15 September 2014, Volume 33 Issue 5

    

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Research paper
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  Notes on soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Hainan Province, ChinaⅠ

  ZHANG Yue-Li,WU Yue-Ming,ZHANG Tian-Yu

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 945-953. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130128

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  A total of 61 isolates of dematiaceous hyphomycetes belonging to 35 species in 21 genera were obtained from 48 soil samples collected from different ecosystems of Hainan Province, China. Among them, Gliomastix variabilis and Pseudobotrytis ramosa are new species; Cephalotrichum heliciforme is a new name; The genus Ardhachandra and A. cristaspora and Nodulisporium hinnuleum are newly recorded for China. Holotypes and all other specimens (dried cultures) and living cultures studied are deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP). Isotypes are kept in HMAS.
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  Inocybe hainanensis, a new lilac-stiped species from tropical China

  FAN Yu-Guang, BAU Tolgor

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 954-960. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140043

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  Inocybe hainanensis is described as a new species based on morphological and molecular data. It is characterized by its small basidioma, lilac stipe, slightly thick-walled pleurocystidia and the lack of caluocystidia. The similarities and differences of the new species and its close relatives from tropical Asia and adjacent region were discussed. The nLSU sequence of the holotype was generated and analyzed with available sequences of closely related taxa, which indicated it has closer relationship with south temperate (Australian) species I. violaceocaulis than with other north temperate taxa.
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  New species and new records of Graphis (Graphidaceae) from China

  JIA Ze-Feng,Klaus KALB

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 961-966. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140076

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  In the present paper, four species of the lichen genus Graphis are reported from China. Graphis cognata and G. dendrogramma are new to China. Graphis verrucata and G. weii are described as new to science. Descriptions and known distribution of each species are given.
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  Three species of polypores new to China

  LI Hai-Jiao HE Shuang-Hui

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 967-975. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130157

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  Three wood-decaying fungi, Coriolopsis brunneoleuca, Elmerina borneensis, and a new combination proposed here, Trametes coccinea, are newly recorded in China. Coriolopsis brunneoleuca collected from tropical areas of several provinces, is characterized by its pale yellowish brown to yellowish brown, velutinate pileal surface and dextrinoid skeleto-binding hyphae; Elmerina borneensis collected from Fujian and Hainan provinces, is distinguished by having resupinate basidiocaps, large encrusted hyphal pegs and vertically septate basidia; Trametes coccinea collected from Jilin Province, is characterized by its pale orange-yellow, pale brownish red, red to scarlet basidiocarps and small pores. Illustrated descriptions of these three species and a key to the red colored Trametes species (Pycnoporus) are provided.
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  Suspected pathogenic Fusarium spp. isolated from apple orchard soils in Hebei Province

  ZOU Qing-Jia,WANG Shu-Tong,LIANG Kui-Jing,WANG Ya-Nan,HU Tong-Le,HAN Zhi-Qi,CAO Ke-Qiang

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 976-983. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.120109

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  The pathogenic fungi of apple replant diseases were baited from crabapple orchard soil samples collected from 10 regions in Hebei Province. Among the 293 isolates, 116 isolates were Fusarium species, which were the predominant group in the soil fungi. The phylogenetic trees inferred from internal transcribed spacers regions (rDNA-ITS) and partial sequence of translation elongation factor-1α gene (EF-1α) showed that the representative isolates were all clustered with the Fusarium species blasted in GenBank. The suspected pathogenic Fusarium species in apple orchard soil in Hebei Province included Fusarium oxysporum, F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, F. proliferatum and F. solani.
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  Numerical classification of cultivated germplasm of Auricularia auricula-judae

  CHEN Ying,YAO Fang-Jie,ZHANG You-Min,FANG Ming

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 984-996. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140104

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  Twenty strains of cultivated Auricularia auricula-judae were classified by Q-model cluster analysis of numerical classification based on agronomic characters investigations. Fourteen agronomic characters were analysed by R-model cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results of Q-model cluster analysis showed that the 20 strains studied were classified into two groups, namely cluster type and chrysanthemum type, at Euclidean distance 6.29 based on fruiting body characters. The chrysanthemum type strains were classified as two subgroups, namely scattered type and localized type at Euclidean distance 4.79 based on primordium occurrence pattern of growth period. The results of R-model cluster analysis showed that 11 agronomic characters (including one mycelium character, two growth characters and eight fruiting body characters) were closely related. The principal component analysis suggested that five dominant characters (reverse side wrinkle of fruiting body, number, primordium occurrence time, fruiting body pattern, and reverse side color of dried fruiting body) among 14 characters were the first principal component with a contribution rate up to 62.26%. The first principal component was named as fruiting body pattern-growth period composition factor serving as the index of germplasm evaluation.
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  Gigasporalean arbuscular mycorrizal fungi associated with common plants in Hainan Province

  CHEN Yi,LI Zeng-Ping,ZHANG Shu-Zhen,ZHANG Wei

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 997-1004. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130153

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  Twenty-three species of Gigasporalean arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were reported in this paper. The fungi were isolated from the rhizosphere of common plants in Hainan island, belonging to Gigaspora, Scutellospora, Dentiscutata, Racocetra, Quatunica, and Cetraspora. Dentiscutata hawaiiensis and Dentiscutata nigerita are new records in China.
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  Effects of sulfur on the community diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during the ripening stage of different soybean cultivars

  JIE Wei-Guang,LI Jin,CAI Bai-Yan

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1005-1014. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130121

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  The effects of sulfur fertilization on the community diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi of different soybean cultivars during the ripening stage were investigated. The optimal amount of applied sulfur fertilization to improve the diversity of AM fungi in the rhizosphere soil and roots of three specific soybean cultivars was also explored in order to establish a theoretical foundation to increase soybean yield and quality. Three soybean cultivars, HN44, HN48 and HN37, were selected to seed in pots. The amount of applied sulfur fertilization was designed in four levels, S1, S2, S3 and S4 (0, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06g of elemental sulfur per kg of soil repectively). The community diversity of AM fungi in the rhizosphere soil and roots of the three soybean cultivars were analyzed using PCR-DGGE. The results showed that the diversity of AM fungi in the rhizosphere soil and roots of HN37 and HN44 reached the highest levels under S2 treatment, while that of HN48 were the highest under S3 treatment. The DGGE profiles showed that the dominant population changed significantly in every soybean cultivar. The dominant AM fungi were Glomus and Funneliformis in the rhizosphere soil and roots of the three soybean cultivars. The results indicated that sulfur fertilization had a significant effect on the community diversity of AM fungi in the rhizosphere soil and roots of different soybean cultivars. A moderate amount of sulfur increased diversity of AM fungi, while higher rates or no sulfur fertilizer suppressed the diversity.
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  Genetic diversity of Beauveria bassiana in the microhabitat of Dendroctonus valens using ISSR molecular makers

  CHEN Xue-Jiao,LI Yun-Fei,SUN Juan-Juan,ZONG Kai,YU Xiao-Feng,ZHENG Hai-Song,YAO Jan

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1015-1024. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130166

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  ISSR molecular marker was used to analyze the genetic diversity of Beauveria bassiana populations from three areas with different damage extent caused by the red turpentine beetle Dendroctonus valens. Ten out of 19 ISSR primers were selected for PCR amplification with high yields of polymorphism and stability. The results demonstrated that the genetic diversity of Beauveria bassiana varied among populations. Diversity level of Xunyi population and beetle population was relatively higher than the others. The genetic difference among geographic origins was less than those of matrix population. Considerable gene flow was detected in geographic populations. However, the indices of gene flow among matrix populations were relatively lower but with apparent genetic differentiation among populations.
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  Desert lichens in Shapotou region of Tengger Desert and bio-carpet engineering

  YANG Jun,WEI Jiang-Chun

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1025-1035. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130150

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  This paper is dealt with the desert lichens and bio-carpet engineering. Twenty three lichens in the crust microbiota of Shapotou Desert Research Station (SDRS) of CAS are reported in this paper. Among them 2 species new to science and have been published earlier, 1 genus and 6 species are new to China. The ecological succession after the establishment of the artificial vegetation protection system in the Shapotou region of the southeast fringe of the Tengger Desert was analyzed. The artificial vegetation provided a habitat suitable to developing the microbiotic crusts formed by crust microbiota including cyanobacteria, lichens, mosses etc. The artificial vegetation with water pump effect expended the deep soil water during the long process of ecological succession by the action of the water balance, and led itself to decline. On the contrary, the crust microbiota without water pump effect and with the function of drought resistance, sand and carbon fixation developed well. Such a result provided a scientific basis for the feasibility of constructing “bio-carpet engineering” on the arid desert. By means of the technique of isolation and inoculation of the crust microbiota, the lichen Endocarpon pusillum as one of the species resources for the “bio-carpet engineering” is selected. A study of the drought resistant transgenic sward plants using the drought resistant genes from the desert lichens is carried out to improve the “bio-carpet engineering”.
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  Cloning and expression analyses of the glutamine synthetase gene of Pleurotus eryngii

  CHENG Xiang-Yang,WANG Ying,BAO Da-Peng,TAN Qi

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1036-1044. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140130

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  Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism in fungi that allows assimilation of nitrogen and biosynthesis of glutamine. The full-length gene of the glutamine synthetase of the mushroom Pleurotus eryngii was cloned by using 3′RACE and 5′RACE techniques. The GS gene of P. eryngii (PE-GS) has 1 271bp with 4 introns and 5 exons, which coded a protein with 353 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PE-GS has the closest genetic relationship with the GS of P. ostreatus. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that PE-GS expression was higher in the fruit body than in the mycelia, suggesting the PE-GS gene has the role in the nitrogen metabolism of the fruit body.
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  Differential protein expression analysis of the wild type and △veA mutants of Eurotium cristatum

  SANG Shi-Lei,TAN Yu-Mei,LIU Yong-Xiang,LIU Zuo-Yi

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1045-1053. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140115

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  To separate and identify the differentially expressed proteins putatively associated with conidiation in the wild type and △veA mutant strains of Eurotiumcristatum, gene deletion of veA was conducted and the differentially expressed proteins were analyzed by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. After silver staining and apparatus scanning, the analysis of gel-image was performed by using Imagemaster, and then the differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Peptide fingerprints and its sequences were searched against the NCBI and Uniprot databases for gene and protein identifications. The results showed that the expressions of 77 proteins were significantly increased in the wild type while 116 proteins upregulated in △veA. Among the spots, 30 proteins were identified in relation to cell metabolisms.
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  Separation, purification and properties of Zn-metallothionein (MT) in Cordyceps militaris

  ZHANG Qi,CHENG Xian-Hao,GUO Wen-Juan,LIU Feng-Hong,WANG Zhao-Xia

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1054-1062. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130158

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  The production and properties of Zn-metallothionein (MT) in Cordyceps militaris mycelia under zinc ion stress were explored. The Zn-MT was yielded up to 12.876mg/g mycelium (wet weight) with a zinc concentration of 15g/L and fungal biomass reached 12.021g/L at the end of the fermentation. Zn-MT was purified with Sephadex G-50 gel filtration and desalting Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, and dried by vacuum freeze-drying. The methods of bradford and silver saturation method with atomic absorption spectrometry analysis were applied to separately determine the protein content and MT content, respectively. The molecular weight of C. militaris Zn-MT was 7 390Da by electron spray mass spectrometry (ESMS) measurement. The determination results of Ellman’s reagent colorimetry and atomic flame absorption spectrometry showed that one molecule of C. militaris Zn-MT contained 14 mercapto groups and combined with 5 zinc atoms. Amino acid composition analysis showed that the protein contained 57 amino acids, which contained 13 residues of cysteine and one histidine residues, with hydrophobic amino acids accounting for 29.8%. These results showed that the C. militaris Zn-metallothionein’s structure was very different from that of mammal metallothionein but similar to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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  Evolution of type II LAGLIDADG homing endonucleases residing in fungal mitochondrial cob

  CHEN Zhi-Gang,TANG Wei-Jing,WEI Ai-Yun,HU Xiao-Ping, FAN San-Hong

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1063-1073. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130111

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  Based on 114 published mitochondria genomes of fungi, we systematically analyzed the type II LAGLIDADG homing endonucleases encoded by introns of cob to uncover the evolutionary pattern. We found 27 type II LAGLIDADG homing endonucleases in cob genes, 18 of which were located at intron insertion site S433 while other 9 were distributed in eight different sites. Combined with Pfam data, type II LAGLIDADG homing endonucleases were mainly divided into 10 groups and 4 of them exhibited lateral transfer among species in distinct kingdoms. 18 homing endonucleases encoded by S433 site belonged to group 1. They coupled with host introns and might vertically inherit from common ancestor accompanied by horizontal gene transfer from time to time; other homing endonucleases in cob introns were inferred as a result of lateral transfer only. Group 1 homing endonucleases could be divided into two sub-groups and their target sequences presented apparent difference; analyzing of conserved amino acid in LAGLIDADG motif indicated most of them had potential cleaving activity. We presented a whole landscape and evolutionary pattern of introns and intronic type II LAGLIDADG homing endonucleases residing in fungal mitochondrial cob, and we also provided new scaffolds for modifying and redesigning of homing endonucleases.
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  Expression analysis of xyn and activity determination of xylanase in different Volvariella volvacea strains

  WANG Meng-Lan,ZHAO Yan,CHEN Ming-Jie,WANG Hong

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1074-1083. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140120

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  Xylanase plays an important role in degradation of hemicelluloses. This study aims at revealing the relationship between xylanase and Volvariella volvacea strains with different biological efficiency, and to understand which xyn gene contributes more to the biological efficiency of Volvariella volvacea. Xyn1, XynII and their homologous sequences were used to establish a phylogenetic tree. Relative gene expression from different strains was measured by using real-time PCR. The activity of xylanase in three V. volvacea strains with different biological efficiency was determined by the DNS method. The results showed that Xyn1 of V. volvacea was closely related to that of straw-rot fungi, and XynII was closely related to that of wood-rot fungi. The xynII expression and xylanase activity in 0229 was significantly higher than that in Vb1 or in A8. However, xyn1 expression in Vb1 was lower than that in 0229 or in A8. Xylanase activities were significantly different among Volvariella volvacea strains 0229, Vb1 and A8, indicating that xylanase activity may be positively correlated with biological efficiency of Volvariella volvacea. The relative gene expression of xylanase was also different at transcriptional level, suggesting that xynII may be more important than xyn1 for the biological efficiency of Volvariella volvacea.
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  An endophytic fungus in Ficus carica and its secondary metabolites

  WANG Li-Wei,WANG Guo-Ping,TANG Ting,XING Wang-Xing,ZHENG Wei,WANG Jing,ZHANG Chu-Long

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1084-1093. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130182

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  An endophytic fungus ZJWCF255 with antifungal activity was isolated from the leaf of Ficus carica, and identified as Xylaria sp. on the basis of morphology and ITS rDNA sequence data. Four compounds were obtained from the fermentation broth of the endophyte by silica gel column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) through bioassay-guided isolation. Their structures were elucidated as cytochalasin C (1), D (2), Q (3), and R (4) through spectral analysis. The primary bioassay results showed that compound 3 had inhibitory activity to 11 plant pathogenic fungi, especially to Didymella bryoniae, with EC50 value of 0.04μg/mL. Compound 3 also showed strong antitumor activity on tumor cell lines SMMC-772, MCF-7, MGC80-3 in vitro with IC50 values of (17.24±2.55), (7.75±1.37), (10.30±1.34)μg/mL respectively. This is the first report of antifungal effect and antitumor activity of cytochalasin Q.
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  Secondary metabolites from mycelium of Geniculisynnema termiticola associated with termite nests and their bioactive effects

  WANG Bo-Tao,YANG Xiao-Li,LI Sai-Fei,ZHAO Dong,WEN Hua-An,XU Wei,BAO Li

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1094-1102. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130125

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  The Geniculisynnema strain L342 was isolated from the nest of Odontotermes formosanus in Sichuan Province, P. R. China, and sequence analysis of rDNA revealed strain L342 is G. termiticola. Ethyl acetate extract of G. termiticola in patato/dextrose broth (PDB) culture showed strong reducing ability and moderate 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazuyl (DPPH) scavenging ability in antioxidant bioassay. Six secondary metabolites were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of G. termiticola, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopic data as 3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-3-methylisocoumarin (1), regiolone (2), (3S, 4S)-3,4,6,8-tetradydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen- 1(2H)-one (3), ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (4), cerebroside A (5), and cerebroside C (6). Their antioxidant effect and cytotoxic activity of 6 compounds isolated were assayed, and compounds 4, 5 and 6 showed moderate reducing ability, compound 4 showed weak cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells with IC50 value of 98.3μmol/L. It could be concluded that the fermentative products of G. termiticola greatly possess their potential of producing bioactive secondary metabolites, and might be hopeful of developing a new functional food.
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  Biological activities of Inonotus baumii mycelium extract obtained by different cultivation methods

  SHAO Qian,YANG Yan,LI Ting-Ting,FENG Jie,LIU Yan-Fang,YAN Meng-Qiu,TAN Qi

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1103-1111. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130132

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  Biological activities of mycelium extract of I. baumii obtained from different cultivation methods including liquid and sawdust and rice solid fermentation were studied. The anti-oxidant activity, antitumor and other pharmacological effects of three ethanol extracts of the mycelia were compared. The results showed that the chemical composition and biological activities of the mycelium extract obtained by three kinds of fermentation methods had differences to a certain extent. Flavonoids content of mycelium extract obtained from fermented rice solid was the highest. Ethanol mycelium extract from rice solid culture media showed relatively high antioxidant activity at low concentration in scavenging super-oxide anion free radicals, and H2O2 radicals, and the scavenging rate reached 80%. Mycelium extract obtained from sawdust and rice solid fermentation has similar therapeutic repair effect on activity decrease of neural cells PC12 induced by NaN3. The mycelial extract obtained from liquid fermentation had higher inhibitory effect than that from fermentation of other two methods in vitro inhibition of HepG2 cell, and the inhibition rate reached 70% at 100μg/mL.
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  Auxiliary protective effects of the extracts from Tremella fuciformis fruiting body on alcohol-induced liver injuries in mice

  XUE Li

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1112-1118. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130175

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  The protective effects of extracts from Tremella fuciformis fruiting body on alcohol-induced liver injuries in mice were determined. Fifty mice were randomly divided into five groups: blank control group, model group and prevention groups treated with low dose (225mg/kg BW), medium dose (450mg/kg BW) and high dose (1 350mg/kg BW) of Tremella fuciformis fruiting body extracts. Except the blank control group, the other groups were liver-injured by 50% alcohol. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and triglyceride (TG) in liver tissue were determined, and the liver damage was evaluated by histological examination. Compared with the model group, MDA level in liver tissue of the three treatment groups remarkably decreased (P<0.01), while the enhancement of GSH level had no statistical difference (P>0.05). The TG content and hepatocyte fatty degeneration of the moderate and high dose group were obviously lower than those of the model group. The result suggested that extracts of Tremella fuciformis fruiting body have an auxiliary protective effects on liver injury induced by alcohol in mice.
Short communication
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  Three species of Marasmius sect. Globulares new to China

  DENG Chun-Ying，LI Tai-Hui

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1119-1124. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130137

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  Three species of the family Marasmiaceae, Marasmius fusicystidiosus, M. pellucidus and M. phelodiscus, are newly recorded from China. The illustrated descriptions of the three species are given based on the Chinese materials.
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  Phellinopsis overholtsii comb. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota), a legitimate name for the species previously labeled as Phellinopsis occidentalis

  ZHOU Li-Wei,GINNS James

  Mycosystema. 2014, 33(5): 1125-1128. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130165

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  The genus Phellinopsis was recently segregated from Phellinus. Among all four species of Phellinopsis, only P. occidentalis is not distributed in China. The history of the name P. occidentalis is briefly reviewed. The validation of P. occidentalis is rejected, because its basionym, Fomes occidentalis, was not validly published. Based on Phellinus overholtsii, the legitimate basionym representing this species, Phellinopsis overholtsii comb. nov. is proposed.