllum molybdites (G. Mey.) Massee
林群英等(2012)对铅青褶伞进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其最佳栽培料配方为稻草88.3%、花生麸4.6%、尿素0.7%、硫酸铵1.1%、石膏0.9%、石灰1.8%、磷酸二氢钾1.8%、多菌灵0.9%，堆置发酵20 d，分层撒混播并覆膜在25 ℃条件下避光培养25 d，菌丝长满2/3时覆土，15 d后移至室外，控制温度25-30 ℃、空气相对湿度80%-95%直至出菇，整个生长周期约70-80 d；铅绿褶菇是南方常见毒蘑菇，但其子实体中的活性物质具有极高的药用价值。
10 芳香杯伞Clitocybe fragrans (With.) P. Kumm.
顾丹丹等(2022)对芳香杯伞进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为蔗糖，最适氮源为酵母浸粉，最适碳氮比为40:1，最适无机盐为硫酸镁，最适温度为19-25 ℃，最适pH为5.0-5.5，最适光照条件为黑暗；栽培料为二次发酵过的粪草培养料98%、石膏1%、葡萄糖1%，含水量55%条件下，43-50 d形成原基，7-8 d后分化成子实体；栽培芳香杯伞时应在较低的温度下进行发菌。
11 柳生田头菇Cyclocybe salicaceicola (Zhu L. Yang et al.) Vizzini
刘绍雄等(2019)对柳生田头菇进行了驯化栽培研究，发现栽培料为杂木屑77%、麦麸20%、石灰1%、石膏1%、普钙1%，含水量60%-65%、25 ℃避光培养30 d后满瓶，之后调整湿度为85%-90%、温度约20 ℃散光照射5 d左右产生菇蕾，之后将温度提高至23-25 ℃保持通风进行出菇管理，每瓶平均产量为102.97 g，生物学效率为51.49%；瓶栽并进行搔菌处理出菇整齐，而袋栽会导致畸形菇。
12 芬娜金针菇Flammulina fennae Bas
张智等(2017)对芬娜金针菇进行了驯化栽培研究，发现栽培料为棉籽壳50%、木屑38%、麸皮10%、碳酸钙2%，温度25 ℃左右、湿度60%-70%暗培养28 d满袋，出菇阶段提高空气湿度，约25 d完成采收，生物效率为72.8%；其栽培性状稳定，适合扩大栽培。
13 柳生金针菇Flammulina rossica Redhead & R.H. Petersen
何俊等(2022)对柳生金针菇进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为麦芽浸粉，最适氮源为豆饼粉，最适无机盐为碳酸钙，最适生长温度为24 ℃，最适pH为6.0；最佳栽培料为阔叶树木屑79%、麦麸18%、石膏1%、白糖2%，含水量50%-55%、24 ℃恒温条件下菌丝17 d满袋，出菇阶段湿度80%-90%条件下16 d产生原基，之后增加通风和空气湿度刺激子实体形成，12 d后子实体成熟，单朵干重0.03-0.51 g，可持续采收1-2潮；人工栽培子实体相较于野生子实体出菇整齐、食用口感好，适合商业化栽培生产。
14 多洼马鞍菌Helvella lacunosa Afzel.
徐莉娜(2019)对多洼马鞍菌进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为葡萄糖，最适氮源为酵母浸膏，最适无机盐为硫酸镁，最适生长温度为25 ℃，最适pH为6.5；其最佳栽培料为松木屑40%、棉籽壳50%、麸皮8%、葡萄糖1%、石膏1%，含水量65%、pH 6.0-7.0，约65 d满袋、34 d产生原基，平均生长速度为(4.32±1.54) mm/d，子实体产量和生物学效率分别为23.24 g/袋和4.56%；该菌株虽可实现人工栽培，但栽培子实体与野生子实体性状具有显著差异且生物转化率较低，因此人工栽培工艺有待进一步改良。
15 芦苇拟蜡伞Hygrophoropsis phragmiticola L.T. Ban & Meng Zhou
16 暗褐离褶伞Lyophyllum loricatum (Fr.) Kühner
郑秋霞等(2015)对暗褐离褶伞进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为麦芽糖，最适氮源为蛋白胨，最适生长因子为0.05%的肌醇，最适生长温度为25 ℃，最适pH为5.5；栽培料为杂木屑78%、麸皮20%、石膏1%、过磷酸钙1%，含水量60%-65%、25 ℃条件下暗培养，满袋后调整温度20-22 ℃、湿度90%并适当光照可成功获得成熟子实体。
17 白大环柄菇Macrolepiota albuminosa (Berk.) Pegler
谭永忠等(2015)对白大环柄菇进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其最佳栽培料配方为棉籽壳39%、稻草40%、麸皮17%、玉米粉2%、石膏2%，含水量为65%、pH为7.3可成功出菇，25 ℃条件下暗培养，40 d满袋后进行出菇处理，调整温度至15-26 ℃、湿度90%-95%，脱袋覆土，平均每袋产量为121.8 g，生物学效率43.5%。
18 小羊肚菌Morchella deliciosa Fr.
孟俊龙等(2012)对小羊肚菌进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其最佳母种培养基配方为马铃薯200 g/L、葡萄糖20 g/L、琼脂20 g/L、KH2PO4 3 g/L、MgSO4 0.5 g/L、杨树根际土25 g/L、蛋白胨2 g/L，最佳原种培养基为大米98%、杨树根际土2%，含水量55%可出菇，23-25 ℃条件下暗培养，出菇期相对湿度85%并进行48 h强光刺激，能形成多而大的菌核，并形成少量菇蕾；虽然出菇率和子实体生长较差，但省去了覆土过程，为人工栽培提供了途径。
19 欧氏羊肚菌Morchella oweri X.H. Du
贺国强等(2020)对欧氏羊肚菌进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为乳糖，最适氮源为蛋白胨和黄豆粉，最适生长温度为25 ℃，最适pH为8.0；栽培料为木屑65%、小麦30%、腐殖土3%、石膏1%、白灰1%，含水量60%，温度20 ℃、空气湿度60%条件下暗培养20 d后满袋，播种55-70 d产生原基，调整土壤含水量至20%、温度10-12 ℃，5-8 d原基分化，15-20 d子实体成熟采收第一潮菇，鲜菇平均产量1.235 kg/m2；该种栽培子实体肉质脆嫩且产量高于羊肚菌属其他种，因此具有较高的商业化价值。
20 木生硬柄菇Ossicaulis lignatilis (Pers.) Redhead & Ginns
高洋等(2018)对木生硬柄菇进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为蔗糖或糊精，最适氮源为蛋白胨或酵母浸粉，最适生长温度为25 ℃，最适pH为7.0-8.0；最佳栽培料为杨树木屑78%、玉米粉20%、石灰1%、石膏1%，含水量为60%-62%、温度24-26 ℃条件下25 d满袋，继续培养10 d后覆土栽培出菇，温度20-22 ℃、空气相对湿度95%条件下13 d后长出菇蕾，20 d后形成子实体，绝对生物学转化率为2.02%；此外该菌为木腐菌，在木腐培养料中无法形成菇蕾，但在覆土培养的条件下出菇，所以对该菌的培养料和出菇条件还需进一步研究。
21 热带小奥德蘑Oudemansiella canarii (Jungh.) Höhn.
王守现等(2013)对热带小奥德蘑进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适生长温度为28 ℃，最适pH为8.5；栽培料为棉籽壳50%、木屑30%、麸皮18%、石灰2%，含水量65%-70%、温度23-25 ℃条件下暗培养22 d满袋，之后进行搔菌及低温刺激5-7 d后进行出菇管理，出菇阶段温度20-25 ℃、湿度80%- 90%，5-7 d产生原基，3-5 d后子实体成熟可采收，可持续采收4-5潮，潮次间隔7 d左右，生物学效率为122.7%±5.1%；该菌种人工驯化栽培的成功丰富了奥德蘑品种资源，同时由于该菌无需覆土即可出菇，所以更适合作为规范化生产用菌。
22 厚褶小奥德蘑Oudemansiella crassifolia Corner
史钏等(2019)对厚褶小奥德蘑进行了驯化栽培研究，发现最佳栽培料为杂木屑58%、棉籽壳30%、麸皮10%、碳酸钙2%，在含水量65%、温度24-26 ℃条件下暗培养20 d后满袋，继续培养15-16 d进行出菇处理，调整至室温25-28 ℃、湿度85%-90%，整个栽培周期约39.4-43.8 d，出菇3-4潮，平均产量每棒(267.08±20.41) g，生物学转化率为79.15%；相较于野生子实体，栽培子实体具有更优良的农艺性状，因此适宜进行驯化栽培。
23 拟黏小奥德蘑Oudemansiella submucida Corner
李传华等(2012)对拟黏小奥德蘑进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝最适生长温度为23 ℃，生长湿度范围为75%-95%；栽培料为木屑35%、棉籽壳35%、麸皮23%、玉米粉5%、石膏1%、红糖1%，含水量65%，20 ℃避光条件下发菌，25-37 d后满袋，之后进行出菇管理，调整湿度至80%-99%，20 ℃恒温培养15 d后将温度降低至10 ℃，低温培养1-2 d后继续进行20 ℃恒温培养，约3-9 d后产生原基，之后提高湿度至95%-99%，3-4 d后子实体成熟，采收两潮菇，平均产量0.124 kg/棒，头潮菇生物学效率达96.1%，二潮菇生物学效率49%。
24 冬荪鬼笔Phallus dongsun T.H. Li et al.
李政(2022)对冬荪鬼笔进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为葡萄糖和果糖，最适氮源为蛋白胨、酵母浸粉和牛肉膏，最适碳氮比为10:1-20:1，最适温度为25-28 ℃，最适pH为5.0；其最佳栽培料碳氮比为60:1-70:1，最佳栽培料配方为木屑68%、麦麸30%、石膏粉1%、蔗糖1%，料水比1:1.2，25 ℃暗培养65 d满袋，覆含水量50%的草炭土40 d后形成菇蕾，80-90 d后子实体成熟，生物学效率17%。
25 超短裙鬼笔Phallus ultraduplicatus X.D. Yu et al.
李政等(2021)对超短裙鬼笔进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为葡萄糖，最适氮源为蛋白胨，最适碳氮比为20:1-40:1，最适温度为25-28 ℃，最适pH为5.0-7.0；其最佳栽培料碳氮比为60:1，最佳栽培料配方为木屑80%、麦麸18%、石膏粉1%、蔗糖1%，料水比1:1.2，发菌温度为25 ℃，避光培养75 d后满袋，覆土栽培25 d后形成菇蕾，30-45 d后子实体成熟，生物学效率为34%。
26 柠檬鳞伞Pholiota limonella (Peck) Sacc.
蔡婧等(2021)对柠檬鳞伞进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为麦芽糖和蔗糖，最适氮源为硝酸钾，最适生长温度为25 ℃，最适pH为7.0；最佳栽培料为阔叶树木屑80%、麸皮19%、石膏1%，含水量60%、室温24-26 ℃条件下暗培养约60 d满袋，出菇阶段置于温度10-22 ℃、相对湿度>90%的环境，25-30 d产生原基，35-40 d后子实体成熟，每袋产量为(72.04±13.38) g，平均生物学效率为24.01%；鳞伞属部分物种具有毒性无法食用，目前该种尚未被记载有毒，其食用性有待进一步考证。
27 拟翘鳞伞Pholiota squarrosoides (Peck) Sacc.
王守现等(2014)对拟翘鳞伞进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为葡萄糖，最适氮源为酵母浸粉，最适碳氮比为20:1，最适生长因子为维生素B1，最适生长温度为28 ℃，最适pH为7.0；培养料为棉籽壳60%、木屑18%、麦麸15%、玉米粉5%、石膏1%、石灰1%，含水量60%-65%、温度23-25 ℃、空气湿度50%-60%条件下暗培养25 d左右满袋，之后搔菌并低温处理3-5 d，出菇阶段温度调整至20-25 ℃、湿度80%-90%，20-22 d可产生原基，原基分化6-8 d后即可采收第一潮菇，两潮菇生产周期约75-87 d，生物学效率51.29%；该菌栽培子实体生物转化率高、营养价值高，但原基产生时间较长，可考虑与形态特征较近的同属近缘种黄伞进行杂交。
28 黄毛黄侧耳Phyllotopsis nidulans (Pers.) Singer
金宇昌和李玉(2012)对黄毛黄侧耳进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为果糖，最适氮源为蛋白胨，最适碳氮比为30:1，最适生长温度为25 ℃，最适pH为6.0；最佳栽培料为硬杂木屑39%、玉米芯39%、麦麸20%、石灰1%、石膏1%，含水量60%、25 ℃暗培养(48±4.5) d满袋，出菇阶段温度22-24 ℃、湿度85%-95%，生物转化率37.8%。
29 冷杉侧耳Pleurotus abieticola R.H. Petersen & K.W. Hughes
罗智檜等(2020)对冷杉侧耳进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为玉米粉，最适氮源为豆粉，最适碳氮比为40:1，最适温度为25 ℃，最适pH为7.0；最佳栽培料为棉籽壳70%、木屑15%、麸皮15%、石膏1%、轻质碳酸钙1%，含水量60%条件下25 ℃避光培养45-50 d后，再保持湿度90%进行变温处理，5-8 d形成原基，7-9 d后分化成子实体；人工栽培子实体与野生子实体在形态特征上有一定差异且略大于野生子实体，因此适宜进行驯化栽培。
30 中柄侧耳Pleurotus centralis X.D. Yu et al.
陈政明等(2013)对中柄侧耳进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适温度25 ℃，最适pH为6.0；其最佳栽培料配方为木屑20%、玉米芯60%、麸皮16%、石灰2%、CaCO3 2%，含水量65%、pH中性或弱碱性，30 d满袋，出菇期最适温度25-28 ℃，湿度80%-95%，并加以适当散射光，每袋产量为273.9 g，生物转化率68.5%，春秋两季皆可栽培；培养料经过发酵更适宜该菌种栽培，但要防止腐熟过度透气性变差，同时栽培过程中要保持温度在20 ℃以上，以免影响农艺性状。
31 卵孢侧耳Pleurotus placentodes (Berk.) Sacc.
牛玉蓉等(2017)对卵孢侧耳进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适生长温度为24 ℃，最适pH为7.0-7.5；栽培料为棉籽壳50%、苹果树木屑30%、麸皮18%、石灰2%，含水量65%-70%、温度23-25 ℃，暗培养30 d左右满袋后继续培养20-25 d，搔菌后进行出菇管理，降低温度至12-18 ℃，控制空气相对湿度80%-90%，从接种到第一潮子实体采收约64-71 d，可持续采收3-5潮，生物学效率为31.4%±3.5%；袋栽培养需要后熟处理，该物种具有耐低温特性，适宜进行人工栽培。
32 网顶光柄菇Pluteus umbrosus (Pers.) P. Kumm.
丁野等(2017)对网顶光柄菇进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为可溶性淀粉，最适氮源为酵母浸粉和尿素，最适生长温度为25 ℃，最适pH为5.0；栽培料为阔叶树木屑78%、麦麸20%、石灰1%、石膏1%，温度25 ℃条件下暗培养可以成功形成子实体，但栽培周期对其出菇品质具有较大影响。
33 团炭角菌Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev.
张清卿等(2020)对团炭角菌进行了驯化栽培研究，发现其菌丝培养最适碳源为果糖，最适氮源为酵母浸膏，最适生长温度为23 ℃，最适pH为6.0；栽培料为木屑78%、麸皮21%、蔗糖1%和石膏粉1%，栽培料中央打孔处理，含水量60%、pH自然、25 ℃暗培养发菌，15 d满袋后降低温度并提高湿度，40-55 d形成原基，10 d后可采收第一潮菇，生物学效率为9.18%；栽培料不做打孔处理产量差异不大但栽培周期稍长。
除上述已成功驯化的蘑菇类食药用菌外，孟庆国等(2021)对杨树口蘑Tricholoma populinum J.E. Lange也进行了驯化栽培试验，但经过出菇管理仅能产生与子实体原基相似的菌丝形态，并不能形成真正子实体；刘玉芳(2016)对巴尔喀什蘑菇Agaricus balchaschensis Samgina & G.A. Nam进行的驯化栽培研究也发现同样情况，采用不同培养方式菌丝均能顺利萌发并形成扭结菌丝，但无法形成子实体；此外，凡启超(2016)对松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray的驯化试验也仅有部分处理菌丝爬出土壤，但并未凝结成子实体；修翠娟(2012)对蒙古口蘑Tricholoma mongolicum S. Imai也进行了人工驯化栽培试验，结果表明菌丝熟料上生长良好，但覆土后无法爬土，进而无法出菇。
据统计，10年前我国已经成功驯化栽培的蘑菇类食药用菌种类中主要的属包括侧耳属Pleurotus (Fr.) P. (17种)和蘑菇属Agaricus (11种)等，木耳属Auricularia Bull. (2种)和小奥德蘑属Oudemansiella Speg. (1种)的物种相对较少；近10年新增加的33种成功驯化的蘑菇类食药用菌物种分别隶属于20个属，其中木耳属Auricularia (4种)、侧耳属Pleurotus (3种)、蘑菇属Agaricus (3种)和小奥德蘑属Oudemansiella (3种)，其他属相对较少(2种或1种)；平均每年成功驯化栽培3种以上，这些新增加的种类为我国食药用菌产业提供了丰富的基础资源。
33种新成功驯化栽培的蘑菇类食药用菌中有25种对菌丝生长的最适碳源、氮源、温度和pH值进行了研究，最适碳源主要有葡萄糖(7种)、蔗糖(5种)和麦芽糖(麦芽浸粉) (5种)，最适氮源为酵母浸粉(9种)、蛋白胨(8种)和豆粉(4种)。最适温度为25 ℃的有12种、25-30 ℃有6种、16-25 ℃有6种、30 ℃以上的有1种，说明多数种类适合25 ℃条件下生长。上述蘑菇种类真菌最适pH值范围较广，其中大部分种类喜偏酸性(pH 5.0-7.0)，有15种，5种喜偏碱性(pH 7.0- 8.5)、3种喜中性(pH 7.0)，说明多数蘑菇类食药用菌嗜酸性。
另外，33种蘑菇类食药用菌中有22种为木腐菌，其余生长于林地上或草腐，说明近年来主要对木腐类食药用菌驯化栽培进行了研究；通过对上述不同物种的栽培料配方进行对比分析发现，针对木腐类真菌，其栽培料配方多以木屑为主，辅以麸皮、玉米芯等；而生长于林地上或草腐类真菌也大多是以木屑作为栽培料主要成分，但也可选择稻草、棉籽壳或粪草混合培养料，这些研究结果为我国食药用菌驯化培养和栽培研究提供重要参考。
过去研究者们对于蘑菇类食药用菌的研究大多集中在农艺性状及栽培繁育(戴玉成 2003；安琪等 2015；陈绪涛等 2021；姜宁等 2021；姜婉竹等 2021；戚元成等 2021；汪乔等 2021；王瑞娟等 2023)、活性成分及药用价值(涂小曼等 2021；郭东东等 2022；李春怡和王晓岩 2022；颜蜜等 2022)、区系分化及多样性分析(刘新锐等 2021；武英达等 2021，2022；曹槟等 2022；李挺等 2023；田诗义等 2023)、系统发育(娜琴和图力古尔 2020；高利慧等 2021；刘祈猛等 2021；Yuan et al. 2021；Liu et al. 2022)等。近10年来随着我国研究者对于野生蘑菇的人工驯化栽培研究不断深入，越来越多的蘑菇投入商业生产中，极大地提高了我国食药用菌的产量，促进了我国食药用菌产业的快速发展。上述近10年33种新成功驯化栽培的蘑菇类食药用菌中，许多种类都具有极高的食药用价值，比如柳生金针菇Flammulina rossica胞外粗多糖可明显增加血清中各种细胞因子的表达，通过增强细胞和体液免疫功能起到抗肿瘤作用(朱宴妍等 2015)；厚褶小奥德蘑Oudemansiella crassifolia菌丝体水提液对羟自由基的清除能力是维生素C的1.81倍，具有较强的抗氧化能力(史钏等 2019)；冬荪鬼笔Phallus dongsun的菌托中含有丰富的蛋白质、粗纤维及氨基酸，且含有8种人体必需氨基酸，具有较强ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基清除能力(郑秀艳等 2022)，这些物种都具有广阔的商业化应用前景。
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Chemical composition of Morchella sextelata (Pezizales, Ascomycota)
Effects of culture substrates on nutritional and flavor components of Pleurotus pulmonarius
Breeding of a new Flammulina filiformis cultivar ‘Shangyan 1820’ by single spore hybridization
Domestication and cultivation of Oudemansiella canarii
Analysis of domestication, cultivation and nutritional components Pholiota squarrosoides
A mini-review of chemical composition and nutritional value of edible wild-grown mushroom from China
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.062 URL [本文引用: 1]
A checklist of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in China
Discussion on the domestication and utilization of mycorrhizal fungi
Notes on the nomenclature of the Auricularia auricula-judae complex
Resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi: edible, medicinal and poisonous species
DOI:10.1007/s13225-019-00432-7 [本文引用: 1]
Species diversity, distribution and composition of polypores occurring in botanical gardens in China
Aims: Polypores are an important group of wood-decaying fungi with important ecological functions. Previous studies on the diversity and floristic composition of polypores were mostly in natural forests. Studies on the species, distribution and floristic composition of polypores in botanical gardens were largely unknown. This study systematically investigated the species, distribution and floristic composition of polypores in 31 botanical gardens in China, aiming to clarify whether the botanical gardens can effectively protect polypores while protecting plants.
Methods: In this study, investigations on polypores in 31 botanical gardens from 31 Chinese provinces were carried out during 2010-2021. On the basis of species identification, we analyzed the species diversity, composition and distribution of polypores in botanical gardens and forest ecosystems.
Results: A total of 164 polypore species was found based on the specimens collected from these gardens, and identified to 79 genera, 23 families and 6 orders. Among the 31 gardens, the species-richest gardens are Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XTGB) in Yunnan, Danzhou Tropical Botanical Garden in Hainan and Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant in Guangxi, and 90, 46 and 37 polypores were found, respectively; While the most species-poorest gardens are Lanzhou Botanical Garden in Gansu Province, Xining Botanical Garden in Qinghai Province and Urumqi Botanical Garden in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, where only 4, 3 and 2 polypores were found, respectively. Among the 164 polypores, the three most common species Trametes versicolor, Irpex lacteus and Bjerkandera adusta were found in 24, 18 and 18 botanical gardens, respectively. Other 32 species, like Abundisporus mollissimus, were found in a single botanical garden only. Among the 164 polypores, the common species, occasional species and rare species are respectively 114, 40 and 10. The polypore and rare species in the investigated gardens account for 16% and 3.1% of the total Chinese polypores and the rare ones, respectively. Among the ten rare species, six were found in natural forests in XTBG, four were only found in plantations, and they account for 2.4% of total polypores found in the gardens and 1.3% of total rare Chinese polypores, respectively. Tropical, subtropical, temperate, widely distributed in North Hemisphere and boreal elements were discovered in the garden polypores, and corresponding species are 50, 45, 38, 20 and 11, and they account for 30.5%, 27.4%, 23.2%, 12.2% and 6.7% of the total garden polypores, respectively.
Conclusion: Botanical gardens have less function for conservation of polypores, particularly for rare species. The majority polypores growing in botanical garden in our investigations are the common species. Nature reserves, national park or forest parks are the most important areas for conservation of polypores, especially the rare species.
Comparison of polypore florae and diversity from temperate to subtropical forest zones in China
<p id="p00010"><strong>Background:</strong> Polypores are an important group of wood-decaying fungi and have important ecological functions and economic values. The unique geographical structure and complex vegetation types in China provide abundant substrates for the growth of polypores. Although the taxonomy of polypores has been well studied in China, few comparative studies on the diversity and flora of polypores among different climatic zones has been performed. This study is intended to compare the florae and populations of polypores in multiple forest zones with different climates and vegetations, and will provide the basis for the protection of species diversity and the development of application potential of polypores. <br><strong> Methods:</strong> In this study, we comparatively analyzed the polypore species, ecological habits and floral characteristics in the Altai Mountains, the Qinling Mountains and the Nanling Mountains which are respectively located in boreal, temperate and subtropical zones in China. <br><strong> Results:</strong> A total of 287 poroid wood-decaying fungal species belonging to 107 genera, 29 families, and 8 orders were obtained from the three mountain ranges. Of these species, 84, 132 and 160 were found in the Altai Mountains, the Qinling Mountains and the Nanling Mountains, respectively, and the community was dominated by families Polyporaceae and Hymenochaetaceae. In the generic and species levels, 25 genera and 14 species were common in the three mountain ranges. Floristic analysis found that polypores in the Altai Mountains and the Qinling Mountains were dominated by the cosmopolitan and the northern temperate elements, while polypores in the Nanling Mountains were dominated by the cosmopolitan and the pantropical taxa. In terms of host preference, polypores in the Altai Mountains preferentially grow on gymnosperms over angiosperms, while the opposite was true in the Qinling Mountains and Nanling Mountains. In the two rotting types caused by polypores, the species number of white rot polypores increased, but that of the brown rot decreased, gradually from boreal to subtropical zones. <br><strong> Conclusion:</strong> Climate and vegetation types are the major influencing factors on the flora composition of polypores, based on the analysis of species diversity, host preference and decaying type of polypores in the three mountains.</p>
Separation and artificial domestication of wild koumo mushroom (Tricholoma gambosum)
Identification, artificial cultivation and fermentation technology of a wild Helvella
Protective effects of Dictyophora rubrovalvata polysaccharide on alcoholic liver injury in rats
A new and edible species of Hygrophoropsis (Boletales, Basidiomycota) from North China
Biological characteristics and domestication of wild Auricularia auricula Aa-015
An updated global species diversity and phylogeny in the forest pathogenic genus Heterobasidion (Basidiomycota, Russulales)
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2020.596393
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Heterobasidion species are amongst the most intensively studied polypores because several species are aggressive white rot pathogens of managed coniferous forests mainly in Europe and North America. In the present study, both morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses were carried out on Heterobasidion samples from Asia, Oceania, Europe and North America. Three new taxa were found, i.e., H. armandii, H. subinsulare, and H. subparviporum are from Asia and are described as new species. H. ecrustosum is treated as a synonym of H. insulare. So far, six taxa in the H. annosum species complex are recognized. Heterobasidion abietinum, H. annosum, and H. parviporum occur in Europe, H. irregulare, and H. occidentale in North America, and H. subparviporum in East Asia. The North American H. irregulare was introduced to Italy during the Second World War. Species in the H. annosum complex are pathogens of coniferous trees, except H. subparviporum that seems to be a saprotroph. Ten species are found in the H. insulare species complex, all of them are saprotrophs. The pathogenic species are distributed in Europe and North America; the Asian countries should consider the European and North American species as entry plant quarantine fungi. Parallelly, European countries should consider the American H. occidentale and H. irregulare as entry plant quarantine fungi although the latter species is already in Italy, while North America should treat H. abietinum, H. annosum s.s., and H. parviporum as entry plant quarantine fungi. Eight Heterobasidion species found in the Himalayas suggest that the ancestral Heterobasidion species may have occurred in Asia.
Biological characteristics of Xylaria hypoxylon: a rare and medicinal macro-fungi from Tibet area
Biological characteristics and cultivation of Auricularia fibrillifera
Biological characteristics and cultivation of fruit body of wild edible mushroom Auricularia villosula
DOI:10.5109/1909896 URL [本文引用: 1]
Isolation, identification and cultivation of a wild-type Flammulina fennae
Study of wild Lyophyllum sp. about ITS sequence analysis and biological characteristics
Evaluation of nutritional values and antioxidant capacities of Dictyophora rubrovalvata volva and Phallus impudicus L. volva
Two new species of Hymenochaetaceae from tropical Asia and America
DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1100044
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Two new species in Hymenochaetaceae, Fulvifomes acaciae and Pyrrhoderma nigra, are illustrated and described from tropical Asia and America based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. F. acaciae is characterized by perennial, pileate, and woody hard basidiomata when fresh; ash gray to dark gray, encrusted, concentrically sulcate, and irregularly cracked pileal surface; circular pores of 7–8 per mm with entire dissepiments; a dimitic hyphal system in trama and context; absence of setal element and presence of cystidioles; and broadly ellipsoid, yellowish brown, thick-walled, and smooth basidiospores measuring 5–6 μm × 4–5 μm. P. nigra is characterized by perennial and resupinate basidiomata with dark gray to almost black pore surface when fresh; small and circular pores of 7–9 per mm, a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae simple septate, hyphoid setae dominant in subiculum but not in tube trama, and absence of cystidia; and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled basidiospores measuring 4–5 μm × 3–3.6 μm. The differences between the new species and morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are discussed. Keys to Fulvifomes and Pyrrhoderma have also been provided.
Two new brown rot polypores from tropical China
DOI:10.3897/mycokeys.82.68299
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Brown-rot fungi are types of fungi that selectively degrade cellulose and hemicellulose from wood and are perhaps the most important agents involved in the degradation of wood products and dead wood in forest ecosystem. Two new brown-rot species, collected from southern China, are nested within the clades of Fomitopsis sensu stricto and Oligoporus sensu stricto, respectively. Their positions are strongly supported in the Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree of the concatenated the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nuSSU), the small subunit of mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1) sequences. Fomitopsis bambusae, only found on bamboo, is characterised by its resupinate to effused-reflexed or pileate basidiocarps, small pores (6–9 per mm), the absence of cystidia, short cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.2–6.1 × 2–2.3 μm. Oligoporus podocarpi is characterised by white to pale cream pore surface, round or sometimes angular pores (5–6 per mm), broadly ellipsoid to reniform basidiospores measuring 3.8–4.2 × 2–2.3 μm and growing on Podocarpus. Illustrated descriptions of these two novel species, Fomitopsis bambusae and Oligoporus podocarpi, are provided.
Anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects of exopolysaccharides from Flammulina rossica on H 22 tumor-bearing mice
Isolation, identification and domestication of a wild Pleurotus ostreatus
Optimization of batch cultivation conditions of wild Hygrophoropsis sp. in Tianjin Qilihai
我国主栽皱环球盖菇菌株遗传多样性及栽培特性
中国森林大型真菌重要类群多样性和系统学研究
基于遗传多样性构建金针菇的核心种质群体及分子身份证
榆耳种质资源主要农艺性状的数量评估
中国各省植物园中多孔菌种类、分布和组成
DOI:10.17520/biods.2022213
[本文引用: 1]
多孔菌是木材腐朽菌中最关键的真菌类群, 是森林生态系统的重要组成部分。为了明确植物园对植物上真菌资源的保护状况, 在2010-2021年间, 作者对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的31个代表性植物园中木本植物上的多孔菌进行了系统调查、标本采集和种类鉴定, 记录多孔菌164种, 隶属于担子菌门伞菌纲6目23科79属。其中, 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园、儋州热带植物园和广西药用植物园多孔菌种类最多, 分别有90种、46种和37种; 兰州植物园、西宁植物园和乌鲁木齐植物园物种数量最少, 分别有4种、3种和2种。在植物园中, 分布最多的物种是云芝栓孔菌(Trametes versicolor)、白囊耙齿菌(Irpex lacteus)和黑管孔菌(Bjerkandera adusta), 分别生长在24、18和18个植物园中, 而软多孢孔菌(Abundisporus mollissimus)等32种多孔菌只发现于中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园中。在164种多孔菌中, 常见种、偶见种和稀有种分别有114、40和10种。生长在植物园中的多孔菌仅占全国所有森林生态系统多孔菌总数的16%, 而植物园中发现的稀有种仅占全国稀有种总数的3.1%。在10种稀有多孔菌中, 有6种发现于中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园的天然林中, 其中4种稀有多孔菌发现于植物园内的人工林中, 占植物园所有多孔菌的2.4%, 占全国稀有多孔菌的1.3%。所调查植物园多孔菌包括了热带、亚热带、温带、北半球广布和寒温带成分, 分别包括50、45、38、20和11种, 占本研究多孔菌总数的30.5%、27.4%、23.2%、12.2%和6.7%。目前中国植物园保存了我国60%的植物种类, 包括85%的珍稀濒危植物, 但对生长在植物园中的多孔菌资源保护作用有限。因此, 对稀有多孔菌的保育仍需聚焦在森林生态系统的保护上。
我国寒温带至亚热带森林多孔菌区系和多样性比较
DOI:10.17520/biods.2021094
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多孔菌是木材腐朽菌的重要类群, 具有重要的生态功能和经济价值。本文比较分析了我国寒温带至亚热带的阿尔泰山脉、秦岭山脉和南岭山脉的多孔菌物种、生态习性和区系特征。经调查, 在三个山脉共发现多孔菌8目29科107属287种, 其中阿尔泰山、秦岭和南岭分别为84种、132种、160种, 优势科均为多孔菌科和锈革孔菌科。三个山脉的共有属和共有种分别为25个和14个。区系地理分析发现, 阿尔泰山脉和秦岭山脉以世界广布成分和北温带成分为主, 南岭山脉以世界广布和泛热带成分为主。在寄主选择性方面, 阿尔泰山脉的多孔菌偏好生长在裸子植物上, 其比例高于被子植物, 而秦岭和南岭则相反。在腐朽类型方面, 从寒温带至亚热带白腐真菌物种数量呈现逐渐上升的趋势, 而褐腐真菌数量逐渐下降。通过比较分析3个不同气候带的多孔菌物种多样性、寄主偏好性和引起的腐朽类型, 发现气候和植被类型是影响多孔菌区系组成的主要因素。
柳生金针菇胞外粗多糖对小鼠肝癌H22移植性肿瘤的抑制作用和免疫功能调节的研究
