According to current growing condition, endangered plant Ammopiptanthus mongolicus communities in West Erdos National Nature Reserve of Inner Mongolia were divided into three recession degrees, mild recession, moderate recession and serious recession. Unrecession community was set up as control (CK). Entophytic fungi in roots of A. mongolicus from different communities were analyzed applying Illumina Hiseq platform of high throughput sequencing. 215 OTU have been obtained, showing significant difference at the levels of phylum, family, and genus. Fungi belonging to Agaricus, Tomentella, Tricholoma, Fusarium, Inocybe and Tuber were shared in all roots tested. Saprophytic or parasitic and mutualistic fungi distribute in all A. mogolicus communities with different recession degrees, but their magnitude proportions are different and show dynamic changes. The proportion of saprophytic or parasitic fungi to mutualistic fungi increased with the increase of recession degree. Soil organic materials and bulk density have synergistic effect on the community structure of endophytic fungi in roots of A. mongolicus, showing positive effect on fungi belonging to the genera of Agaricus, Inocybe, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Amphinema, and negative effect on fungi belonging to genus of Tricholoma, Tomentella, Tuber.
The diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Quercus variabilis in gneissose area of Taihang Mountains was investigated by using the combination of morphological method, Sanger sequencing and Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform. A total of 18 morphological types of ectomycorrhizae on Q. variabilis were identified. A total of 394 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of ectomycorrhizal fungi were obtained using Illumina MiSeq sequencing techniques, belonging to 11 orders, 23 families, 30 genera, of which 17 OTUs of nine genera were defined as core microbiome of ectomycorrhizal fungi on Q. variabilis, and the total relative abundance of them was 65.16%. There was no significant difference between two plots in diversity indices. However, the results of the NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) analysis showed that the abundance of core microbiome was different between plot 1 and plot 2. Russula, Boletus, Tylopilus and Astraeus were mainly distributed at plot 1 which was located in sunny slope. Cenococcum, Sphaerosporella, Clavulina and Inocybe mainly occurred in the plot 2 which was located in shady slope. The distribution of Tomentella was fairly similar between plot 1 and plot 2.
ITS1 genes of the fungi isolated from the stored tobacco sample C3F (2013) from Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, stored in Guiyang storeroom (GY), Tanchang storeroom (TC) and Ziyun storeroom (ZY), were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq2500 high-throughput sequencing platform. The composition, distribution and functional group of fungal communities were studied, and the influence of chemical factors on community structure was discussed. The results showed that 1 173 560 valid reads from 15 samples were obtained, including four phyla and 140 genera of different fungi. The dominant genera in GY, TC and ZY were Xeromyces, Rhodotorula and Xeromyces, respectively. The dominant community and changed trend in TC were significantly different from those in GY and ZY. Nourishment types of tobacco-inhabiting fungi were dominantly saprotrophic and pathotrophic, hiding potential human fungal pathogens. The effect of organic carbon, total phosphorus and total potassium on fungal community variation was significant (P<0.05). The composition and distribution of fungal communities were influenced by storage environment, aging time and chemical factors of tobacco leaves.
A new disease of radish, black heart disease, has become increasingly severe in Xining City of Qinghai Province. The disease incidence could reach 100% in seriously infected fields. Through pathogen isolation and culture, and Kochʹs postulate test, the pathogens were clarified. Based on morphological and molecular biological characters, the pathogens were identified as Verticillium longisporum, V. tricorpus and Plectosphaerella cucumerina. The optimum growing temperatures for these three species were 20°C, 20-25°C and 25°C, respectively. Infection ratio of V. longisporum reached 100% in tested samples. This is the first report of the three pathogens causing radish black heart disease, and Raphanus sativus is a new natural host for these three fungal pathogens.
In order to cognize the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics and the physiology of cut flowers, Tulipa gesneriana plant was inoculated with AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and F. mosseae+C. etunicatum (Fm+Ce) under greenhouse pot culturing conditions and uninoculated control was set up. The results showed that Fm+Ce inoculation treatment resulted in the increase of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, reaching 32%, 18% and 28% respectively as compared with the uninoculated control. Compared with uninoculated control, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate of leaves of tulip plants inoculated with AM fungi were significantly increased. Tulip plants inoculated with Fm+Ce reached the maximum photosynthetic parameters at 12 o’clock at noon. The scape length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and leaf surface area were increased and the flowering period was earlier as compared with the control. AM fungal inoculation treatment could effectively increase the diameter of flowers, content of the soluble sugar and soluble protein, and the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase during bottle inserting period, and decrease the content of malondialdehyde and relative conductivity in petals. AM fungi could effectively improve the water balance of cut flower, and prolong the lifespan, best viewing period, and florescence.
Primordium formation of edible mushroom is controlled by both environment factors and endogenous genes. Transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in the development process of mushroom. Twenty-nine high-mobility-group box (HMG-box) TF genes were identified from Flammulina velutipes based on whole genome analysis of the monokaryotic strain L11. Fv-hmg gene, one of the HMG-box TFs putatively involved in primordium formation, was analyzed using transcriptome of dikaryotic strain H1123. Homologous alignment indicated that the DNA sequence of Fv-hmg is highly conserved among six strains of F. velutipes (average identity=98.38%) with 92 SNP sites. The length of Fv-hmg gene is 1 517bp, which contains one intron. This gene can encode a protein with 489aa that contains a HMG-box domain. The expression level of Fv-hmg gene in different development stages was analyzed by both qRT-PCR and transcriptome methods. The expression level of this gene was four times higher in primordium than that in dikaryon stage, showing significant difference at P<0.01 level. The results suggested that Fv-hmg gene might be involved in primordium formation of F. velutipes. The function of HMG-box TF Fv-Hmg in primordium formation of F. velutipes remains to be further investigated.
Cell division is an important cellular process in eukaryotic cells. Protein kinase Cdc15 is associated with cell division in budding yeast. In this study, the conserved ortholog of the yeast Cdc15 protein kinase was predicted in Fusarium gramniearum as a single copy. Loss-of-function of this kinase gene was performed and the results showed that deletion of FgCDC15 (FGSG_10381) resulted in a decreased growth rate and loss of virulence against wheat and maize as compared with the wild-type strain. Except for the normal conidial phenotype, the number of septa was reduced in the mutants, and the expression of FgCDC15 gene was the highest in the stage of conidiogenesis. During sexual reproduction, the mutants produced fewer perithecia than wild-type strain and did not produce asci and ascospores. It is concluded that the protein FgCdc15 might be involved in cell division, sexual and asexual development, and regulation of the infection process of F. graminearum.
Ganoderma lingzhi has been officially included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Based on the tested indicators including mycelial dry weight, polysaccharide content, polyphenol content, flavonoid content, AA content, T-AOC, SOD activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, FRAP, and ferrous ion chelating activity, the antioxidant activities of G. lingzhi were evaluated in the condition of liquid cultivation. The results showed that G. lingzhi had higher antioxidant activities, accelerating vigorous growth and metabolism of the fungus. Under the condition of liquid cultivation, large amounts of polysaccharide, polyphenol, flavonoid, and AA content and SOD activities were detected. The fungus exhibited remarkable scavenging activities against hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, DPPH radicals, and ABTS radicals. Stronger FRAP and higher ferrous ion chelating activity were also notable. It was suggested that the antioxidant activity of the fungus was closely related to mycelial growth, secondary metabolism secretion, and reduction capacity. Certain environmental stress can also stimulate the fungus to activate its antioxidant system to protect itself from oxidative damage.
Fermentation of endophytic fungi is a potential and feasible approach for taxol production. Fed-batch way was performed in batch fermentation of Aspergillus fumigatus TMS-26 for determining the optimization adding time of phenylalanine, glycine, sodium benzoate and sodium acetate mixture, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, H2O2, and CuSO4 within the fermentation period (13d) and the effect of different adding time on the taxol yield was also observed. The results showed that using phenylalanine, glycine and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid as additives, the yield of taxol can reach (664.80±40.34)µg/L, (628.72±30.44)µg/L, (641.36±19.62)µg/L respectively on day 8. Adding CuSO4, the yield of taxol can reach (697.46±15.76)µg/L on day 9, while adding H2O2, sodium benzoate and sodium acetate mixture, the yield of taxol can reach (615.78±36.28)µg/L, (792.54±10.04)µg/L on day 10. The scale-up experiment with 5L fermenter was conducted on the basis of flash fed-batch fermentation. The effect of precursor and eliclitor on the yield of taxol was investigated by single feeding and constant rate feeding strategies. The results showed that when phenylalanine and sodium acetate mixture was added under the condition of constant rate feeding strategy, the yield of taxol can reach 746.17µg/L. This study optimized the technology of flash fed-batch and 5L fermenter fermentation of Aspergillus fumigatus TMS-26 producting taxol, which laid a foundation for the industrialization of taxol production.
A new leaf spot disease on bellflower was discovered in Harqin, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia in 2013, and it spread continuously in 2014-2017. Morphological observation and rDNA ITS, gpd and EF-1α sequence analyses proved that the fungus was similar to Stemphylium platycodontis. This is the first report of Stemphylium on bellflower in China.
The whole process of asexual life cycle on water-agar medium of Dictyostelium firmibasis, a new recorded species for China, was observed microscopically using a bi-concavity slide, including the characteristics of spores, myxamoebae, cell aggregations, pseudoplasmodium and mature development of sorocarps. The results show that spore germination and release of myxamebae in Dictyostelium firmibasis requires at least eight hours. The myxamebae were colorless and irregularly moved at high speed. The radiate type of cell aggregation was observed. Sorocarps are extremely sensitive to light, bringing about deformation, stagnation or even death under the stimulation of faint light during the maturation period. It needs about 12-14 hours to build a mature sorocarp from cell aggregation stage and the whole life cycle needs 36-38 hours.
Lentinula edodes virus disease seems to be latently infectious, and it will cause large economic losses once it happens. RT-PCR detection was used to comprehensively analyze the occurrence rate of two major viruses L. edodes mycovirus HKB (LeV-HKB) and L. edodes partitivirus 1 (LePV1) happened in Chinese wild germplasm and cultivated germplasm of the fungus. The results showed that 67.8% (61/90) of the tested cultivated strain carried one or two viruses, and the incidence of LeV-HKB was significantly higher than that of LePV1, accounting for 56.7% (51/90) and 35.6% (32/90) respectively. The rate of co-infection was 24.4% (22/90). There were 75.2% (94/125) of the tested wild strains carried at least one of the two viruses, whereas, 8.8% (11/125) of tested wild strains carried simultaneously the two viruses, with incidence of 70.4% (88/125) for LePV1 and 13.6% (17/125) for LeV-HKB. The presence or absence of LeV-HKB and LePV1 viruses in the cultivated and wild strains showed no correlation with the geographical origin of the strains, suggesting that LeV-HKB and LePV1 most probably spread widely via basidiospores. This study provides a rapid and efficient detection technique for screening virus-free Lentinula edodes strains, and tracking the prevalence of virus disease.
