The Halichondria sponge-derived fungus, Gymnacella dankaliensis, was cultured in two different media conditions. A modified malt extract medium containing soluble starch instead of glucose resulted in two extremely unusual steroids, dankasterones A (2) and B (3), while four additional unusual steroids, gymnasterones A (4), B (5), C (6), and D (7), were isolated from the original malt extract medium. Their stereostructures have been established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses along with X-ray crystal structure analyses, modified Mosher's method, CD exciton method, and a chemical transformation. All the steroids except for 4 exhibited significant growth inhibition against the murine P388 cancer cell line. Dankasterone A (2) also exhibited potent growth inhibition against human cancer cell lines.

The entomopathogenic genus Ophiocordyceps includes a highly diverse group of fungal species, predominantly parasitizing insects in the orders Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. However, other insect orders are also parasitized by these fungi, for example the Blattodea (termites and cockroaches). Despite their ubiquity in nearly all environments insects occur, blattodeans are rarely found infected by filamentous fungi and thus, their ecology and evolutionary history remain obscure. In this study, we propose a new species of Ophiocordyceps infecting the social cockroaches Salganea esakii and S. taiwanensis, based on 16 years of collections and field observations in Japan, especially in the Ryukyu Archipelago. We found a high degree of genetic similarity between specimens from different islands, infecting these two Salganea species and that this relationship is ancient, likely not originating from a recent host jump. Furthermore, we found that Ophiocordyceps lineages infecting cockroaches evolved around the same time, at least twice, one from beetles and the other from termites. We have also investigated the evolutionary relationships between Ophiocordyceps and termites and present the phylogenetic placement of O. cf. blattae. Our analyses also show that O. sinensis could have originated from an ancestor infecting termite, instead of beetle larvae as previously proposed.

This review covers the isolation and chemistry of the diterpenoids from terrestrial as opposed to marine sources and includes labdanes, clerodanes, abietanes, pimaranes, kauranes, gibberellins, cembranes and their cyclization products and taxanes. There are 161 references.

Patients receiving chronic steroids have an increased susceptibility to many different types of infections. The risk of infection is related to the dose of steroid and the duration of therapy. Although pyogenic bacteria are the most common pathogens, chronic steroid use increases the risk of infection with intracellular pathogens such as Listeria, many fungi, the herpes viruses, and certain parasites. Clinicians should consider both common and unusual opportunistic infections in patients receiving chronic steroids.

Nucleoside analogues are among the most successful bioactive classes of druglike compounds in pharmaceutical chemistry as they are well-known for their numerous effective bioactivities in humans, especially as antiviral and anticancer agents. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still untreatable, with its causing virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continuing to wreak havoc on the ground everywhere. This complicated international situation urged all concerned scientists, including medicinal chemists and drug discoverers, to search for a potent anti-COVID-19 drug. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) is a known natural adenosine analogue of fungal origin, which could also be synthetically produced. This bioactive phytochemical compound is characterized by several proven strong pharmacological actions that may effectively contribute to the comprehensive treatment of COVID-19, with the antiviral activities being the leading ones. Some new studies predicted the possible inhibitory affinities of cordycepin against the principal SARS-CoV-2 protein targets (, SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, main protease (M) enzyme, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme) based on the computational approach. Interestingly, the current research showed, for the first time, that cordycepin is able to potently inhibit the multiplication of the new resistant strains of SARS-CoV-2 with a very minute anti-SARS-CoV-2 EC of about 2 μM, edging over both remdesivir and its active metabolite GS-441524. The ideal pharmacophoric features of the cordycepin molecule render it a typical inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 replication, with its flexible structure open for most types of derivatization in the future. Briefly, the current findings further support and suggest the repurposing possibility of cordycepin against COVID-19 and greatly encourage us to confidently and rapidly begin its preclinical/clinical evaluations for the comprehensive treatment of COVID-19.© 2022 The Author. Published by American Chemical Society.

Cordycepin (COR) and pentostatin (PTN) are adenosine analogs with related bioactivity profiles as both mimic adenosine and can inhibit some of the processes that are adenosine dependent. Both COR and PTN are also natural products and were originally isolated from the fungus Cordyceps militaris and the bacterium Streptomyces antibioticus, respectively. Here, we report that not only is PTN produced by C. militaris but that biosynthesis of COR is coupled with PTN production by a single gene cluster. We also demonstrate that this coupling is an important point of metabolic regulation where PTN safeguards COR from deamination by inhibiting adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity. ADA is not inhibited until COR reaches self-toxic levels, at which point ADA derepression occurs allowing for detoxification of COR to 30-deoxyinosine. Finally, we show that using our biosynthetic insights, we can engineer C. militaris to produce higher levels of COR and PTN.

The mechanism of apoptosis and migration of renal cancer cell lines after stimulation by cordycepin administration was explored. Kidney cancer 786-O cell line and kidney cancer ACHN cell line were cultured in vitro, and MTT method, cell migration experiment, HE staining, immunofluorescence staining, and protein immunoimprinting were used to examine the inhibition rate of proliferation, cell migration, cell morphology and nuclear morphology of renal cancer cell lines under different concentration of cordycepin administration. The expression of apoptosis-related gene proteins was investigated, and the mechanism of apoptosis induced by cordycepin in renal cancer cells was explored. With the increase of concentration and dose, cordycepin can significantly promote apoptosis and inhibit migration of renal cancer cell lines. Morphological and HE staining observation showed that the number of cancer cells was significantly reduced, and the nucleus was significantly enlarged. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and BCL-2 proteins decreased significantly, the expression of Bax, Casepase-3 and Casepase-7 proteins increased significantly, and the apoptosis renal cancer cells could be induced through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Macro-basidiomycetes are widely distributed and diverse. They are not only important food resources, but also a treasure of medicinal resources. Terpenoids are one of the main active ingredients found in the fruiting bodies of macrobasidiomycetes, including sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, etc. These compounds have effects of preventing, relieving or treating cancer, depression, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other diseases. At present, the basic backbone structure characteristics of diterpenoids isolated from basidiomycetes can be divided into six types: cyathanes, pleuromutilins, guanacastanes, pimaranes, abietanes, and crinipellins. In this review, the structural characteristics, biological activities, and biosynthesis of diterpenoids in basidiomycetes were summarized. Diterpene synthase involved in the biosynthesis of diterpenoids in basidiomycetes is classified, and two important biosynthetic pathways of diterpenoids are systematically summarized and discussed.

以天然蝉花虫草生药为对照，以中国仓鼠卵巢肿瘤（Chinese hamster ovary，CHO）细胞株为模型，采用刃天青染色法检测人工培育蝉花虫草的抗肿瘤活性。结果表明：人工培育蝉花虫草和天然蝉花虫草生药都具有抗肿瘤活性，且活性成分均为中等极性化合物。对人工培育蝉花虫草中的抗肿瘤活性成分进行分离制备，得到两种化合物，命名为化合物1和化合物2。化合物1经鉴定为虫草素，化合物2经纯度验证为纯品，活性验证结果发现当其质量浓度为50 μg/mL时，对CHO细胞抑制率高达（94.55±2.33）%。

通过中高压层析、薄层色谱层析、凝胶色谱层析等多种分离纯化技术，从松杉灵芝发酵菌丝体中制备得到15个羊毛甾烷型四环三萜化合物，通过核磁共振、质谱对化合物结构进行解析，分别鉴定为(22S,24E)-3-oxo-15α,22β-dihydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (1)、(22S,24E)-3-oxo- 15α-hydroxy-22β-acetoxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (2)、(22S,24E)-3-oxo-15α,22β-diacetoxylanosta- 7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (3)、15-hydroxy-ganoderic acid S (4)、ganodermic acid Jb (5)、ganoderic acid P (6)、ganodermic acid Ja (7)、ganoderic acid X (8)、ganodermic acid TQ (9)、ganoderic acid Me (10)、ganoderic acid Mf (11)、ganoderic acid Y (12)、ganoderic acid Z (13)、lanosta-7,9,(11),24-trien-3α- hydroxy-26-oic acid (14)和ganoderic acid S1 (15)。以上15个化合物均为首次从松杉灵芝发酵菌丝体中分离获得。该结果丰富了灵芝属真菌发酵产物的研究，为后续的活性研究提供了物质基础。

淡紫拟青霉是子囊菌门、肉座菌目、蛇形虫草科、Purpureocillium属的一种丝状真菌。它是一种广谱性很强的生防菌,不仅对植物寄生线虫、蚜虫、红蜘蛛、温室粉虱和切叶蚁等有很好的防治作用,而且对多种植物病原真菌、细菌乃至病毒也有抑制作用。淡紫拟青霉分泌的几丁质酶与丝氨酸蛋白酶能够降解线虫表皮的蛋白质和几丁质组成成分,利于侵入并破坏细胞成分;也能内生于植物,产生效应物对其它真菌产生拮抗作用;也能定殖于植物根际,产生次级代谢产物,对真菌、线虫等产生抑杀作用。目前对淡紫拟青霉次级代谢产物的研究主要有非核糖体肽类、生物碱及聚酮化合物等的合成调控、活性作用和分子结构确定。淡紫拟青霉所产的非核糖体肽类化合物有白灰制菌素A和B,生物碱有拟青霉酰胺,聚酮化合物有Acremoxanthone C和Acremonidin A。综述了淡紫拟青霉次级代谢产物的研究进展,讨论了淡紫拟青霉次级代谢产物的研究意义,最后展望了淡紫拟青霉的研究前景,以期为相关研究者了解淡紫拟青霉提供参考。

结合形态学与ITS序列分析对7株野生虫草真菌进行分类鉴定。MTT法分析它们的菌丝体醇提取物对肝癌HepG2细胞增殖的抑制活性。鉴定结果表明菌株MF7、MF9、MF14为细脚棒束孢Isaria tenuipes,菌株MF11、MF12、MF13为蝉棒束孢Isaria cicadae,菌株MF10为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana;MTT结果显示分离到的3株细脚棒束孢和3株蝉棒束孢的菌丝体醇提取物对HepG2的抑制活性较差,IC₅₀均大于500μg/mL;球孢白僵菌MF10对HepG2细胞有一定抑制作用,IC₅₀值为221.6μg/mL,略强于蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵菌丝粉产品金水宝胶囊（IC₅₀=364μg/mL）和中华被毛孢发酵菌丝粉产品百令胶囊（IC₅₀=268.7μg/mL）。另外,发现供对比试验的3株蛹虫草菌株（MF1、MF5、MF15）对HepG2细胞均有较好的抑制作用,其中MF15的发酵菌丝体醇提取物活性最强,IC₅₀为55.56μg/mL,暗示蛹虫草发酵菌丝体具有重要的研究价值。

从蛛毛苣苔叶片中分离一株内生真菌GZY-Z-02，经分子生物学方法鉴定为Purpureocillium lilacinum，以大米固体培养基于室温培养30 d，经乙酸乙酯浸提，以正向硅胶、凝胶色谱及HPLC等手段分离得到12个化合物，通过核磁共振、质谱及CD谱等手段鉴定其结构，12个化合物均为生物碱类次级代谢产物，其中新化合物1个，为lilacinumopin (1)，5个环二肽类衍生物(2-6)，2个简单吲哚类衍生物(7-8)，3个核苷类衍生物(9-11)及核黄素(12)。通过抗菌活性筛选，发现化合物1，7和8有中等强度地抑制金黄葡萄球菌的活性。

为探究不同野生灵芝的主要活性成分以及对野生灵芝的开发利用价值,对13种野生灵芝菌株在同一条件下进行液体发酵,采用化学分析的方法,比较菌丝体胞内三萜和多糖的含量差异。结果显示,13种灵芝菌株的三萜和多糖含量有很大差异,其中无柄紫灵芝Ganoderma mastoporum、亮盖灵芝G. lucidum和树舌灵芝G. applanatum的三萜含量较高;树舌灵芝G. applanatum、紫芝G. sinense和褐灵芝G. brownii的多糖含量较高。目前国内广泛栽培灵芝G. lingzhi的野生菌株发酵产物中的三萜和多糖含量并不是最高的,研究结果表明不同种类的野生灵芝还有进一步挖掘的潜在价值。

为明确吉林省蛟河市灵芝Ganoderma lingzhi栽培主产区发生的疑似灵芝蛛网病的病原菌,作者通过罹病灵芝子实体病原物的分离纯化、致病性测定、形态学和分子生物学鉴定以及病原菌的生物学特性研究,证明引起吉林省蛟河市灵芝蛛网病的病原菌为嗜菌枝葡霉Cladobotryum mycophilum。该菌营养体最适生长条件为温度25℃、pH 5、蔗糖作碳源、酵母浸粉作氮源,光照对菌丝体生长有一定的抑制作用,完全黑暗最适宜生长。本文研究结果为进一步研究该病害的发生规律和防治措施提供了理论参考。

以灵芝子实体中18种主要三萜化合物为对照品，建立了灵芝三萜的高效液相定量检测方法。采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)，以乙腈-水(0.01%乙酸)为流动相进行梯度洗脱，柱温30 ℃，流速1.0 mL/min，检测波长254 nm。该方法实现了18种三萜化合物的基线分离，精密度、重复性、稳定性和加样回收率均符合方法学要求。将该方法应用于2个灵芝品种在不同栽培环境下的三萜含量评价中，结果发现，三萜的含量与品种、栽培环境都有很大的相关性，品种是影响灵芝子实体三萜含量的主要因素，但在不同环境下，同一品种的灵芝三萜含量也会发生变化。

探究肾癌细胞系经虫草素给药刺激后，细胞凋亡及迁移的机制。体外培养肾癌786-O细胞系和肾癌ACHN细胞系，采用MTT法、细胞迁移实验、HE染色、免疫荧光染色及蛋白免疫印记法；检验不同浓度虫草素处理肾癌细胞系增殖抑制率、细胞迁移情况、细胞形态变化和细胞核形态差异，检验凋亡相关基因蛋白表达情况，探究虫草素诱导肾癌细胞的凋亡机制。随着浓度剂量提高，虫草素能够显著促进肾癌细胞系凋亡，抑制迁移。形态学研究表明，HE染色观察发现癌细胞数量明显降低，并且细胞核明显变大。免疫荧光染色发现MMP-2、MMP-9和BCL-2蛋白表达显著降低，Bax、Casepase-3和Casepase-7蛋白表达显著增加，肾癌细胞可通过AKT/mTOR信号通路诱导肾癌细胞凋亡。

大型担子菌分布广泛，种类繁多，它们是重要的食药用资源的宝库。萜类化合物是其主要活性成分之一，包括倍半萜、二萜和三萜等，这些化合物具有预防、缓解或治疗癌症、抑郁症、糖尿病和高脂血症等多种疾病的功效。目前，从担子菌中分离出的二萜类化合物基本骨架结构特征主要为鸟巢烷(cyathanes)型、截短侧耳素(pleuromutilins)型、guanacastanes型、海松烷(pimaranes)型、松香烷(abietanes)型和毛皮伞烷(crinipellins)型6大类型。本文综述了担子菌中二萜类化合物的结构特点、生物活性和生物合成的研究进展，对参与担子菌中二萜化合物生物合成的二萜合成酶进行了分类，对两种重要的二萜化合物生物合成途径进行了系统总结和论述。本文将为未知二萜化合物生物合成途径及关键基因功能解析提供参考。