During our study of collections of the helotialean fungi from China, Cenangiopsis, a new record genus for the country, is discovered from Qinghai Province, and two species of the genus are identified. Cenangiopsis qinghaiensis is a new species and C. rubicola is a new Chinese record. Their morphological features are described and illustrated.
Lophodermium wuzhishanense sp. nov. on dead leaves of Phoebe tavoyana is reported from the Wuzhishan scenic spot of Hainan Province, China. Description, photographs and line drawings are provided for gross morphology and anatomic structure of the fungus.
Sixteen field trips were carried out in eastern Himalayas of southwest China, and around 2 440 specimens of poroid wood-decaying fungi were collected. The present paper summarizes the knowledge of poroid wood-inhabiting fungi in the studied areas, and 391 species including their hosts and substrates are listed alphabetically. One species, Polyporus cuticulatus, is new to science, and its illustrated description and ITS and LSU sequences are given.
The relationship between macrofungal diversity and forest vegetation type as well as other factors relating to macrofungal occurrence were studied in nine sampling plots of three sites in alpine forests of southeastern Tibet within two-year investigation. Hierarchical cluster analysis of sampling plots based on species in different plots demonstrated that macrofungal diversity was greatly affected by forest type. Diversity index analysis showed that the macrofungal species richness and diversity index in the forest of Abies georgei var. smithii was greater than those in mixed forest dominated by Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Larix gmelinii, while the species richness and diversity index in the mixed forest is greater than those in Cyclobalanopsis glauca pure forest. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to study the relationship between macrofungal species occurrence and environmental factors in different vegetation type. It was concluded that the occurrence of macrofungal species was interrelated by different environmental factors, and the occurrence was jointly affected by vegetation type and the environmental factors.
The mycorrhizal fungal community composition of Liparis viridiflora collected from 3 habitats in Yachang of Guangxi and Xishuangbanna of Yunnan as we investigated. Ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) sequences of mycorrhizal fungi were amplified, cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. The results suggested that most of the detected fungi belong to Tulasnellaceae. Based on the sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, all the fungi were divided into 12 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), of which 7 OTUs were species of Tulasnellaceae, accounting for 90.6% of the total sequences. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity and communities in the 3 different habitats showed certain differences. This result indicated that mycorrhizal fungi might correlate with habitat adaption of orchid plants.
Mango malformation disease (MMD), caused by Fusarium, is one of the most destructive diseases on mango, imposing continuous threat on future mango industries. The disease is difficult to diagnose and short of effective control methods. Based on ISSR molecular marker, a purpose primer (UBC 888) was selected from 50 primers, and a stable and specific band of 479bp (GenBank Accession KJ526382) was generated. According to the specific sequence, the authors designed a pair of SCAR primers (W342, W1772) and got a specific gene fragment of 1 376bp (GenBank Accession KJ526383), and the ISSR molecular markers were successfully transformed to SCAR ones. An effective detection technique of mango malformation disease was established based on this pair of primers. The established technique is simple, of high specificity and sensitivity to the pathogen both in vitro and in vivo, with the lowest detecting limit of 10pg fungal DNA. This assay provided a theoretical basis and technical method for early diagnosis and proper prevention of mango malformation disease.
Karyotype of Monascus ruber M7 strain was analyzed, and the biosynthetic gene clusters of citrinin and Monascus pigment (MP) were located on the chromosomes of the strain. Protoplasts of M. ruber M7 were prepared, and the karyotype of the strain was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Biosynthetic gene clusters for citrinin and MP were localized on the chromosomes by Southern blotting. PFGE results showed that seven chromosomes were separated from the M. ruber M7 genome with the sizes of 4.9, 4.3, 3.7, 3.4, 3.0, 2.3 and 2.1Mb, respectively. Its genome size was thereby estimated at around 23.7Mb. Results of Southern blotting revealed that citrinin gene cluster was localized on the chromosome IV, while MP gene cluster was encoded by the chromosome V.
Plasmid reference molecule is a recombined plasmid containing reference specific fragments of endogenous and exogenous genes. DNA barcoding is a species identification technique by means of reference genes' sequencing and analysis. The construction of plasmid reference molecule based on DNA barcodes could be applied to the requirement of quarantine practice. In this study, these two technologies were combined for the detection and identification of quarantine Phytophthora species. Eleven reference molecules of quarantine Phytophthora DNA barcodes were constructed and tested for sequencing, homogeneity, stability and specificity. The result showed that the characteristics of accuracy, homogeneity, stability and specificity of constructed reference molecules were all very well, and the technologies were practically applicable to port inspection and quarantine.
The effect of polysaccharide of Grifola frondosa (GFP) on the proliferation of gastric epithelial cell GES-1 was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS). The monolayer of the confluent GES-1 cells was cut by capillary to simulate the gastric mucosa injury, then the migration of the GES-1 cells and the repair of the wounded area were evaluated. The contents of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and trefoil factors 2 (TFF2) in the supernatant of culture medium were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the change of expression level of rnRNA was detected by RT-PCR. The results indicated that GFP promotes the GES-1 cell proliferation and migration to the wounded area to repair the gastric mucosa membrane through up-regulating the expression of EGF and TFF2, and down-regulating the expression of TGF-β1.
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the fermentation conditions of Lyophyllum decastes for laccase production. Plackett-Burman design was used to evaluate the influence of related eight factors. Three factors, playing the important roles in the medium, including glucose, pH and KH2PO4, were selected. The results of the central composite design and response surface analyses showed that the optimal levels of the main factors were: glucose 20.09g/L, casein 1.5g/L, yeast extract 1.5g/L, MgSO4 3g/L, CuSO4 3.75mg/L, KH2PO4 3.97g/L, pH 4.98, VB1 0.1g/L, and guaiacol 12mg/L. The yield of laccase produced by Lyophyllum decastes in the optimal medium reached 829.83U/mL, and increased 46.6% as compared with the yield in the initial medium.
Chitosan cross-linking and sodium alginate-chitosan entrapment cross-linking methods were adopted to immobilize laccase produced by Lenzites betulina, and the immobilization conditions were optimized. The thermal, pH and operation stability of the immobilized laccase were also investigated. The immobilized enzymes were used to degrade four synthetic dyes with different chemical structures. The results showed that the best immobilized conditions of chitosan cross-linking method were as follows: chitosan 2.5%, glutaraldehyde 7%, cross-linking period of 2h, immobilization period of 5h, mixture ratio of enzyme (1U/mL) and chitosan beads (g)=1:1. Under these conditions the immobilization efficiency reached 56%. The best immobilized conditions of alginate-chitosan entrapment cross-linking method were: 4% of sodium alginate concentration, chitosan 0.7%, calcium chloride 5%, glutaraldehyde 0.6%, 1:4 mixing ratio of enzyme (1U/mL) and 4% sodium alginate solution. Under these conditions, the immobilization efficiency reached 86%. The results indicated that the immobilized laccase had higher temperature and pH stability than the free laccase. The stability of enzyme immobilized by alginate-chitosan was higher than that by chitosan, but the reuse operability of the former was not as good as that of the latter. After eight times of repeated use, the remaining enzyme activity of alginate-chitosan and chitosan were 71% and 64%, respectively. Both of the immobilized enzymes were proved to be well capable of degrading four kinds of synthetic dyes. The significant degradation effect was achieved by using chitosan-immobilized enzyme on Alizarin red with 40mg/L concentration. The Alizarin red clearance was kept at 100% during ten times of repeated use in degradation.
Three species of Laccaria collected from the Greater Khingan Mountains in Inner Mongolia, L. longipes, L. amethysteo-occidentalis and L. trichodermophora are newly reported from China. Illustrated descriptions for the three species are given based on Chinese materials. The examined specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Mycology of Jilin Agricultural University (HMJAU).
Endophytic fungi in Taxus chinensis grown in Huangshan were isolated and identified. A total of 107 endophytic fungal strains in 14 genera were isolated. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and Paecilomyces are dominant. They had tissue-specificity, and more strains were isolated from roots and bark with isolation rates of 37.38% and 26.17% respectively.
