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15 September 2015, Volume 34 Issue 5
    

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    Orginal Article
  • Xing-Zhong LIU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 795-798. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.150196
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    The State Key Laboratory of Mycology (SKLM) can be dated back to January 1953, when the Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was found by the CAS members, Fanglan Dai and Shuqun Deng. Subsequently, the department was upgraded to the CAS Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology in 1985 and State Key Laboratory of Mycology (SKLM) in 2011. In recent years, scientists in SKLM have made great advances on the fungal taxonomy and evolution, genetics and development, community and interspecies relationship, and secondary metabolism and regulation. In this special issue, 13 review papers and seven research papers contributed by different research groups were included. This special issue also serves as a commemoration of the 30 anniversary of the CAS key laboratory.

  • Huan-Di ZHENG, Wen-Ying ZHUANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 799-808. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140118
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    Hymenoscyphus is one of the largest genera of inoperculate cup-fungi and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Recent progresses on taxonomy, molecular phylogeny, economic value and pathogenicity, and other aspects relevant to the genus were briefly summarized. Future prospects for research on this fungal group are discussed.

  • Zhao-Qing ZENG, Wen-Ying ZHUANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 809-816. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140116
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    Species of Hypomyces are mycoparasitic and have a worldwide distribution, mainly in temperate and tropical regions. They are economically important, especially in biomedicine, industry and agriculture. The recent research progress of the genus, especially on resources, taxonomy, phylogeny and host specificity, is briefly summarized. Perspectives on future research are suggested, such as establishment of clear species concepts, connections between sexual and asexual stages, exploration of species diversity, its distribution range in China, and discovery of phylogenetic relationships among species.

  • Lin GUO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 817-820. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.130223
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    So far, 269 species of smut fungi have been reported in China. These species were mainly discovered from the northern and southern regions of China. More specimens of smut fungi from the middle part of China need to be collected in the future.

  • Guo-Jie LI, Sai-Fei LI, Dong ZHAO, Hua-An WEN
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 821-848. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.150085
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    The genus Russula is a group of edible and medicinal fungi with high economic and scientific value. Some Russula are poisonous. Recent research progress of Russula, including species resource, taxonomy, phylogeny, genetic diversity and application study are summarized. Major issues being in urgent need of solution remain in current research, such as misidentification caused by deviation in morphological observation and description, limited taxa and gene segments involved in phylogeny and genetic diversity work, and controversial distribution of massive taxa in China originally described from Europe and North America, etc.

  • Lin WANG, Mei-Chun XIANG, Xing-Zhong LIU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 849-862. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140299
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    Insect developed the ability to cultivate fungi as a food source about 40-60 million years ago, and this represented an evolutionary transition from a hunting-gathering to a farming lifestyle. Agricultural life ultimately enabled all of these insect farmers to rise their ecological adaptability. Insect fungiculture shares some defining features of human agriculture including habitual planting ("inoculation"), cultivation, harvest, and nutritional dependency. A handful of insects, notably the well-recognized fungus-farming ants, termites, and beetles, have developed advanced agriculture, which includes seeding new gardens with crop propagules, improving growth conditions, and protecting the fungal crop by using symbiotic actinomycetes. More examples being called “proto-fungiculture” show excellent farming skills, as exemplified by leaf rolling weevils that farm mycangial fungi on leaf cradles, marine snails that farm intertidal fungi on marsh grass, lizard beetles that farm mycangial fungi on bamboos and woodwasps that farm white rot fungi. Investigation of adaptive features of these fungus farming insects would provide much practical value for human agriculture.

  • Xin-Li WEI, Shu-Hua JIANG, Jiang-Chun WEI
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 863-870. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140107
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    Deterioration of stone cultural relics mainly caused by biotic factors is analyzed, and the present domestic and international situation of preservation, treatment and restoration methods of the cultural relics are reviewed. Lichens are the key organisms causing biodeterioration of stone cultural relics. As compared with the foreign countries, lichens causing deterioration of stone cultural relics and their treatment are still imperfectly known in China. Scientific investigations of the lichen species composition on stone cultural relics and the mechanism of lichen biodeterioration are urgently necessary. Developing effect and safe methods to remove the erosive lichens and the methods of monitoring and prevention of lichen deterioration are need fully formulated.

  • Si-Yuan YAN, Xue-Jun JIANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 871-879. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140112
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    Autophagy is a universal lysosomal degradation pathway in eukaryotic cells, and it plays an important role in maintaining normal cell functions by degrading excess or abnormal intracellular proteins, organelles, etc. During the past decade, the rapid progress of research in the field revealed that autophagy principally serves an adaptive role in diverse pathologies, including cancer, neurodegeneration, aging, and heart diseases. Moreover, autophagy also plays an essential role in filamentous fungi during growth, morphology, and development. Importantly, autophagy functions as a key factor during differentiation, such as pathogenic development, programmed cell death, and spore formation. This review focuses on nomenclature and detection of autophagy, and gives a glimpse on related studies about autophagy in fungi.

  • Ming-Min GUO, Tao YANG, Ning BU, Cai-Hong DONG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 880-889. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140146
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    Light plays important roles in the growth and development of fungi. It can regulate the circadian rhythm, morphology and secondary metabolite of macrofungi and is essential for the formation and development of primordium and fruiting body. Fungi sense light signal through photoreceptors. WC-1, the blue light receptor, is the only photoreceptor studied in macrofungi so far. WC-1 can response to light signal and stimulate the expressions of downstream genes which may differ in different species as a transcription factor. The deletion of wc-1 in Schizophyllum commune and Cordyceps militaris results in blocking of fruiting body development. The study on photoreceptors and their mechanisms will improve the understanding the fruiting body development in macrofungi. In this paper, we summarized the research progresses on photo responses and photoreceptors reported in macrofungi in recent years.

  • Yuan-Yuan PAN, Er-Wei LI, Yong-Sheng CHE, Gang LIU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 890-899. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140108
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    In recent years, the study of secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi has been paid more and more attention and made great progress. In this paper, we reviewed the recent research progresses on the biosynthesis, regulatory mechanisms of the fungal secondary metabolites and the activation of the cryptic secondary metabolites biosynthetic gene clusters in filamentous fungi. Opportunities and challenges on fungal secondary metabolites research from combinatorial biology are discussed.

  • Jun-Jie HAN, Li BAO, Hong-Wei LIU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 900-913. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140230
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    As an important part of Chinese traditional medicine, medicinal fungi have been used for centuries. They can produce a number of secondary metabolites possessing various bioactivities, such as compounds with neuroprotective effect, anticancer acitvity, and hypolipidemic effect. However, the chemical and biological researches on secondary metabolites from medicinal fungi are not well conducted for most species. In the past four years, we carried out chemical investigations on the medicinal fungi collected in China in order to obtain compounds with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral biological activities, and build a compound library for medicinal fungi. Herein, the results of our work in recent years are summarized.

  • Wei LI, Guang-Wei WU, Yu-Ping YANG, Wen-Bing YIN
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 914-926. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.150098
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    Fungal secondary metabolite is one of the important sources for drug discovery. Recent years, traditional strategies for discovering the novel fungal natural product have been encountered more and more challenges due to the finish of large numbers of fungal genome sequencing. The scientists have focused on the discovery of natural product from fungi via utilizing the fungal genome data in the post-genomic era. Here, the types of fungal natural product and characteristics of the related gene clusters are reviewed. The strategies such as transcriptional activation, heterologous host expression and epigenetic regulation to discover the novel natural product based on genome data and bioinformatics analysis are described. Finally, the application of synthetic biological approach in the discovery of the fungal natural products is discussed and the prospect of fungal natural product mining using genomic data in the post-genomic era is previewed.

  • Cheng-Cheng HU, Xian-Yun SUN, Xi CHEN, Shao-Jie LI
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 927-941. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.150030
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    Antifungal azoles, which inhibit lanosterol 14α-demethylase (Erg11p/Cyp51) in ergosterol biosynthesis, are widely used in clinic and agriculture. However, fungi can rapidly increase expression of a number of genes in response to azole stress, especially genes encoding azole efflux pumps and azole targets, and become resistant to azoles. The overexpression or mutations on genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis or drug efflux are the main reason for azole resistance in the majority of azole-resistant isolates. Transcription factors, including Pdr1p, Pdr3p, Upc2p, Yap1p, Tac1p, Mrr1p, and CCG-8, and signaling pathways, including cAMP pathway, PKC-MAPK, HOG MAPK pathways, and calcinerin pathway, were found to be involved in azole stress response by regulating genes such as ergosterol biosynthesis genes and/or azole efflux pump genes. Inhibitors targeting these regulators will help to improve the therapeutic effect of azoles. This article reviewed the antifungal mechanisms of azoles, the causes of azole resistance and fungal adaptive mechanisms to azoles. The future research directions were also proposed.

  • Wei-Jun DUAN, Jin YAN, Fang LIU, Lei CAI, Shui-Fang ZHU
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 942-960. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.150002
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    There are 130 fungi included in the list of Chinese quarantine pests. Revolutionary changes in the taxonomy of most fungal groups have resulted in the changes of numerous names. The current names and their taxonomic status of the species included in the list of Chinese quarantine fungi was reviewed through search of the databases Index Fungorum, MycoBank and most recent literatures. It is concluded that the current list for the use of quarantine needs to be reviewed and updated. In this paper, the taxonomic revisions of Phoma and Verticillium are exemplified for emphasizing the necessity of renewing the list. A list of comparison between the fungal names used in Chinese quarantine department and those corresponding in the database of Index Fungorum and MycoBank is given. There are also other problems existing in the list. The changes in taxonomy and nomenclature should be incorporated into the list to support a better practice of plant quarantine.

  • Huan-Di ZHENG, Wen-Ying ZHUANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 961-965. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140288
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    A new species and a new record of Hymenoscyphus from China are reported. Hymenoscyphus ellipsoideus is described as new to science and characterized by white apothecia stipitate, J+ asci 70-85×8-14.5μm, ellipsoid ascospores biguttulate and 14.4-16.7×4-5.5μm, and growing on rotten leaf veins of a broadleaf tree. Hymenoscyphus varicosporoides is new to China. Descriptions, illustrations and known distribution of the two fungi are given.

  • Zhao-Xiang ZHU, Wen-Ying ZHUANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 966-977. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140291
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    Collections of Trichoderma species having hyaline ascospores from Tiantangzhai, Jinzhai, Anhui Province were examined. Using combined analyses of morphological data, culture characters and molecular phylogeny, two new species are recognized and described. Trichoderma tiantangzhaiense, as a member of the Hypocreanum clade, is characterized by flat pulvinate to discoid, yellow to light brown stromata and relatively small part-ascospores. Trichoderma yui has brownish orange or golden brown stromata with well-defined brownish to reddish-brown ostiolar dots and green conidia, and is closely related to but distinct from T. voglmayrii. The distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are discussed, and their phylogenetic positions are explored.

  • Fei REN, Wen-Ying ZHUANG
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 978-981. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140289
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    A new species of Acervus from Heilongjiang Province of China is described and illustrated. It is characterized by apothecia cupulate, sessile, 5-10mm diam., hymenium yellow when fresh, ectal excipulum of textura angularis to textura epidermoidea and medullary excipulum of textura intricata mixed with textura angularis; asci operculate, 8-spored, J- in Melzer’s reagent and 98-119×6.5-8.5μm, ascospores ellipsoid, unicellular and 9-10.5×3.9-5.5μm. Both morphological features and 28S rDNA sequence data support the establishment of A. heilongjiangensis as a new taxon.

  • Wei-Lai LU, Tie-Zheng WEI, Xiao-Liang WANG, Yi LI, Hong-Mei LV, Liu YANG, Wen-Jing WANG, Yi-Jian YAO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 982-995. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140212
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    In order to clarify the situation of macrofungal resources in Beijing, species diversity was analyzed based on specimens collected by the present research group and housed in the Fungarium, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HMAS), combining with other macrofungal species reported in the literature. All the scientific names of macrofungi found in Beijing were checked and corrected according to Species Fungorum (http://www.speciesfungorum.org). Eight hundred and sixty-seven species of macrofungi, belonging to 2 phyla, 20 orders, 72 families and 281 genera, were recorded. Among the species, there were 294 edible, 169 medicinal (including 69 of both edible and medicinal) and 56 poisonous fungi. The species of 24 predominant families, e.g. Agaricaceae, Polyporaceae, Tricholomataceae, Russulaceae and so on, accounted for 77.28% of the total species and 50 relative dominant genera, e.g. Russula, Agaricus, Inocybe and so on, occupied 60.21% of the total species. The genera of macrofungi found in Beijing were mostly cosmopolitan. The results of analyses of species regional diversity showed that Mentougou District had the highest numbers of both specimens and species, representing the typical characteristics of macrofungal diversity in Beijing, whilst the numbers were significantly reduced in the other districts especially in the urban and suburb areas where the habitats for macrofungi are absent.

  • Xiang SUN, Liang-Dong GUO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 996-1006. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.150027
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    Chinese anise (Illicium verum), a traditional spice and medicinal plant in China, is endemic in southern China and northern Vietnam. Endophytic fungi may play an important role in promoting plant growth and yield, however, their relationship with star anise yield of I. verum remains enigmatic. In this study, foliar endophytic fungi from I. verum trees with different star anise yields were investigated in order to reveal the relationship between endophytic fungal incidence and star anise yield in Guangxi, southern China. A total of 412 fungal strains were isolated from 60 individuals of I. verum, and 22 fungal taxa were identified based on morphology and molecular biological techniques. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Dermateaceae sp., and Phyllosticta sp. 1 were found to be dominant in the endophytic fungal community. The mean colonization rate of endophytic fungi was 41%, with a range from 6 to 100%. Regression analysis showed that endophytic fungal colonization rate was positively correlated with star anise yield in I. verum individuals with low and moderate yield, but negatively correlated with star anise yield in individuals with high yield.

  • Kai CHEN, Jiang-Chun WEI
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 1007-1014. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.140074
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    This paper deals with the heat tolerance of mycobionts and phycobionts isolated from desert lichens Endocarpon pusillum, Acarospora nodulosa, and A. schleicheri. This study is a part of the research program of the desert biological carpet engineering. The results showed that the mycobionts and phycobionts of the three desert lichens can only tolerate the temperature of 50°C under the moist conditions. However, under the arid conditions both the mycobiont and phycobiont of E. pusillum can tolerate the temperature of 75°C, and those of the other two lichens can tolerate the temperature of 80°C. It is concluded that the high-temperature tolerance of mycobionts and phycobionts isolated from desert lichens is much stronger under arid conditions than that under moist conditions.

  • Xiao-Ying LI, Yi-Jian YAO
    MYCOSYSTEMA. 2015, 34(5): 1015-1023. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.150020
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    Fed-batch fermentation process for the production of mycelia and adenosine in Ophiocordyceps sinensis, one of the best known traditional Chinese medicines, was developed. The feeding of mixed carbon and nitrogen sources into the liquid culture on the tenth day, raising their concentrations to 47g/L and 0.76g/L respectively, was found to produce 27.94g/L of dry mycelial weight and 1.15mg/g of adenosine after 20d of culture, reaching 2.43 and 19.2 times of that of the control respectively. The results of this study may provide useful information for large-scale fermentation of O. sinensis.