15 March 2012, Volume 31 Issue 2

    

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Review
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  Advances in studies of eritadenine

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 151-158.

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  This report summarizes current advances in the studies of eritadenine. Topics covered in this review include pharmacology activities, separation methods, synthetic routes and methods for quantitative analysis. Additionally, prospects of eritadenine research are discussed.
Papers
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  Studies on Cercospora and allied genera of China XV

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 159-164.

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  Two new species, Passalora geranii and P. viburni-sargentii, and 2 new records for China, P. ampelopsidis and P. mikaniigena are reported. Latin diagnoses for new species, descriptions, illustrations and discussions are provided. Examined specimens are deposited in HMAS.
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  A new species of Stemphylium on Basella rubra

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 165-167.

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  A new species, Stemphylium basellae was collected on Basella rubra from Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province. Latin diagnosis, Chinese description and photo are provided for the species. The type specimen is deposited in HMAS.
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  Wood-decaying fungi in eastern Himalayas 2. Species from Qingcheng Mts., Sichuan Province

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 168-173.

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  Sixty wood-decaying fungi were identified from materials collected from four field trips in the Qingcheng Mts., Sichuan Province, southwestern China. A checklist of these species is supplied and the host tree or substrate of each species is listed. Most of the species are reported for the first time in the studied area. Antrodia subxantha Y.C. Dai & X.S. He (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) is described as new. It is characterized by resupinate basidiocarps, yellow pore surface, generative hyphae dominant in tube trama, cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores (3－4×1.6－2.1μm). It is very similar to Antrodia xantha in macromorphology, but the latter has allantoid basidiospores (4－5×1.2－1.5μm), and its trama is dominated by skeletal hyphae.
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  Phylogenetic analysis of Armillaria gallica from North America and China

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 174-186.

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  Fifteen and 53 isolates of Armillaria gallica were collected respectively in North America and China. The phylogeny and genetic relationship of these isolates were analyzed by ISSR-PCR. The results indicated that isolates of North America and those of China showed obvious genetic differentiation caused by geographic isolation, forming different clades in the phylogenetic tree. The genetic differentiation within North American clade was not obvious, but the differentiation within Chinese clade was clear and more ancient. Chinese isolates might be the ancestry of A. gallica in the two continents.
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  Diversity of halotolerant fungi isolated from Qinghai Lake based on culture-dependent investigation

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 187-195.

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  Qinghai Lake, a typical depositional salt lake, is located in the northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this paper, halotolerant fungi of Qinghai Lake were investigated by traditional culture-dependent methods. Totally, 617 fungal cultures were isolated from different regions which named as Heima Lake, Erhai and Gahai in Qinghai Lake. They were assigned to 18 genera and 45 species based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The number of isolates of Ascomycetes was larger than that of Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes, and the most abundant genera were Cladosporium and Penicillium. 19 species and 25 species were the slight halophiles and moderate halophiles, respectively, while only one species was extreme halophiles. The all values of Ma (3.12), H′ (1.11) and J (0.267) of halophiles isolated from Heima Lake were larger than those of Erhai and Gahai in all salinity; the all values of Ma (3.04), H′ (1.13) and J (0.293) of halophiles isolated from 1.5% salinity were higher than those from 10% and 30% salinity, and the H′ (1.13) and J (0.276) of halophiles isolated from water samples were higher than those from the mud and soil, while the Ma (3.10) of halophiles isolated from water samples was lower than that from mud. This is a systematic report on the diversity of halotolerant fungi from Qinghai Lake by culture-dependent methods.
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  New records and distribution of macrofungi in Laojun Mountain, Northwest Yunnan, China

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 196-212.

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  One hundred seventy-two species of macrofungi from Laojun Mountain, Northwest Yunnan were reported, among them 63 are edible, 40 medicinal, 7 new to China and 20 new to Yunnan Province. Brief descriptions are made for species new to China.
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  Growth temperature of Chaetomium species and its taxonomic value

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 213-222.

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  The minimum, optimum and maximum growth temperatures, fatal temperatures as well as the rate of colony growth at optimum temperatures for fifty strains belonging to twenty-five Chaetomium species were compared. The results revealed that each species possessed a stable and specific maximum growth temperature, which can be used for distinguishing Chaetomium species, particularly for the morphologically similar species. The other temperature features showed variation within a single species and obvious overlap between species, which are of little value in taxonomy. The maximum growth temperatures of 42 Chaetomium species were determined. The results provide a valuable physiological criterion for the delimitation of species in the genus.
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  Comparison of the behavior of nuclei between bisporic and tetrasporic strains in Oudemansiella radicata

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 223-228.

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  Fruiting bodies, mycelia and basidiospores of bisporic and tetrasporic strains in Oudemansiella radicata were stained by bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33258) and observed under fluorescence microscope. The results were as follows: Mycelia of the bisporic strain were monokaryotic and had no clamp connection. The monokaryotic probasidium underwent one round of mitosis and produced two nuclei in the basidium. These two nuclei were then separately transferred into two basidiospores, leaving an empty basidium. As a result, each of the two mature basidiospores had only one nucleus. However, most mycelia of the tetrasporic strain were dikaryotic and had clamped connections. During fruiting body development, the two haploid nuclei in the basidium fused and formed a diploid nucleus. Subsequently, the diploid nucleus underwent meiosis and produced four haploid nuclei. These four nuclei were separately transferred into four basidiospores. The mature basidiospore of the tetrasporic strain each had only one nucleus. The possible mechanisms for the formation of bisporic fruiting bodies of Oudemansiella radicata were suggested and discussed.
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  The affection factors of Tricholoma matsutake mycelial biomass in liquid fermentation

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 229-234.

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  The effects of aeration, agitation rate, pH value and soluble starch concentration on the biomass of Tricholoma matsutake in liquid fermentation were studied, and the possible mechanisms of soluble starch in maintaining the pH value are discussed. The results showed that the biomass of T. matsutake increased with the increase of aeration when aeration was at ≤0.4vvm, and increased slowly when the aeration was over 0.5vvm. The biomass of mycelium also increased with the increment of agitation rate but declined at 80r/min. The optimum pH is 5.5. With different initial pH value, the final medium pH tended to be 6.0. Soluble starch is an important factor influencing biomass of T. matsutake in fermentation. The biomass increased with the concentration of soluble starch when the concentration ≤4g/100mL. At the concentration of 4g/100mL, the biomass of T. matsutake reached 22g/L, and the mycelium yield could be increased by 91.3%.
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  Divergent roles of CLC1 in cation homeostasis in Cryptococcus neoformans

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 235-242.

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  Cryptococcus neoformans has two varieties, var. grubii and var. neoformans. Two well-studied strains H99 (serotype A) and JEC21 (serotype D) are representatives of var. grubii and var. neoformans respectively. The virulence of the two strains is different which provides an ideal model for researching the evolution of virulence. By comparing the JEC21-derived clc1- mutant strain Tx1 and previously reported H99-derived clc1- mutant strain Mlac3, it was found that CLC1 also participated in copper uptake in JEC21. The demolished laccase activity in Tx1 strain was restored with exogenous copper, while the transcription of the laccase gene LAC1 was at a comparable level to JEC21. Compared with the wild-type strain, the transcription of the copper transporter gene CTR4 was highly upregulated in Tx1 which was not repressed by exogenous copper obviously. These data revealed a lack of intracellular copper in Tx1 cells. In contrast, Tx1 was shown to be hypersensitive to 1mol/L Na+/K+, while Mlac3 was not. Tx1 was viable under pH8.0 condition, whereas Mlac3 was sensitive to pH8.0. The results demonstrated that CLC1 shared a common role in Cu2+ homeostasis, but divergent roles in regulating Na+, K+ and H+ between H99 and JEC21. This work may provide support to the virulence difference between H99 and JEC21.
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  Can COI gene be used as DNA barcode for the nectriaceous fungi?

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 243-250.

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  COI gene was tested with 76 strains of 33 species of the nectriaceous fungi to investigate its feasibility of serving as a DNA barcode. The results indicated that introns are present in some species, which made it difficult for PCR amplification and sequencing. COI gene is not a good DNA barcode for this group. Analysis of the obtained COI sequences showed that this gene may have the capacity to distinguish species of the nectriaceous fungi.
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  Three-phase partitioning and characterization of α- galactosidase from Rhizopus sp. A01

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 251-257.

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  Using three-phase partitioning flowed by Sephadex G-100 chromatography, a form of α-galactosidase from Rhizopus sp. A01 grown on bean dregs broth was purified to homogeneity with a 6.7-fold increase in specific activity and 46% recovery. The enzyme was showed a monomer with apparent molecular mass of 87.6kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. The α-galactosidase had high activity against p-nitrophenyl-α-d-galactopyranoside (pNPGal) but had slight activity for melibiose and raffinose, and the optimal activity was observed at pH 5.0 and 55℃. The kinetic parameters Km and kcat/Km were 2.56mmol/L and 4.74×104L/mol·s with pNPGal, and the rate of hydrolysise for melibiose was 3.4 times as much as that for raffinose. The enzyme activity was inhibited by all tested metal ions at 5.0mmol/L, and almost completely by Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Hg+ and Mn2+ among them. The α-galactosidase was highly stable over pH range of 4.5－9.0 at 25℃, and its activity retained approximately 48% of the original activity after incubation for 120min at 55℃.
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  Effects of Agaricus blazei polysaccharides on the mRNA expression of cytokines in lead-poisoning rats

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 258-266.

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  To investigate the immunoregulation activity of Agaricus blazei polysaccharides on lead-poisoning rats, the effects of polysaccharides on mRNA expression of cytokines in the spleen of lead-poisoning rats were studied. Forty-eight healthy 45 aged SD rats were randomly divided into six groups (female:male=1:1), and named as control group, polysaccharide group, lead-poisoning model group, lead+50mg/kg·d polysaccharide group, lead+100mg/kg·d polysaccharide group and lead+200mg/kg·d polysaccharide group respectively. The rats of lead-poisoning model group and lead+polysaccharide group gave 0.2% lead acetate water for free drink. After treatment of 60 days, the spleens were collected, and the mRNA expressions of cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ were determined with fluorescent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (FQRT-PCR). The results showed that as compared with the control group, the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ of polysaccharide group and lead+200mg/kg·d polysaccharide group significantly increased at 0.05 or 0.01 level, and decreased significantly at 0.01 level in lead-poisoning model group. The mRNA expression levels of the tested cytokines in lead+200mg/kg·d polysaccharide group increased at 0.01 level as compared with the lead-poisoning model group. The expression levels were incresed with the polysaccharides increased. The result suggested that Agaricus blazei polysaccharides played an improtant role in protecting the lead-induced immune system damage of animal.
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  4,5-epoxycyclohexenoid derivatives from the fungus Penicillium sp.

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 267-274.

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  Four new 4,5-epoxycyclohexenoids, penoxides A－D (1－4), and a known analogue, eupenoxide (5), have been isolated from the crude extract of Penicillium sp. The structures of 1－4 were elucidated primarily by mass spectrum (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The absolute configuration of 1 was deduced by comparison of its NMR data with those of 5, whereas those of 2－4 were deduced by comparison of their CD spectra with that of 1. Compounds 1, 2 and 4 showed modest cytotoxicity against HeLa cells.
short communications
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  New records of Pholiota subgen. Flammuloides in China

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 275-279.

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  Three species of Pholiota subgen. Flammuloides, P decorata, P. fulvodisca and P. virgata, are reported from China for the first time. The morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided. The examined specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Mycology of Jilin Agricultural University (HMJAU).
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  Notes on lignicolous and corticioid fungi in China 4. Three Chinese new records in Acanthofungus, Dichostereum and Vararia

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 280-284.

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  Acanthofungus ahmadii, Dichostereum effuscatum and Vararia athabascensis are newly recorded in China, and they were found from Henan, Anhui and Guizhou Province, respectively. The illustrated descriptions of these three species are given based on the Chinese materials.
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  Cryopreservation of aphid-specific pathogen Pandora nouryi

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 285-291.

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  The viabilities of entomophthoralean fungi are sensitive to cryopreservation procedures. The efficacy of preservation methods for these fastidious fungi should be evaluated in detail before extensive application. In this study, the primary spores (2－3′105conidia/mL) of an aphid obligate pathogen Pandora nouryi was preserved at -80℃ for 12 months. The routine culture medium of Sabouraud dextrose broth plus 0.1% emulsified sesame oil (SDBS) was selected for culture storation, due to more effective in protecting the fungal spores than ordinary cryoprotectants such as dimethylulphoxide and glycerol. The highest biomass and growth rate were obtained after the preserved spore suspensions were thawed and incubated. Moreover, 4% glucose, 1% peptone and 1% yeast extracts in the liquid culture played cooperative roles in preserving the isolate under ultracold condition, and the virulence retained stable. After one year preservation, the median lethal concentration of the isolate against Myzus persicae nymphs was estimated as 3.3conidia/mm2 by analysis of multiple-dose bioassay data, consistent with that in the previous repeated report. In a word, -80℃ cryopreservation can be accepted as a good preservation technique for entomophthoralean fungi, and Sabouraud dextrose broth is more suitable as cryoprotectantive medium for P. nouryi than 10% glycerol solution.
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  The format of publication on fungal new species in taxonomic paper

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(2): 292-297.

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  The format of publication on fungal new species is proposed and some suggestions are made.