15 November 2011, Volume 30 Issue 6

    

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  Academic career of Professor J.C. Wei, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): .

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Review
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  Studies on the genus Beauveria in molecular era

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 823-835.

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  Beauveria spp. are the most common cosmopolitan entomogenous fungi. All aspects of the studies on Beauveria have been achieving rapidly and substantially since the research of entomogenous fungi entered a molecular era in the early 1990’s. Beauveria bassiana and B. brongniartii as species complex were divided and segregated into several new species as some teleomorphs discovered. Based on the revealed pathogenic genes and their function mechanism, strain improvement obtained breakthroughs by gene transformation. Tough problems related to prevalence of B. bassiana in different crop and forest ecosystems have been solved through molecular ecological approaches. In the present paper, taxonomy, phylogenetics, biology and molecular pathogenesis, as well as ecology and epizootiology of Beauveria spp. are reviewed.
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  A review on the research of nematophagous fungal species

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 836-845.

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  Nematophagous fungi are those fungi with the capacity to capture, parasitise or paralyse nematodes at all stages of their life cycles. They play an important role as antagonists of plant-parasitic and animal-parasitic nematodes, therefore, there is a great interest in using these fungi as model samples in adaptative evolution researches and as biological control agents against parasitic nematodes. This review presents progress made in the field of fungal antagonists of parasitic nematodes, including trapping fungi, endoparasitic fungi, toxin-producing fungi and opportunistic fungi.
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  Ecological aspect in the systematics of fungi

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 846-852.

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  The main morphological features of fungi representing different evolutionary lines are discussed. Environmental situations which stimulate morphological changes are regarded. It is suggested to define ecological significance of fungal morphological characters, dividing them to the ecologically inert (the main characters determining evolutionary line) and ecologically active – characters which submerged to the changes with the changing of environmental conditions. Two main strategies for fungi in nature are described: raising competitive ability to win conquer for substratum, for the place in ecosystem, and the second way for less competitive species – to adapt to more stressful natural conditions and to occupy ecological niches becoming free. Some examples of analysis of adaptation to substrata and climatic zones by fungi are shown.
Papers
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  Additional materials for the rust flora of Hainan Province, China

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 853-860.

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  Nine species of rust fungi found in Hainan Province, tropical South China are reported. Of these, Puccinia austrosinensis on Bambusa remotiflora, Uredo lagerstroemiae on Lagerstroemia speciosa, and Uromyces latimammatus on Ipomoea sumatrana are described as new species. Chaconia butleri on Jasminum pentaneurum, Hemileia canthii on Canthium horridum, Kuehneola harrisoniae on Harrisonia perforata, Puccinia gouaniae-tiliaefoliae on Gouania javanica, Puccinia psidii on Syzygium jambos, and Puccinia stenotaphri on Pennisetum purpureum are recorded as new to China. All the specimens studied have been deposited in Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae (HMAS) in Beijing.
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  Septobasidium glycosmidis and S. albiziae spp. nov. (Septobasidi- aceae) from Hainan Province

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 861-864.

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  Two new species, Septobasidium glycosmidis on Glycosmis montana and Septobasidium albiziae on Albizia falcata, are described. They were collected from Hainan Province, China.
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  Studies on Cercospora and allied genera of China XIV.

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 865-869.

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  A new species, Passalora cocculi-trilobi, 1 new combination, P. rhoidis and 2 new names, P. cornicola and P. dioscoreae-nipponicae of the genus Passalora are reported. Descriptions, illustrations and discussions for these species are provided. Examined specimens including type are deposited in HMAS.
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  A preliminary study of Hemithecium and Pallidogramme (Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Ascomycota) from China

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 870-876.

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  Seven species in the lichen genera Hemithecium and Pallidogramme, including a new species H. duomurisporum, and a new record H. implicatum from China, are reported. The photographs of these species and working keys to the taxa are given.
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  Contribution to the Cladonia mycota of Greece, including Cladonia graeca sp. nov.

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 877-880.

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  From mid-elevation pine forest on the Aegean Sea island of Thasos 8 additional Cladonia species for the lichen mycota of Greece are reported. Most have a wide distribution in Europe and reach their southern limit in Greece. From schistose rock in the same area and on Evvia a new species is described, Cladonia graeca, which is probably related to C. macrophylla and C. decorticata but contains fumarprotocetraric acid instead of psoromic or perlatolic acid.
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  Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) lichens from China’s mainland Ⅵ. Eight species new to China in parmelioid lichens

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 881-888.

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  Parmelioid genera comprise about 40 genera. Some of these genera recently have been combined based on morphological and/or molecular evidence. The 33 genera are currently used with more than 1,500 species. Of which 20 genera with ca. 200 species were recorded in mainland China. Eight species new to China in parmelioid lichens, Arctoparmelia separata, Everniastrum lipidiferum, Everniastrum mexicanum, Flavoparmelia baltimorensis, Myelochroa hayachinensis, Parmelia marmorophylla, Parmelia pseudolaevior and Parmotrema pustulatum are reported in the paper.
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  The genus Pilophorus (Lichenized Ascomycota, Cladoniaceae) from China

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 889-894.

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  A comprehensive taxonomic study of the genus Pilophorus from China is performed in this paper. Six species of Pilophorus are recognized from China. Among them, four are previously recorded: P. acicularis, P. cereolus, P. clavatus, P. curtulus, and two were recently described: P. fruticosus and P. yunnanensis. Brief description of each species is presented with morphological and chemical characters. A key to the genus is also provided.
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  Confirmation of Berberis spp. as alternate hosts of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici on wheat in China

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 895-900.

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  Pycnia and aecia were produced on Berberis shensiana, B. potaninii and B. dolichobotrys in Shaanxi Province after inoculation using germinating telia of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Wheat cultivar Mingxian 169 was inoculated with aeciospores produced from the inoculated B. shensiana, and resulted in typical uredia of P. striiformis on the wheat leaves. Analyses using polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequence confirmed the rust fungus as P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. Wheat Mingxian 169 inoculated using aeciospores from the rust-infected leaves of B. shensiana collected from fields, produced uredia typical of stripe rust. In natural conditions, therefore, it demonstrated barberries (Berberis spp.) not only serve as alternate hosts for stripe rust pathogen of wheat in China, but the pathogen of wheat stripe rust, P. striifromis f. sp. tritici, can also perform its sexual stage on Berberis spp. This finding will provide a more satisfactory interpretation for high level of genetic diversity and virulence variation, and a powerful support to improve strategies for a better control of wheat stripe rust in future studies in the country.
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  Reticulate spore ornamentation in Strobilomyces

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 901-911.

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  Reticulate spore ornamentation in Strobilomyces (Boletaceae, Basidiomycotina) is visible under light microscopy (bright field and phase contrast) up to 1,500×. While some distinctions can be made at this magnification, ontogeny and fine structure of the ornamentation cannot be discerned. Scanning electron microscope images, conversely, reveal significant additional structure from which the ontogenetic process can be traced. Citing numerous New and Old World collections, this paper presents evidence distinguishing reticulate ornamentation ontogeny in these disjunct populations.
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  Effects of rRNA secondary structure on topological accuracy: a case study based on fungal 18S rRNAs

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 912-919.

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  Different methods using rRNA secondary structure to assist phylogenetic analyses have been recently developed. In order to evaluate the structure information on accuracy of phylogenetic tree topology, comparisons of these methods were performed. Our results showed significant superiority of phylogenetic analyses incorporating secondary structure over the pure traditional approaches. When the three major factors, alignment method, evolutionary model and tree search algorithm, were considered simultaneously in phylogenetic analyses, the implementation of structure information in alignment and substitution model produced a noticeable positive effect on topological accuracy.
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  Group I introns in lichen forming fungi and their application for phylogenetic analysis

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 920-931.

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  Group I introns in SSU (Small Subunit) rDNA of lichen forming fungi and their distribution modes were analyzed in this study. The data were obtained from eight species of the lichen genera Physcia and Phaeophyscia with some sequences retrieved from GenBank. Our result indicates that there are multiple group I introns insertion sites in SSU rDNA of lichen forming fungi, and their secondary structures gives the evidences of transposition when group I introns are in its nature states. Our result also demonstrates that group I introns are only suitable for the phylogenetic analysis at infraspecific levels.
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  Evaluation of ITS region as a possible DNA barcode for the genus Lachnum (Helotiales)

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 932-937.

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  The feasibility of ITS as a DNA barcode for the genus Lachnum was investigated. Intra- and inter-specific sequence divergences and easiness of sequence acquisition were considered as important criteria to estimate the barcode marker. The results revealed that ITS showed appropriate intra- and inter-specific variations, was able to separate the investigated 22 species of the genus, and was readily PCR amplified and sequenced. We suggest to use ITS as the potential DNA barcode for the genus.
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  A rapid identification for Umbilicaria species using rDNA-ITS as barcodes

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 938-943.

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  DNA barcode is a technique to identify species using short sequence of DNA. This paper deals with rDNA-ITS as a barcode and microbarcode to identify the species of Umbilicaria. Our study would be a foundation for the aid of Umbilicaria rapid identification.
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  Analysis of lichen substances including triterpenoids by high performance liquid chromatography with a differential refractive index detector and a photodiode array detector

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 944-949.

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  A new method for analysis of lichen triterpenoids was established using high performance liquid chromatography with the combination of a differential refractive index detector (RID) and a photodiode array detector (PDA). It is proved that this method was convenient to detect and identify aromatic and aliphatic lichen substances; it enabled quantitative analysis of substances having no or less absorption of ultraviolet rays such as triterpenoids. In addition, they can be measured in high accuracy compared with the TLC method.
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  Anti-oxidation activity of ethanol extracts from natural thalli of lichens

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 950-954.

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  Screening test on anti-oxidation activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was performed for 99 ethanol extracts of 85 species of natural thalli of lichens in order to find novel anti-oxidation compounds. The 17 extracts of natural thalli showed high anti-oxidation activity. Among them, the activities of extracts from Hypogymnia vittata, Peltigera aphthosa, Nephromopsis ornata, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Cladonia vulcani and Peltigera elizabethae were higher. Extracts of Peltigera spp. showed higher activity than those of other genera. The ethanol extract of P. aphthosa had been separated into ethyl acetate-soluble and water-soluble fractions. Two anti-oxidative spots were found only in the water-soluble fractions by thin-layer chromatography. The compound in the lower spot had the same Rf value, UV spectrum, and color as authentic solorinine that was previously found as a unique quaternary ammonium compound from Peltigera spp. We now report that the hydrophilic lichen substance, solorinine showed a nearly same anti-oxidation activity (EC50=120μmol/Lol/L) as standard antioxidant Trolox (EC50=150μmol/L).
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  An analysis on the altitudinal patterns of Peltigera in China

  Mycosystema. 2011, 30(6): 955-964.

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  Altitude is one of the most important factors influencing lichen biodiversity. Understanding the altitudinal distribution patterns of lichens is the first step towards the effective protection of lichen biodiversity. The lichen genus Peltigera tends to distribute at higher altitudes [(2,022±995)m] with a narrow altitudinal range (68% species occurring between 1,694－2,954m), suggesting its biodiversity can be highly affected by global warming. A unimodal distribution pattern was detected for both species richness and individual richness of the genus. The eleven species examined in detail have different altitudinal patterns that seem to be related to altitude. The altitudinal distribution of the eleven species evidently supports the Rapoport rule. The following four lichens may be most sensitive to global warming due to their high altitude distribution and narrow altitude range, viz.: Peltigera continentalis, P. dolichospora, P. kristinssonii and P. venosa.