Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are typical plant symbiotic fungi, playing an important role in ecosystem functioning. However, the diversity, community composition, and ecological patterns of DSEs in cliff-top plants from Danxia landform area are still unclear. Here, we investigated the composition of DSEs in the roots of nine dominant xerophytic plant species from Longhu Mountain, Yingtan, China, including Castanopsis sclerophylla, Commelina communis, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Cyperus rotundus, Juniperus formosana, Loropetalum chinensis, Moringa oleifera, Pinus massoniana and Vaccinium bracteatum. DSEs were isolated using tissue separation method and identified based on morphological and molecular data. A total of 404 strains belonging to 45 taxa were isolated from 990 tissue blocks. Of these DSE strains, Penicillium, Endomycopsis, Aspergillus, and Ascocybe were the dominant fungal genera. DSE community composition distinctly differed among plant species. The richness of genera was positively correlated with plant dominance. The separation rate of DSEs by plant species ranged from 0.5% to 13.3%. However, the richness of DSEs in different plant species was relatively low. The Shannon index of each plant ranged from 0.07 to 1.04, which also positively correlated with plant dominance. The high Simpson diversity indices (avg. > 0.7) and the low Pielou evenness indices (avg. < 0.4) indicated the heterogeneous distribution of DSEs among plant species. The Similarity index among DSE communities ranged from 0.07 to 0.47, showing different community composition across plant species. This study reveals the distribution and diversity of DSEs in cliff-top vegetation of Danxia landforms, which benefits to excavate and utilize the resource of DSEs.

Overgrazing and global climate change have caused most of the Tibetan Plateau alpine grasslands to show a continuous degradation trend. The degradation of the alpine grasslands has led to the gradual replacement of aboveground plant communities, and changes in the diversity and richness of underground soil microbial communities. This review aims to explore the distribution characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the alpine grasslands, and their physiological and ecological effects on close-to-nature restoration. In the alpine grasslands, 4 orders, 14 genera, 61 species of AM fungi have been reported, accounting for about 20% of the known AM fungal species. In the rhizosphere of grasses, the species abundance of AM fungi is the highest in alpine grassland; while in the sedge rhizosphere, the AM fungal spore density is the highest. Among the three alpine grassland vegetation types, AM fungi were the most abundant in alpine steppe with 33 species, followed by 32 species in mountain shrub steppe and only 22 species in alpine meadow. At the AM fungal species level, Acaulospora laevis and Pacispora scintillans are dominant in the alpine steppe, Funneliformis mosseae is dominant in the montane scrub, and A. laevis, Glomus claroideum, and P. scintillans dominate the alpine meadow. The mycorrhizal networks of indigenous AM fungi in alpine grassland can promote plant establishment and growth by regulating the absorption and allocation of nutrient elements; but the invasion of poisonous weeds can change the indigenous AM species diversity and common mycorrhizal networks, limiting the actual niche expansion of native grass species. AM fungal community has high environmental adaptability and resilience in the degraded alpine grassland. AM fungal community restoration not only regulates the establishment and diversity of aboveground plant community, but also increases the production of AM fungal product—glomalin-related soil protein, thereby synergistically improving the underground soil micro-ecosystem, shaping soil habitat for the early vegetation restoration. Therefore, AM fungi have great application potential in the close-to nature restoration of degraded alpine grasslands.

Two specimens of wild macrofungi collected from northwestern Yunnan, were identified as Flammulina rossica and F. filiformis based on molecular phylogenetic (internal transcriptional spacer) analysis and morphological characters. The isolated strains Mdr-02 and Mdr-09 were used to study their biological characteristics and domestication. The effects of carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, pH value and inorganic salt on growth of the mycelium were investigated by single factor test and three optimal levels were selected for orthogonal the test to investigate effects of different culture conditions on the growth of mycelia. The results indicated that the optimal carbon source for the growth of F. rossica was malt powder, best nitrogen source was bean cake powder, and calcium carbonate was the best inorganic salt. Incubation under pH 6.0 and 24°C gave optimal growth of the mycelia. The most suitable carbon source for F. filiformis was malt powder, the best nitrogen source was yeast powder, the best inorganic salt was magnesium sulfate and incubation under pH 6.0 and 24°C gave optimal growth of the mycelia. Moreover, this study successfully domesticated F. rossica for the first time and obtained a selectable F. filiformis strain, which will be conducive to the development of germplasm resources and the breeding of new varieties of wild Flammulina species.

Three kinds of forestry wastes (honeysuckle branches, pine, poplar) were used to cultivate four selected Pleurotus pulmonarius strains, and the content of crude protein, total sugars, hydrolyzed amino acid, free amino acid and umami 5′-nucleotides were determined. The traditional cultivation substrate of oak wood + cotton seed husk was used as a control. The results showed that the nutrients and flavor components of Pleurotus pulmonarius were significantly different between different strains and different substrates. When honeysuckle branches were used as the substrate, the content of crude protein and hydrolyzed amino acid in fruiting bodies of the strain P2, P3, and P45 were highest among the four substrates; when pine was used as the cultivation substrate, the total amount of free amino acids was generally the highest among the four substrates. Equivalent umami concentration (EUC) value of fruiting bodies cultivated with four substrates ranged from 73.52 to 153.43g MSG/100g. The highest EUC value occurred in fruiting bodies of the strain P3 cultivated with honeysuckle branches, while the EUC value of fruiting bodies in CK group was the lowest. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the production and cultivation of Pleurotus pulmonarius based on local agricultural and forestry wastes.

灵芝药品大多以灵芝子实体水提物为原料，为快速准确测定灵芝子实体水提物中及相关产品中三萜的含量，建立具有较好分离效果的HPLC分析测定方法。通过优化色谱柱和洗脱条件，优选出Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq C18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm，5μm），以乙腈-冰醋酸水溶液（0.01%）为流动相梯度洗脱，流速为1.0mL/min，检测波长252nm，柱温30°C，该条件下灵芝酸A、灵芝酸F等10种灵芝酸得到较好的分离。方法学考察显示该分析方法精密度、重复性、稳定性和加样回收率的RSD值均小于5%，可以用于灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸G、灵芝烯酸B、灵芝酸B等10种灵芝酸的的定量检测。通过对灵芝子实体原料、水提物和市售灵芝产品中10种三萜类成分分析发现，灵芝子实体水提物中均含有这10种三萜，含量为2.52-6.83%，较子实体原料大幅提高，市售的灵芝产品中的三萜含量为0.27-0.84%。该方法的建立为灵芝水提物及其产品质量标准的建立奠定基础。

The purpose of this study was to explore the community structure of endophytic fungi in quinoa seeds from different areas in Tibet. To reveal the diversity of endophytic fungi in the seeds of quinoa, enrich the related microorganism resources, and provide the basis for the utilization of microbial resources in biocontrol are of great significance.??The diversity of cultivable fungi in seeds of quinoa collected from three areas of Tibet with different altitudes was analyzed using traditional isolation methods.??In total 947 fungal strains were isolated from 46 quinoa seed samples and identified as 77 species belonging to 26 genera, 12 families, 9 orders, 1 phylum by ITS sequence analysis and morphological observation.??All the fungi were classified as Ascomycota, and the three most dominant genera were Alternaria (40.2% isolation frequency), Fusarium (17.4% isolation frequency), and Phoma (13.9% isolation frequency).??According to the diversity of endophytic culturable fungi in highland barley in Xigaze region was significantly higher than that in Lhasa and Nyingchi region

Verticillium dahliae can infect 660 host plants such as cotton, potatoes and tomatoes, causing Verticillium wilt and serious economic losses. In order to understand the pathogenic mechanism of V. dahliae, the up-regulated mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene VdGut2 (VD592_6958_Chr4) and the cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene VdGpd (VD592_10256_Chr2) were selected for functional analysis based on the transcriptome analysis of V. dahliae induced by cotton extracts. The results showed that the conidial production of the two VdGut2 knockout mutant strains decreased by 67% and 72%, respectively, the disease index decreased by 70% and 51%, and the colony growth rate also decreased significantly; the conidial production of the VdGpd overexpression strain decreased by 40%, and the disease index decreased by 63%, but the colony growth rate on the medium with glycerol as the sole carbon source significantly increased. Therefore, VdGut2 promotes the formation of V. dahliae conidia, the utilization of carbon source and the pathogenicity to host plant, while VdGpd inhibits the formation of V. dahliae conidia and the pathogenicity to host plant, but promotes the metabolism of glycerol.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating epidemic disease on wheat. At present, the control of FHB is mainly dependent on the application of fungicides, such as benzimidazoles, whose targets are β2-tubulin. The aim of this research was to investigate the interaction between β2-tubulin protein of F. graminearum with benzimidazoles. The β2-tubulin structure was obtained by homology modeling method. And structures of β2-tubulin complexed with the small molecular inhibitor: carbendazim, benomyl, thiabendazole and thiophanate-methyl, were built respectively by molecular docking based on the β2-tubulin structure. Molecular docking results showed that the amino acid Phe198 and Val236 in F. graminearum β2-tubulin can directly interact through hydrogen bonds with four benzimidazole molecules, and the amino acid residues at position 50, 134, 165, 167, 198, 200, 236, 237, 239, 240, 250, 253, 257, 314 of F. graminearum β2-tubulin can form a drug binding pocket. In addition, the binding energy of β2-tubulin/carbendazim is lowest（-5.72 kcal/mol）and the affinity is highest, compared with the other three complexes. Then, the sensitivity of F. graminearum to four benzimidazole fungicides were tested using mycelium growth rate method, the results showed that the EC50 value of F. graminearum to carbendazim, benomyl, thiabendazole and thiophanate-methyl was 0.772 mg/L, 0.862 mg/L, 1.088 mg/L, 13.266 mg/L, respectively. This indicated that F. graminearum is more sensitive to carbendazim than to the other three fungicides, which is consistent with the molecular docking results.

The reed mushroom is a famous wild edible fungus mainly distributed in Xinjiang. In this study, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) sequences were used to assess species boundaries of these specimens of the reed mushroom collected from Xinjiang. Combined with morphological examination, we recognized four species within Agaricus, i.e. A. bitorquis, A. padanus, A. sinodeliciosus, and A. subperonatus. The morphological descriptions, photos, and ITS for each species, as well as the dichotomous key were given. We performed a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis including 55 ITS sequences from GenBank and 91 newly generated sequences in this study. The four species from Xinjiang were well supported in the ITS tree. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Mycological Herbarium, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (HMAS). The geographical distribution data and correlating environmental factors of A. sinodeliciosus were used to model potential distribution using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt). The highly suitable regions of A. sinodeliciosus were relatively narrow, mainly located in northwestern China and Central Asia. In China, it is mainly distributed in the two sides of Tianshan Mountains, southwestern Tibet, Haixi State of Qinghai, northwestern Gansu, and western Inner Mongolia. The most effective environmental factors, which were the precipitation of wettest month, the precipitation of warmest quarter, the mean temperature of coldest quarter and the maximum temperature of warmest month, were shown to contribute more to the species distribution models than other factors. The results showed that the suitable region of A. sinodeliciosus was narrow, and it was suggested to strengthen its protection and actively develop sustainable utilization approaches.

The ‘Gaoyuanyuner 3’ is a new variety domesticated from the wild Auricularia heimuer collected from Baoshan, China, through selected-breeding and multi-generation screening. The fresh fruiting bodies are moderate in size, double-layer that is easy to separate, shallow round bowl shape, thick, shiny and soft , noveins. It is cultivated with the single bud in small rip , sprouted at 10-26℃ after 10 days by ripped. It is a new variety of medium maturing tolerant to low temperature with wide adaptability, high yield, better characters, strong resistance , and suitable in the low latitude and high altitude area of 1 000-2 000 m.

In this study, the potential mechanism of Chinese Cordyceps in renal fibrosis was explored by network pharmacology and molecular docking. 22 ingredients and 364 potential therapeutic targets were selected including IL-6, TNF, MAPK3, EGFR, SRC, CASP3, and MAPK1. 163 signaling pathways about Chinese Cordyceps against renal fibrosis were discovered via KEGG enrichment analysis. The molecular docking results indicated that aurantiamide acetate, cerevisterol, flazin, arachidonic acid, and 11,14-eicosadienoic acid can tightly bind to PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, MAPK1, MAPK3, and RELA, respectively. The result showed that Chinese Cordyceps could inhibit renal fibrosis by multi-compounds, multi-targets, and multi-pathways. The current results provide the evidence for clinical usage of Chinese Cordyceps in renal fibrosis.

The combined use of slightly-acidic electrolyzed water and ultraviolet light (SAEW+UV) is an effective approach to deactivate microorganisms while maintaining the commercial attributes of the food treated. In this study, we investigate the effect of SAEW+UV on the postharvest quality of the mushroom Morchella sextelata for 9 days at 20 ℃. After the treatment, the microbial counts on the mushrooms were reduced by 1.69 log (bacteria) and 0.97 log (fungi), and the SAEW+UV treatment had a minimal effect on the weight loss, flavor and nutritional composition of the samples. It was also found to trigger the activity of superoxide dismutase and vitamin C, suppress polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and respiration rate, and also improving storage performance in terms of color and hardness. These results were consistent with the transcriptome analysis related to postharvest quality involved in the up-regulation of antioxidant defense and down-regulation of degradation enzymes of the cell walls, cell death and melanin synthesis. SAEW+UV treatment is thus capable of prolonging M. sextelata shelf life.

Antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant active substances are important factors for Morchella to resist stress. Under high/low temperature, mycelia can reduce the damage to themselves by increasing the activities of the corresponding enzymes. The effects of different temperatures on the contents of SOD, CAT, GR, GPX, H2O2, O2- and MDA in Morchelles were studied. After treating the mycelia of Morchella at different temperatures, it was found that within the temperature range of 5-25℃, with the increase of temperature, the growth rate of mycelia and the aging rate of mycelia accelerated. Studies on antioxidant enzyme activities showed that SOD, GPX and GR had higher activity at low temperature, while CAT had higher activity at high temperature. High temperatures also increase antioxidant activity such as reduced ASA and reduced GSH.This study also found that the higher the temperature, the more reactive oxygen species (O2- and H2O2) and MDA accumulated in the mycelia of Morchella , thus accelerating the aging of mycelia. Therefore, Morchella can alleviate mycelium damage by activating different antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant active substances at high/low temperatures. The preliminary study on antioxidant enzyme genes of Morchella provides theoretical data support for the optimization of cultivation conditions of Morchella.

Three species of Talaromyces sect. Islandici new to China are reported in this paper, namely T. acaricola, T. radicus and T. tratensis, which are identified by using morphology and molecular phylogenetics based on CaM, Rpb2 and rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences. Talaromyces acaricola has a restricted growth rate, forming velutinous colonies with sparse gray-green conidia en masse and pale green-yellow mycelium on MEA; it produces loosely-positioned biverticillate, terverticillate and irregular penicilli with fusiform to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled conidia. Talaromyces radicus has a low growth rate, but it can grow normally at 37℃, and form compact floccose colonies with sparse, grayish conidia en masse and green-yellow mycelium; its penicilli are biverticillate and compact with cylindrical to acerose phialides and ellipsoidal, smooth-walled conidia. Talaromyces tratensis grows slowly without sporulation at 25℃ after 7d, producing orange-yellow mycelium and gymnothecia, and bearing ellipsoidal, smooth-walled to slightly roughened ascospores.

This study was focusing on the cultivation and domestication of Vanderbylia cinnamomea, which was to screen the optimal culture formula and revealed the biological characteristics of this taxon. In the present study, eight formulations were carried out, in which the industrial hemp straw, wood residues of Gastrodia elata, poplar and oak were selected as culture materials. The results showed that 1) the industrial hemp straw and wood residues of G. elata were unable to cultivate V. cinnamomea, but the industrial hemp straw formula could produce more generative hyphae without basidiomata, and the germination time was short and the growth rate was fast; 2) the fruiting body of V. cinnamomea were successfully cultivated on poplar and oak, and the optimum formulation was: 70% of oak sawdust, 20% of corn cob, 10% of auxiliary materials, the temperature about 25 ℃, the humidity between 90–95%, in which it was to ventilate once in the morning and evening and to supplement the scattered light irradiation. The biological development characteristics of the fruiting body at different growth stages revealed that: the fruiting body formed small white projection, and then formed a larger lump, then grew as the fruiting body gradually; the color of the fruiting body changed from white to light yellow to brown and after 32 days, the fruiting body stopped growing and became mature.

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using tall fescue (Festuca elata ‘Crossfire II’) inoculated with or without the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Funneliformis mosseae. Plant biomass, defense enzyme activities, phosphorus (P) uptake and available cadmium (Cd) contents were determined in tall fescue plants grown in soil with Cd added at 0, 5, 15 and 30 mg/kg. As the Cd concentration increased, the mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal relative dependency of the tall fescue increased. The presence of AM fungi improved P transportation from roots to the shoots, which helped the plant accumulate more P in the shoots. In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were largely induced by the AM fungi and Cd stress in the tall fescue plants. In particular, the catalase activity in AM fungus inoculated plant increased significantly compared to the non-inoculated control. Malondialdehyde content decreased significantly in inoculated plants compared with control plants under Cd stress. Inoculang F. mosseae greatly enhanced the Cd enrichment capacity of the host plants and was conducive to fixing heavy metals withi roots, and reducing Cd content in the shoots compared to the non-inoculated control. This study shows that tall fescue inoculated with AM fungi has good potential as a Cd phytoremediator.

‘Haoyanghuangbei 2’ is a new cultivar of Auricularia cornea originated from a wild strain isolated from Longquanshan in Shifang city by systematic breeding. The new cultivar is suitably cultivated in Chengdu and Deyang of Sichuan Province, where Auricularia cornea is widely cultivated. The optimum growth temperature of mycelia is 24–30°C, and the optimum temperature for fruiting was 25–28°C. The fruit body is ear or irregular shaped, and clustered. Its edge is smooth with the colour of dark reddish brown. The average dry yield per bag reaches 203g.

为了解活氧性（Reactive oxygen species，ROS）在光诱导香菇菌丝后熟转色形成中的作用及其自噬细胞学特征，以工厂化香菇菌株KS11为研究材料，分析其在菌丝后熟转色过程中4个时间点（30、45、60、75天）的活性氧含量（ROS）、丙二醛（MDA）含量、NADPH氧化酶活性、抗氧化酶活性以及外源活性氧和DPI的表型试验，并对该过程菌丝细胞的自噬特征变化进行透射电镜分析。结果表明：（1）H2O2作为主要的活性氧在菌丝后熟转色形成中呈现动态变化，后熟转色过程中不断积累升高，并在转色中后期的60天呈高峰值。（2）NADPH氧化酶活性与H2O2含量呈紧密正相关。（3）外源施加一定浓度H2O2显著促进香菇菌丝后熟转色，且DPI作为NADPH氧化酶抑制剂显著抑制了香菇菌丝的后熟转色。（4）香菇菌丝后熟转色过程中，细胞自噬特征逐渐增强，并在转色中后期（60天）最显著。上述结果表明香菇菌丝后熟转色过程中，H2O2等活性氧对该过程的发生起着重要的作用，并且其可能参与了光介导香菇菌丝后熟转色过程中的自噬进程。

The alkali soluble polysaccharide was extracted from the fruiting body residue of Clitocybe squamulosa. Through in vitro digestion and anaerobic fermentation experiments, the digestion characteristics of alkali soluble polysaccharides and their effects on the content of short chain fatty acids in intestinal tract were studied. The results showed that after simulating saliva and gastrointestinal digestive juice in vitro, the microstructure of polysaccharides changed, and the molecular weight decreased (from 14.04±0.21 to 10.48±0.26)kDa, reducing sugar content increased (from 0.06±0.01 to 0.92±0.01）mg/mL。Under anaerobic fermentation conditions, OD600 in fermentation broth increased significantly (P<0.05), while total sugar content and pH decreased significantly (P<0.05)，The total amount of SCFAs is 1.4±0.06mM to 7. 90±0.16mM。

Five species new to China, Heterodermia galactophylla, Hyperphysci crocata, Phaeophyscia fumosa, P. kairamoiand, Physcia albata of Physciaceae, are reported based on morphology and chemistry. Descriptions, comments and thallus figures for each species are presented. All specimens examined are preserved in Herbarium of Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HMAS).

Abstract: Yunnan black truffle(Tuber sinense) is a famous and precious wild edible fungus in Yunnan，most of which are symbiotic with Yunnan pine and belong to ectosymbiotic mycorrhizal fungi, due to the weak research on the symbiosis mechanism, it cannot be cultivated artificially at present. In this paper, using 1H-NMR and GC-MS, the small molecules active metabolite, their differential substances and involved metabolic pathways of fresh black truffle mature fruiting bodies and its symbiotic Yunnan pine were analyzed. The results showed that the two methods complemented each other and expanded the detection range; a total of 64 and 45 compounds, including threonine, pinol, mannitose, fumaric acid, theophylline and epicatechin, etc. were detected in truffle and pine roots, respectively, between which the differential substance were threonine, sarcosine, glucose, betaine, sorbitol, inositol, succinic acid, trehalose and fructose, and the metabolic pathways involved in these substances are mainly carbon metabolism and nitrogen metabolism. This study provides a theoretical basis for exploring the symbiotic mechanism of black truffle and its symbiotic pine, for the development of black truffle related drugs and the study of black truffle artificial culture in the future.

In order to reveal the characteristics of apple resistant cultivar “Qinguan” against apple scab at the level of histocytology, the changes of leaf tissue and cell structure of apple resistant cultivar “Qinguan” and susceptible cultivar “Gala” were systematically observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after conidia suspension （5×105 conidium/mL） of Venturia inaequalis inoculation on host. The results of SEM observation showed that hypha of pathogen grew and expanded along the veins of host leaf after 48 hours inoculation, and it could directly invade into host leaf or from its stomata. The results of TEM showed that the cuticle thickness of “Qinguan” leaf slice was significantly higher than that of “Gala”, and the average cuticle thickness of “Qinguan” was 1.75 μm while Gala was 1.06 μm. After 14 days inoculation, it was observed that the hyphae of Venturia inaequalis expanded among the mesophyll cells of “Gala” which its palisade cells shrank, loosely arranged, the number of cells decreased, and the chloroplast was deformed and severe damaged.while large starch granules and intracellular substances leaked out of the cells wrer also observed. However, a similar phenomenon also occurred in “Qinguan”, but the degree of leaf tissues and cells damage were obviously less than that of “Gala”. After 21 days inoculation, a large number of cells necrosis can be seen in the mesophyll cells of “Gala”, which was mainly manifested by the digestion of organelles, the disappearance of vacuoles and the darkening of cell color. However, the mesophyll cells of “QinGuan” only showed cell deformity, cytoplasm loss and some produced empty cells. Therefore, above research results indicated that the role of “Qinguan” aganst Venturia inaequalis is represented by its resistance to pathogen’s penetration, extension and delaying the development of apple scab pathogenesis. It suggest that “Qinguan” can be used as apple resistant breeding material for apple scab.

Abstract: In order to explore the ecological stoichiometry of carbon(C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in Pachyma hoelen, 42 populations of P. hoelen samples were collected from 11 prefectures and cities in Yunnan Province, and the contents and ratios of C, N and P both in sclerotium and peel were analyzed. The results show that the contents of C, N and P in P. hoelen sclerotium were 40.24%-43.58%, 0.176%-0.532% and 0.020%-0.077% respectively. The ranges of C:N, C:P and N:P in P. hoelen sclerotium were 93.23-279.42, 1342.00-5571.32 and 8.11-44.62, respectively. The contents of C, N and P in P. hoelen peels were 29.86%-48.71%, 0.229%-0.895% and 0.027%-0.107%, and the values of C:N, C:P and N:P were 49.90-206.53, 884.74-4290.89 and 8.35-41.41, the median C:N:P ratio of P. hoelen sclerotium and peels were 3317:18:1 and 2318:22:1, respectively. The C contents in P. hoelen sclerotium and peels were close to each other (p=0.847). The contents of sclerotium N and P were significantly lower than those of peels. Compared with cultivated P. hoelen, there were significant differences in other indexes except the C content in sclerotium and C:N in peels of wild P. hoelen. The N content of wild P. hoelen was significantly higher than that of cultivated P. hoelen, but the P content was on the contrary. Correlation analysis results show that there were significant(p=0.05) negative correlativity between C contents of sclerotium and latitude, and significant (p=0.01) positive correlativity between N contents of sclerotium and longitude. There were significant (p=0.01) negative correlativity between sclerotia C:N and longitude. There was significant (p=0.05) positive correlation between N:P in sclerotium and longitude, and there was significant (p=0.05) positive correlativity between content of C and N in peels and longitude. However, there was no correlation between the contents of C, N and P and the altitude. We conclude that the content of C in P. hoelen is close to that of other fungi, and the content of N and P is obviously low. Under cultivation conditions, the growth of P. hoelen may be limited by N or both N and P.

Wheat, rice, wheat supplemented with silkworm powder, rice supplemented with silkworm powder and living silkworm pupae were used to culture Cordyceps militaris fruit bodies respectively in this experiment and polysaccharide, nucleosides free alditol and low molecular weight sugar in C. militaris fruit bodies of different treatments were compared. Results showed that media and cultivation methods affected the content, monosaccharide composition and molecular distribution of C. polysaccharide in C. mililtaris fruit body. The polysaccharide content in C. militaris fruit body cultured by living silkworm pupae reached 6.19%, which was significantly higher than those of the other treatments (2.75%~3.63%) and the nucleoside content was also the highest in C. militaris fruit body cultured by living silkworm pupae. Nucleoside content in fruit body cultured on wheat was significantly higher than those used rice as main medium. In addition, the contents of uridine, guanosine and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine in fruit bodies increased significantly after medium supplemented with pupa powder. The trehalose content was 20.07%-23.40% in fruit bodies cultured on rice or wheat as main medium, while the trehalose content in the fruit body cultured on living silkworm pupae was 8.41%. Manitol content in fruit body decreased significantly after supplemented silkworm powder in the medium. Content of each component was processed by normalization method and the fruit body quality was comprehensively evaluated. The comprehensive score of fruit body cultured on living silkworm pupae was the highest. The quality of fruit bodies cultured on wheat as main medium were better than those cultured on rice as main medium. Furthermore, the treatments supplemented with silkworm powder were better than those without silkworm powder treatments.

2016年8月25日，11名来自云南和四川的务工人员在河北省保定市阜平县误食了一种从栎树Quercus sp.林下采集的黄色野生蘑菇而导致中毒，不幸的是，虽然经过全力抢救，依然造成了4人死亡！后经过我们调查发现造成此次中毒的元凶是剧毒的黄盖鹅膏Amanita subjunquillea S. Imai。黄盖鹅膏在云南省也俗称“黄罗伞”，隶属于真菌界、担子菌门、伞菌纲、伞菌目、鹅膏科。据不完全统计，2016年至今，黄盖鹅膏在我国北京、河北、山东和贵州至少引发了9起中毒事件，造成47人中毒，7人死亡，是我国最著名的剧毒蘑菇之一。

大自然中存在着这样一类虽然外形漂亮但误食后却能导致人类死亡的隐形杀手——剧毒蘑菇！本文就其中最著名的一种剧毒蘑菇即致命鹅膏的命名过程、分布、形态特征、毒性及中毒症状、如何避免误采误食、误食后如何救治等进行了详细阐述，意在为科普毒蘑菇知识、减少中毒事件发生、提高安全意识和熟悉中毒救治措施。

Definitions of the word “Diyi” (Lichen) in Chinese were investigated, ancient books from 21st century BC till 1912 were surveyed; The concept that Lichen is a symbiotic system in Chinese was firstly proposed in 1858, in the book Plant Biology composed by Shan-lan Li.

Collections of Trichoderma on decaying wood from different regions of China were examined. Four Trichoderma species, Trichoderma alni, T. paraviridescens, T. priscilae and T. simmonsii, are new to China. Descriptions and illustrations of these fungi are provided based on observations of the Chinese materials. Their taxonomic positions were confirmed by sequence analyses of the combined RNA polymerase II subunit b and translation elongation factor 1 alpha genes. In addition, T. paratroviride is shown to be a widely distributed species in China.

Transcription factors play an important role in the regulation of fungal environmental responses and physiological processes. The changes of transcription factor genes in light-inuced brown film (BF) formation were analyzed by the next-generation high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that 68 differential expressed transcription factor genes (at the transcription level, 48 genes were up-regulated and 20 were down-regulated) when compare sample 313C (with BF) and sample 313W (without BF), and 80 differential expressed transcription factor genes (at the transcription level, 49 genes were up-regulated and 31 genes were down-regulated) when compare sample 313C (with BF) and sample 118 (without BF). And these transcription factor were belonged to some transcription factors families, such as WD40、MADS-box、MYB and GATA. The of transcription factors genes was difference in light-induced BF formation, and there were genes of special response as well as there were genes overlap between the three samples. 14 transcription factors from 313C/313W and 26 from 313C/118 were special respectively. There were 64 transcription factor genes exhibited the same current in both 313C/313W and 313C/118, with 39 up-regulated and 15 down-regulated at the transcription level, respectively. Finally, the results of transcriptome analyses were verified by real-time quantitative PCR.

The four extraction methods, hot water reflux, hot water- enzyme reflux, ultrasonic, and ultrasonic combined with enzyme hydrolysis, were compared for β-glucan extraction from Ganoderma lingzhi mycelia. The results showed that the ultrasonic combined with enzyme hydrolysis was the most efficient method. Single factor experiment reveals that the key parameters affecting β-glucan yield of G. lingzhi were ultrasonic power (A), ratio of water to material (B), pH (C) and enzyme concentration (D). Based on the results, Box-Benhnken design combined with response surface methodology were applied to optimize these four key parameters. The results showed that the parameters A, B and C were significant to extraction of β-glucan (P<0.01), however, parameter D and all the interactions were not significant (P>0.05). A polynomial model was established to predict the β-glucan extraction yield, and analysis of response optimization suggested that the optimum conditions for β-glucan extraction were ultrasonic power 275.54 W, ratio of water to material 25.62:1 (v/m, mL/g), pH 7.17, enzyme concentration 1.05%. The verified test shows that the extraction yield of β-glucan from G. lingzhi mycelia reached 5.50 mg/g under the optimized conditions.

Abstract: Two species of Pseudocercospora from China are reported. Of which, Pseudocercospora munroniae on Munronia pinnata is a new species, and Pseudocercospora piperigena on Piper longum is a new record for China. Descriptions, illustrations, discussions are provided. Examined specimens are deposited in HMAS.

Seven Trichoderma species, T. crassum, T. mediterraneum, T. oblongisporum, T. paraviridescens, T. polysporum, T. trixiae and T. viridescens, are firstly recorded in China. T. crassum was isolated from Shanghai; T. mediterraneum, T. oblongisporum, T. polysporum and T. trixiae were isolated from Xinjiang; T. paraviridescens and T. viridescens were isolated from Sichuan. All these species are identified by analysis of internal transcribed spacer regions of the rRNA gene cluster (ITS), partial sequences of transcription extension factor 1-alpha (tef1) and observation of morphological characteristics. They are reported firstly in China.

Abstract:In this research, the writer inoculated Funneliformis mosseae to the Heilongjiang province’s three soybean (HN48 HN44 KF16) varieties of different continuous cropping to analyze the diversity of AM (Arbuscular mycorrhiza) fungi during the branching period.In order to explore the AM fungi infect the soybean branching stage of root AM fungi community structure and to prevent the continuous cropping obstacles. Nested polymerase chain reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (Nested-PCR-DGGE) was used to analyze the diversity of fungi in the branching of continuous cropping. The results show that: with the increase of continuous cropping, the AM fungi abundance, dominance and index of diversity showed a growth trend in root. The study stated that Funneliformis mosseae could have a effect on different varieties of soybean root AM fungi community structure. Therefore, in this study,using AM fungi could delay continuous cropping soybean obstacle, improve the yield of soybean and the quality of soybean.

The study investigated the hypoglycemic effect and the mechanism of compounds from Phellinus baumii myceliums. The result showed three of the compounds (Baicalein, Naringenine-7-rhamnosidoglucoside and Benzaldehyde,3,4-dihydroxy-,) could effectively promote the glucose consumption of insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Benzaldehyde,3,4-dihydroxy-, had best inhibiton effect on SOCS3 and Baicalein best on TNF-α. Baicalein and Benzaldehyde,3,4-dihydroxy-, contributed most to the hypoglycemic effect of P. baumii.

In this study, cordycepin and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine were separated and purified from Cordyceps militaris fruit bodies by high speed couter-current chromatogrphy (HSCCC). The partition coefficient was assessed by HPLC method to select the suitable solvent systems. A solvent system that consisted of ethyl acetate-n-butanol-1.5% ammonia water (1:4:5) was appied to the separation. The upper phase was used as the stationary phase, while the lower phase was the mobile phase. The apparatus was rotated at 850 r/min and the flow rate was operated at 1.5 mL/min. The wavelengh was at 254 nm. A high efficiency separation and purification of HSCCC was achieved and cordycepin (10.8 mg) with a purity of 99% and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (6.1 mg) with a purity of 98% were obtained from 200 mg crude sample of Cordyceps militaris fruit bodies in one-step separation. The established method is simple and suitable for large scale separation of cordycepin and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine from Cordyceps militaris fruit bodies, which could provide the material basis for the pharmacological research of cordycepin and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine.

The genus Russula is a group of edible and medicinal fungi with high economic and scientific value. Recent research progress of Russula, including species resource, taxonomy, phylogeny, genetic diversity and application study are summarized. Issues in urgent need to be solved are remained in current research: misidentification caused by deviation in morphological observation and recording; limited taxa and gene segments involved in phylogeny and genetic diversity work; and controversial existence of massive Europe and North America originated taxa in China.

β-glucan is one of key bioactive compoments of Ganoderma lingzhi polysaccharides. Single factor experiment reveals that the key parameters affecting β-glucan yield in Ganoderma lingzhi submerged fermentation is as follows: starch (A) 40g/L, peptone (B) 8g/L, K2HPO4 (C) 1.5g/L. Based on the results, Box-Benhnken design combined with response surface methodology was applied to optimize the levels of three key parameters and study their interaction on β-glucan production. The results show that the three facts and the interaction of AB, AC were Extremely significant to production of β-glucan. A polynomial model is established to predict the β-glucan production as Y = 8.68+0.22A-0.13B+0.096C+0.13AB+0.16AC+0.045BC-1.17A2-0.81B2-1.06C2. Analysis of response optimization suggests that the optimum medium forβ-glucan production is starch 40.47g/L, peptone 7.86g/L, K2HPO4 1.53g/L, and the yield of β-glucan from Ganoderma lingzhi mycelia reached 8.68 mg/g under the condition.

Abstract: A new Coccomyces species, C. hainanensis on Cinnamomum rigidissimum is described in English and Chinese with an illustration and discussion. The type specimen is deposited in the Reference Collection of Forest Fungi of Anhui Agricultural University, China (AAUF).

Potted banyan (ficus microcarpa) is mainly export plants in our country. In order to clear the pathogenic species of anthracnose on potted banyan, the diseased leaves of anthracnose were collected from cultivation base of f. microcarpa in zhangzhou of fujian province, and to used traditional identification method of pathogen morphology for isolation, purification and pathogenicity test. Based on morphological characteristics and rDNA-ITS sequence analysis the pathogen was identified as colletotrichum gloeosporioides. It is the first report of the pathogen responsible for Anthracnose on potted banyan (f. microcarpa) in china.

A total of 79 species of Entomophthorales have been reported in China, which belong to 2 family and 11 genera. Names of all insect hosts of Chinese Entomophthoraleas are corrected and updated, and their family placements are updated and given.