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15 September 2008, Volume 27 Issue 5
    

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    Review
  • A new species of Phomopsis causing brown spot of Ziziphus mauritiana
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 631-633.
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    Phomopsis mauritiana, a new species causing brown spot of Ziziphus mauritiana, is described and illustrated. The new species differs from all other Phomopsis known species recorded on Ziziphus plants by its subglobose condiomata and elliptical or lanceolate α-conidium.
  • Identification of Corynespora leaf spot pathogen of Salvia splendens
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 634-640.
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    The Corynespora leaf spot of Salvia splendens was found in the screenhouses covered with black plastic shade nettings for cultivating ornamental plants in the Institute of Hangzhou Agricultural Sciences. The fungal pathogen infected stems and leaves of the host plants and caused stem rot and leaf spots, resulting in earlier defoliation and plant wilting or even death. The morphological observation and rDNA ITS sequence analyses proved that the isolates of the causal agent were C. cassiicola. The pathogenicity tests confirmed that Salvia splendens is a natural host of C. cassiicola. Seed inspection showed that C. cassiicola contaminating rate was only 1%.
  • Nomenclatural validation of Paecilomyces hepiali
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 641-644.
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    Paecilomyces hepiali was not validly published because the nomenclature was based on living culture and the type specimen (dried culture) was not designated. For validation of the name, dried culture 82-2 is here designated as the holotype. The holotype has been deposited in the Herbarium of Institute of Chinese Materia Medica (HICMM). Morphological redescription based on the living culture (ex-holotype) is given in the present paper.
  • A fungal strain having high herbicidal activity
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 645-651.
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    A phytopathogenic fungus with high herbicidal bioactivity isolated from Zhangjiajie National Forest Park of Hunan Province might be developed as herbicide. The fungus was identified as Pestalotiopsis microspora according to its morphology and alignment analysis of rDNA ITS.
  • Species diversity of arbuscular mycorrizal fungi in Jinding Pb-Zn mining area of Lanping, Yunnan
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 652-662.
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    The species diversity of arbuscular mycorrizal fungi (AMF) in Jinding Pb-Zn mining area of Lanping, Yunnan, was investigated. Thirty-six species belonging to five genera were isolated and identified from 83 rhizosphere soil samples of 32 plant species, including 5 species of Acaulospora, 2 species of Entrophospora, 1 species of Gigaspora, 24 species of Glomus and 4 species of Scutellospora. Acaulospora and Glomus were the dominant genera and Glomus walkeri was new record in China. Glomus claroideum, G. clarum, G. constrictium, G. geosporum, G. mossaea, G. pansihalos and G. verruculosum were dominant in Jinding Pb-Zn mining area. AMF spore density ranged from 495 to 11175 per 100g soil with an average of 3368±291 (SE, standard error), and the species richness in each plant sample was 2-20 with an average of 11.5. The relatively high spore density and species richness of AMF in the rhizosphere soils of Jinding Pb-Zn mining area suggested that AMF have a strong tolerance to soil heavy metal pollution.
  • Community characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with ephemeral plants in southern edge of Gurbantunggut Desert
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 663-672.
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    Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi of six species of ephemeral plants, Plantago minuta, Gagea sacculifera, Gagea nigra, Tulipa iliensis, Ixiolirion tataricum and Geranium transversale in undershrub of Gurbantunggut Desert (southern edge) were investigated. Species diversity, spore densities, biovolume and community structures of the fungi were analyzed. Twenty-four species of AM fungi belonging to 2 genera, Acaulospora and Glomus, which were isolated from the rhizosphere of the 6 species of ephemeral plants were obtained. G. aggregatum, G. etunicatum, G. claroideum and G. deserticola were dominant, with the frequency of ?50% in order of G. aggregatum ? G. claroideum ? G. etunicatum ? G. deserticola. The spore density higher than 1/g soil of the dominant species was ranked as G. aggregatum ? G. etunicatum ? G. claroideum ? G. deserticola.
  • Comparison of staining effects of four staining techniques for observation of Sphaerotheca fuliginea
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 673-678.
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    Commassie brilliant blue staining can clearly display the different structures of Sphaerotheca fuliginea, such as germinating conidia, initial germtubes, hyphae and conidiophores, and hardly stain the host tissue, presenting a striking contrast between fungus and host tissue. Aniline blue staining can stain the host tissue, forming a light blue background, which results in unsatisfactory observation of fungal structures. Fluorescence staining with uranine and aniline blue generated yellow-green fluorescence in the fungal structures under UV or blue light, and the black background of host tissues gave rise to strong contrast for observation. The uranine staining can be used to observe the whole growing phases of Sphaerotheca fuliginea, while aniline blue staining is suitable for conidial observation.
  • Multiple effects of Se and La on morphological and quantitative characters of Agaricus brasiliensis fruit bodies
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 679-687.
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    The multiple effects of Se and La on morphological and quantitative characters of Agaricus brasiliensis fruit bodies were studied by cultivation of the fungus on medium mixed with different concentration of solutions of Na2SeO3 and LaCl3 and electron microscopy technology. The results showed that there was a very significant increase in sporulation under the treatment of low concentration of Na2SeO3 21.905mg/kg + LaCl3 17.667mg/kg. The number of spores increased with the increase of concentration of the mixed solution and significantly decreased after reaching the peak. The number of cystidia significantly reduced when the fungus grew in the medium with low concentrations (Na2SeO3 21.905mg/kg+LaCl3 17.667mg/kg) and high concentration (Na2SeO3 109.524mg/kg+LaCl3 88.340mg/kg) of Se and La, but the number of cystidia significantly increased under the moderate concentration (Na2SeO3 65.714mg/kg+LaCl3 53.002mg/kg). It was found that the combined application of Se and La affected the length and width of spore, the diameters of cystidia and the width of mycelium. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the spores were shrinking and collapsing, and the mycelium walls were ramified and nodulated under combined application of Na2SeO3 65.714mg/kg+LaCl3 53.002mg/kg. Furthermore the surface ornamentation of cystidia became fuzzy and disappearing, and some cystidia were disappearing and collapsing.
  • Inducement and fruiting condition of fruit body of Phaeoporus obliquus
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 688-695.
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    Optimal growth and development conditions of fruit bodies of Phaeoporus obliquus cultured in artificial media were studied. The relationship between fruit body formation and the induced factors such as medium formulas, culture models, light and temperature was observed. Mannitol yeast-extract medium was the optimal substrate for fruit body formation, and the formation ratio reached 100%. Solid media was optimal for fruit body formation and the formation started in 44d of incubation. The average dry weight of fruit body was 0.372g per bottle and the transformation ratio of biomass of fruit body to gross nutrients in medium was about 5.81%. The optimal temperature for fruit body formation was 20℃. No obvious influence of light was observed on the formation of fruit body.
  • Nutrition ingredient analysis and evaluation of Lyophyllum decastes fruit body
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 696-700.
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    Lyophyllum decastes fruit body contains 21.4% crude protein, 8.2% crude fat, 9.52% crude fiber, 53.03% carbohydrate and 13.6% ash; essential amino acids amount to 6.02g/100g which share 35.78% of the total quantity (16.82g/100g) of amino acids; 100g fruit body contains 0.068mg vitamin B1, 4.26mg vitamin B2, 590μg vitamin B6, 55.7μg vitamin B12 as well as 21.2mg nicotinic acid; 1kg fruit body contains 50.0mg zinc, 19.0mg copper, 0.013mg selenium, 1.85mg cadmium, 0.56mg mercury, 0.75mg lead and 0.29mg arsenic.
  • Preparation and physicochemical property of Auricularia auricula colloid-Fe complex
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 701-706.
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    Auricularia auricula colloid-Fe complex (AGIC) was synthesized by Auricularia auricula colloid and FeCl3, and its physicochemical property was determined. It was showed that AGIC was a kind of brownish and shapeless powder, and was able to dissolve in water and its solution assumed neutral properties. AGIC was very stable and could be reduced to Fe (Ⅱ) by ascorbic acid. AGIC would be expected to become an ideal iron-supplementary nutrition.
  • Development of SCAR markers based on SRAP and ISSR for rapid identification of Ganoderma strains
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 707-717.
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    Forty-eight DNA pools were prepared using standardized DNA extracted from 152 Ganoderma isolates (128 Chinese isolates and 24 non-Chinese isolates) delineated on the basis of ERIC-PCR data. SRAP and ISSR methodologies were used to amplify DNA from the different pools, and four specific marker bands (one SRAP and three ISSR) were selected, cloned and sequenced. After conversion into more stable and more highly specific SCAR markers, a multiplex PCR system was developed and optimized using the corresponding SCAR primers. The feasibility and reliability of adopting strain-specific SCAR markers for the rapid identification of Ganoderma strains were confirmed.
  • Cloning and expression of G-protein beta-subunit in rice Rhizoctonia solani
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 718-726.
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    The protein coding by G-protein beta-subunit plays an important role in pathogenesis mechanism. In this paper, the G-protein β subunit from Rhizoctonia solani causing rice sheath blight was identified. The genome of 1867bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1047bp were amplified by PCR and RT-PCR. The genome included 4 introns and 5 exons. Introns ranged in size from 54 to 65bp, and its sequence complied with the rule of “ 5′-gt ” and “ ag-3′ ”. The ORF predicted a 348-amino acid polypeptide with calculated molecular weight of 38.23kDa and PI of 6.54. There were two alpha-helixes and seven beta sheets including four beta-strands each in amino acid secondary structure. In the tertiary structure two alpha-helixes in its N-terminal and seven beta sheets formed barrel structure by non-regular curl. The deduced amino acid sequence of β-subunit was 89%, 88%, 81% and 81%, being identical to that from Lentinula edodes (AAT74567.1), Coprinopsis cinerea (EAU92269), Ustilago maydis (AAN33051) and Filobasidiella neoformans (AAD03596). The amplified ORF was cloned into the prokaryotic fusion expression vector pGEX-4T-2. E. coli BL21 was transformed by this recombinant construct and induced by Isopropyl β-D-1-Thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for expression. The result indicated that the expressed protein size of ORF matched the prediction.
  • Suppressors of sepH regulating cytokinesis of SIN pathway in Aspergillus nidulans
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 727-734.
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    As a member of septation initiation network (SIN), sepH is a key factor of cytokinesis in Aspergillus nidulans. However, how the suppressors of sepH affect cytokinesis is not yet understood. In this study, 116 mutants which suppressed the phenotype of sepH were isolated by UV mutation. These suppressors can restore septation and conidiation in the absence of the SEPH protein. By the cross and backcross, the temperature sensitive strain Sin110 was obtained and the bypass of SIN pathway was identified.
  • Isolation of a taxol-producing endophytic fungus and inhibiting effect of the fungus metabolites on HeLa cell
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 735-744.
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    One hundred and eighty one purified endophytic fungal strains were isolated and screened from inner bark (phloem-cambium) and xylem of Taxus cuspidata. These strains were fermented and then the fermented solution was extracted using methanol and ethyl acetate. The extracts were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrum (MS), using standard taxol as control. The results showed that strain HD181-23 can produce taxol with output of 206.34μg/L. Morphological observation indicates that HD181-23 belongs to the genus Botrytis, and the fungus is tentatively identified as Botrytis sp. The purified products of the fermented extracts have significant inhibitive effects on HeLa cell.
  • Comparisons of culture conditions and peptide toxins in three Amanita species
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 745-756.
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    A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature, pH, light duration, C and N source uptake and culture media on growth rate, colony characteristics and peptide toxins in three Amanita species, Amanita muscaria, A. pseudoporphyria and A. fritillaria. The result indicated that the optimum growth temperature for A. muscaria, A. pseudoporphyria and A. fritillaria were 22℃, 28℃, 28℃, respectively. The pH range of mycelial growth was from 5 to 7 for A. muscaria and from 3 to 6 for A. pseudoporphyria and A. fritillaria. Light duration has little effect on the growth rate of these three species. SPDM (Potato 200g, Glucose 20g, KH2PO4 3.0g, (NH4)2HPO4 0.5g, CaCl2 0.05g, Wort (8°Be) 150mL, KNO3 0.1g, MgSO4?7H2O 0.5g, VB1 10mg, Distilled water 850mL pH 5.5) and MMN (CaCl2 0.05g, MgSO4 0.15g, NaCl 0.025g, FeCl3 (1%) 1.2mL, KH2PO4 0.5g, vitamin B1 100μg, (NH4)2HPO4 0.25g, Wort (8°Be) 150mL, Glucose 10g, Citric acid 0.2g, Distilled water 850mL pH 5.5) were the suitable media for the three species, while PDM (Potato 200g, Glucose 20g, K2HPO4 0.1g, Wort (8°Be) 150mL, Distilled water 1000mL pH 5.5) was better for A. muscaria. Amanitin contents in the mycelia of the three species were analyzed by HPLC and further confirmed by bud-inhibited assay. The results showed that the mycelia of A. pseudoporphyria and A. fritillaria contain α-amanitin but no β-amanitin and phalloidin. The contents of α-amanitin in mycelia of A. pseudoporphyria and A. fritillaria reached 35.56μg/g DCW (dry cell weight) and 26.02μg/g DCW, respectively. Amatoxin and phalloidin were undetected in A. muscaria. This study indicated that culture condition and peptide toxin production in three Amanita species were different.
  • Effects of powdered dung beetle (Catharsius molossus) on cell growth and triterpenoid production of Ganoderma lucidum
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 757-762.
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    The effects of several medicinal insects’ powder on cell growth and triterpenoid production of Ganoderma lucidum in submerged fermentation were studied. The results showed that the medicinal insects’ powder at all the tested concentration had no markedly stimulatory effects on both cell growth and intracellular triterpenoid (IGT) formation of G. lucidum. However, addition of Catharsius molossus (powdered dung beetle) at 5g/L led to a significant increase in extracellular triterpenoid (EGT) production, and the EGT yield increased from 220.2 ± 9.7mg/L to 304.3 ± 11.8mg/L. These results suggests that there are certain active components responsible for EGT formation of G. lucidum in C. molossus.
    • Papers
  • A species of Puccinia (Uredinales) new to China
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 763-764.
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  • A new Chinese record of the genus Ophiostoma
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 765-767.
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  • Marasmius nigrodiscus, a newly recorded species to China
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 768-770.
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  • Observation on some components within phaneroplasmodium of Fuligo septica
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 771-774.
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  • Observation of the sporangium germination of Peronospora parasitica （Pers.）Fr.
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 775-777.
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    • short communications
  • Advances in studies of fungal genomics
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 778-787.
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  • Identification signals in the tripartite symbiosis formed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia and legumes: a literature review
    Mycosystema. 2008, 27(5): 788-796.
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