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15 April 2011, Volume 30 Issue 3
    

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    Review
  • Advances in studies of edible mycorrhizal fungi
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 367-378.
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Edible mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) play a vital role in forest ecosystem and generally have nutritional, economic and ecological values. This report summarizes current advances in the study of EMF with particular references to China. Topics covered in this review include resource distribution and utilization, physiological and ecological functioning of EMF, as well as advanced techniques in fungal domestication and cultivation. Opportunities and challenges in the development of EMF in China, and global hotspots in research and development of EMF, are discussed.
    • Papers
  • Leaf spot of spinach caused by Stemphylium spinaciae sp. nov.
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 379-383.
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    Stemphylium spinaciae sp. nov. on Spinacia oleracea is reported. Description and illustration are provided. Type specimen and dried culture are deposited in HMAS.
  • Genetic diversity of Lactarius deliciosus from South China
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 384-391.
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    Lactarius deliciosus is an ectomycorrhizal mushroom that forms symbiotic associations with species of Pinus and plays an important ecological role in natural forest ecosystems in many parts of the world. It is also an economically important gourmet mushroom. Because no artificial cultivation is available, natural populations of this species are under increasing threats, primarily from habitat disturbance and destruction. We analyzed 68 samples of L. deliciosus from South China using ITS sequences. By comparing the difference of ITS sequences, the haplotype diversity within each population, the relationships among local populations, the relationship between the level of genetic differentiation and geographical separation, and the contributions of local and regional geographical separations to the overall ITS haplotype variation were analysed. Our genetic analysis identified a total of 7 ITS haplotypes and these haplotypes were clustered into two distinct phylogenetic groups, and revealed two different phylogenetic directions. Among the 7 ITS haplotypes, the two major haplotypes (Haplotype3 and Haplotype6) contained 34 and 26 specimens respectively, and distributed in all of the 9 sites. AMOVA test showed that there was significant genetic differentiation at both among local populations (－16%) and within local populations (－84%) levels, and p<0.01 for PhiPT. The Mantel test identified that the extent of genetic differentiation was statistically insignificant correlated with geographical distance (p=0.32). Our study revealed significant genetic divergence within L. deliciosus and detectable gene flow among geographical populations of this ectomycorrhizal mushroom, but the extent of genetic differentiation were insignificant correlated with geographical distance.
  • The anastomosis groups of the corn sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia spp. in northeastern China
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 392-399.
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    Two hundred and eighty-six isolates were obtained from corn sheath blight samples in northeastern China (including Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces). Anastomosis group identification and 5.8S rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis showed that the isolates belonged to multinucleate Rhizoctonia AG1-IA, AG1-IB, AG1-IC, AG4-HG-I, AG4-HG-III, AG-5,WAG-Z and binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-Ba. Of these, AG-1-IA was the major anastomosis group (AG) (38.46% of total isolates), followed by WAG-Z (26.92%) and AG-5 (24.83%). AG4-HG-III was isolated for the first time from maize in China. 5.8S rDNA-ITS sequence analysis showed that the isolates could be distinctly separated based on their AG types. The isolates belonging to the same AG (or sub-AG) showed high sequence identity.
  • Fungal population in the inside and outside of Ips subelongatus body and the gallary of insect-bored larch logs
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 400-407.
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    The Ips subelongatus adult, larvae and pupa, the blue-stained tissue and phloem of pupa cells, egg and larval galleries were collected as the samples studied. The fungi in the inside and outside of the insect body and gallery of larch log were cultured and isolated by Martin and PDA medium, and the detection frequency were counted. Thirty-one species were isolated and identified, of which 3 species belong to Zygomycota, 8 species Ascomycota, 1 species Basidiomycota and 19 species anamorphs. All the fungi can be seen from the insect-bored gallery, 23 species from the body surface of the beetle, and 8 species from the inside of the body. Ceratocystis fujiensis is a new record for China. Ophiostoma sp. is tentatively placed. Ceratocystis fujiensis and Ophiostoma sp. are blue-stained, isolated from gallery tissues, with higher frequency.
  • New records of Pholiota collected from Changbai Mt. in China
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 408-413.
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    Four species of Pholiota collected from Changbai Mountains, P. bigelowii, P. condensa, P. gregariiformis and P. vinaceobrunnea, were reported for the first time in China. The morphological descriptions and illustrations were offered in this paper. The examined specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Mycology of Jilin Agricultural University (HMJAU).
  • Hyperparasitism of bamboo leaf rust and identification of the mycoparasite
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 414-420.
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    Hyperparasitism of bamboo leaf rusts and taxonomy of hyperparasite were studied. The hyperparasitism began in the end of April or early May and peaked in the middle of August, then decreased slowly. The hyperparasites lived on uredia showing the white mold-like spots, which hindered development and release of uredispores. The hyperparasite was identified as Acremonium salmoneum by morphologic characteristics. The rDNA ITS sequence of A. salmoneum was not registered before. ITS phylogenetic analysis demonstrated A. salmoneum had a close phylogenetic relationship with A. potroniii, and their conidia were both born in slimy head.
  • Identification and phylogenetic analysis of a yeast strain from the intestinal tract of zebrafish Danio rereio
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 421-425.
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    A yeast strain ZF-5 isolated from the intestinal tract of zebrafish Danio rereio was identified based on morphological and physiological characterization and 26S rDNA D1/D2 sequence analysis. The results showed that strain ZF-5 has oval to elongate cells, reproduces by multilateral budding and forms pseudohyphae. 26S rDNA D1/D2 sequence of the strain ZF-5 possesses 99.8% similarity with the type strain (CBS 2030 = NRRL Y-2075) of Pichia guilliermondii. Thus this strain was identifed as Pichia guilliermondii.
  • Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Xylaria nigripes
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 426-434.
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    To study the life cycle and genetic diversity of the ascomycete fungus Xylaria nigripes, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used as molecular marks. Based on the genomic library, a total of 193 SNPs were found in 34 fragments with 19,680bp from the two different individuals of X. nigripes, X-WC and X-LY, representing an SNP frequency of 0.981%. Among the 193 SNPs, all the sites had two alternative nucleotides, with 132 transitions and 61 transversions, resulting in a combined transition to transversion ratio of 2.16. The comparisons between the two individuals resulted in identification of 41 indels. Four of the 34 fragments were selected to examine intra-individual SNPs of the two individuals. Individual X-WC had an intra-individual SNP frequency of 1.308% (30/2293) per nucleotide and individual X-LY had a SNP frequency of 1.352% (31/2293) per nucleotide. Thirty-one sites double peak in the sequencing chromatograph indicated that the sclerotia of individual X-LY were heterokaryon.
  • lca-1 regulating conidiation and carotenoid production in Neurospora
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 435-441.
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    Carotenoid is an antioxidative pigment providing protection against UV radiation in fungi. Neurospora crassa is one of a few fungi from which genes participate in carotenoid biosynthesis have been characterized. In order to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis in N. crassa, we screened mutants for lower carotenoid production and found 6 belonging to this category from 6,087 gene knockout mutants. Among them, a mutant whose corresponding gene was named as lca-1 in this study was further investigated. lca-1 encodes a ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex ATPase chain ISW1. lca-1 deletion resulted in a reduction of 88% in conidial production and a decrease of 81% in carotenoid production. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of the four genes (al-1, al-2, fl and eas) related to conidiation and carotenoid biosynthesis were reduced. These results suggest that lca-1 positively regulates conidiation and carotenoid biosynthesis in Neurospora.
  • Increasing polysaccharide yield by over-expression of OsUgp2 in Ganoderma sinense
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 442-452.
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    UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) plays an important role in the process of polysaccharide synthesis. Two UGPase homologous genes existing in rice genome were designated as OsUgp1 and OsUgp2. In this study, an over-expression vector, in which OsUgp2 gene was driven by a promoter of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Aspergillus nidulans, was constructed and introduced into Ganoderma sinense via Agribacterium tumefaciens mediated method. A number of hygromycin resistant transformants was obtained. PCR and Southern blot analyses showed that the exogenous OsUgp2 was integrated into the genome of Ganoderma sinense. The result of semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicated that OsUgp2 expressed and the expression level was different among the three independent transformants. The determined UGPase activity of transformants was found increased and its extent was correlated well with the mRNA level. The constant weight and phenol-sulfuric acid assays were utilized to determine the mycelial biomass and polysaccharide content respectively. The results showed that all of biomass, intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides were evidently increased. The positive correlation between UGPase activity and polysaccharide content was revealed by analysis using SPSS13.0 software. The correlation coefficient between UGPase activity and intracellular polysaccharide was the highest at 0.980. It is suggested that the overexpressed OsUgp2 is probably more concerned with intracellular polysaccharide synthesis.
  • Effects of short-term physical stresses on activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Trametes versicolor mycelium
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 453-458.
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    The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) in Trametes versicolor mycelium were investigated under short-term physical stresses including single temperature, high and low synergistic temperature and ultrasound radiation. Compared with mycelium cultivated without stresses, the SOD activity increased by 36.2% at low temperature of 10℃ for 2h, higher than that treated at 15℃. Treated at 30℃ for 4h, the SOD activity increased by 26.8%, higher than that treated at 40℃, 50℃ and 60℃. However, treatments with higher temperature and longer duration caused a constant decrease. The L16(2×42) orthogonal test showed that the SOD activity significantly increased by 54.6% when the mycelium was treated at 30℃ for 2h, followed by at 10℃ for 1.5h, in comparison with that treated at low or high temperature alone. No significant difference was observed under reverse procedure of temperature treatment. The activity of SOD increased by 41.9% when mycelium had been stimulated by ultrasound wave at 38kHz for 40min, but deceased when treated with extended time. These results indicate that the short-term physical stresses including temperature and ultrasound radiation had elevated effects on SOD activity in Trametes versicolor mycelium when suitable treatment conditions were adopted. The combination of high and low synergistic temperature significantly increased the SOD activity, as compared with treatment of single temperature.
  • Chemical constituents of Fomitiporia ellipsoidea fruiting bodies
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 459-463.
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    Six compounds were isolated from petroleum ether extract of Fomitiporia ellipsoidea fruiting bodies. They are ergosta-7,22,25-triene-3-one, 21-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3-one, ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ylpalmitate, ergosta-7,22-dien-3-one, ergosterol, and ergosterol peroxide. Three compounds, benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']difuran-3,5-dione-8-methyl formate, ergosta-7,22-dien-3- ol and β-sitosterol, were isolated from defatted chloroform extract. Ergosrta-7,22,25-triene-3-one and benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']difuran- 3,5-dione-8-methyl formate are two new compounds; the others are isolated from Fomitiporia ellipsoidea fruiting bodies for the first time.
  • Chemical constituents, biological activities and flourescence quenching of Fomitiporia punctata fruiting body extract
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 464-471.
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    Different polar fractions were extracted by different reagents from the EtOH-extract of Fomitiporia punctata. Six compounds were isolated and identified as β-sitosterol (1), egosterol (2), erogosta 7,22-dien-3β-ol (3), 5,8-epidioxiergosta- 6,22-dien-3β-ol (4), 3-acetoxyoleanolic acid (5) and botulin (6) by the technology of NMR. The anti-tumor activity against NCI-460 was evaluated by Alamar Blue method, and the antioxidant activity was detected by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The interactions between aqueous extract and human fibrinogen were investigated by UV/vis absorption and fluorescence spectrum methods. The results showed that the process of binding aqueous extract of F. punctata against human fibrinogen was a spontaneous molecular interaction procedure.
  • Determination of trehalose in Cordyceps militaris fruiting body
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 472-476.
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    In order to determine the content of trehalose in mushroom, a procedure of trehalose extraction from Cordyceps militaris was developed. The results proved that the optimal method for extraction of trehalose was as follows: 1g of powder of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies was extracted by reflux in 100mL 90% ethanol for 1h. Then a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the determination of trehalose. By use of SUGAR SP0810 column (300mm′8mm) as the chromatographic column and purified water as mobile phase, trehalose was separated completely at the refractive index detector with the flow rate of 0.5mL/min at the temperature of 70℃. The injection volume was 10μL. The methodological study showed that the method was sensitive, accurate, reproducible and successfully applied to analyze the trehalose in Cordyceps militaris.
  • Antibacterial activities and volatile oil component analysis of extracts of Calvatia gigantea fruiting bodies in different maturity period
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 477-485.
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    Antibacterial activity of extracts segregated by different extracting solution from fruiting bodies of Calvatia gigantea of different maturity stage was studied. Volatile oil from C. gigantea was extracted by steam-distillation method, and its components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity of volatile oil was also studied. The results indicated that chloroform extract of immature fruiting body had obvious inhibiting activity to Escherichia coli ATCC8099 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 at a 50mg/mL concentration level. The inhibition rate was 57.57% and 50.12%, respectively. The MIC values were all at 12.5mg/mL. The main difference of volatile oil composition between immature and mature fruiting body was that volatile oil from immature fruiting body contained cedrol, α-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide, but that from mature fruiting body did not. The volatile oil from immature fruiting body performed stronger inhibitory activity to Escherichia coli ATCC8099 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, and both MIC values were 10.0mg/mL.
  • Solid culture conditions of Phellinus mori
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 486-490.
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    Phellinus mori was a recently described species of Phellinus. In order to investigate the influence of different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, initial pH and temperature on mycelial growth of P. mori, its solid culture conditions were studied. The results showed that starch gave the maximum growth rate with less biomass, and glucose and maltose did the opposite. Yeast extract powder was the optimum nitrogen source. The variation of pH value between 5.5－8.0 did not affect the mycelial growth significantly, and the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was from 28℃ to 33℃.
    • short communications
  • New records of the genus Lentinellus in China
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 491-496.
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    Two new records of Lentinellus in China, Lentinellus auricula and Lentinellus castoreus are reported. The previous records of Lentinellus vulpinus in China are proved to be mistaken, and the reconfirmation of the occurrence of the species is made based on a specimen recently collected from Jilin of northeastern China. The morphological characteristics of these three species are described in detail and illustrated based on Chinese collections. A key to the species of Lentinellus known from China is provided.
  • The life cycle of Dictyostelium magnum
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 497-500.
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    The whole process of the life cycle of Dictyostelium magnum was observed microscopically on the bi-concavity slide and the water agar. A complete life cycle of D. magnum needs 2－3d duration. The characteristics of spores, myxamoebae, aggregation, pseudoplasmodium, ascent, sorocarp and spore release were observed.
  • Genetic diversity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Gansu Province based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analyses
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 501-507.
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    Inter-simple sequence repeats has been used in analyzing 18 Ophiocordyceps sinensis samples from 6 areas in Gansu Province. For 15 ISSR primers, each individual showed about 95 DNA bands which ranging in size from 300 to 3,000bp. Molecular phylogenetic tree constructed by genetic similarity coefficient (GS), un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic meanscluster analysis (UPGMA) suggested that the samples isolated from different parts of the same caterpillar have no significant genetic differences; the genetic differentiation of the samples from the same location is not evident while that from different areas is comparatively evident. O. sinensis samples from 6 localities are obviously divided into 3 clustering groups and in the same clustering group there are independent local types. ISSR analysis reveals that O. sinensis shows its genetic variation correlated to its living enviroments.
  • Differential proteomics analysis of degeneration on the substrate- decomposing of Agaricus bisporus
    Mycosystema. 2011, 30(3): 508-513.
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    The technique of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE or 2D-PAGE) was used to analyze the protein expression differences between the wild type Agaricus bisporus CGMCC No. 0214 and its substrate-decomposing ability degenerated strains 0214-3, 0214-5. As a result, two proteins were found to be up- and down-expressed, respectively, with obvious and repeatable profiles in both degenerated strains when grown in a liquid culture. Based on the results of MALDI-TOF/MS analysis and database searching, these two proteins were identified as an actin and a putative NADH dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein 3, respectively. The results of this study provided a marker on the proteomics level for further study of the molecular mechanism of substrate-decomposing ability degeneration in A. bisporus.
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