Many species of macrofungi are of high nutritional value and medicinal value, while the edible and medicinal parts mainly refer to fruiting bodies. The differentiation of fruiting body in macrofungi is very important for commercialized development and utilization. Differentiation of fruiting body reveals the fungi complete the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. Theoretically, mycelia can further turn into reproductive growth once the vegetative growth finishes. However, differentiation of fruiting body is affected by various environmental factors and genetic factors. This review summarizes the recent studies on the differentiation of fruiting body in terms of morphological processes, environmental factors and molecular regulatory mechanisms, providing reference for systematic study and cultivation of macrofungi.
Aecidium chrysanthemi-chanetii, Aecidium cymbariae, Uredo asteris-ageratoidis, Uredo gei-aleppici and Uredo pteridis-creticae are found to be different from other rusts previously known and are, therefore, described as new. These are supplement information of Tai’s SYLLOGE FUNGORUM SINICORUM. All collections were made in China, and all species are probably Chinese in distribution. Description, line drawing and brief taxonomic notes are given for each species.
Inocybe sect. Rimosae sensu lato is a challenging taxonomical group mainly due to the presence of cryptic species. Species in sect. Rimosae sensu lato were assigned to two generic clades of Inocybaceae according to molecular phylogeny, namely Inosperma clade and Pseudosperma clade. Three new species, I. changbaiensis, I. neoumbrinella and I. yunnanensis were discovered during our taxonomic studies on sect. Rimosae in China. Inocybe changbaiensis and I. neoumbrinella were known from Northeastern China; the former grows under mixed broadleaved-conifer forest, and the latter grows under Salix sp. trees Inocybe yunnanensis is known from Kunming, Yunnan Province, and grows under deciduous trees. The LSU phylogeny shows that I. changbaiensis belongs to Inosperma clade, and other two new species belong to Pseudosperma clade. Illustrated description and taxonomic discussion of the three new species are given. A key to known species of Inocybe sect. Rimosae are provided.
A yeast strain, LA24, producing aromatic substances was isolated from the surface of grapes (Vitis davidii) in Hunan Province, China. The morphological characteristics were described, and the micrographs were provided. After PCR amplification, sequencing and comparison of the LSU rRNA gene D1/D2 domain sequence with the related sequences in NCBI database, the strain was identified as Saccharomycopsis vini. Four monoterpene compounds produced by the strain were detected using a GC-QQQ method in MRM mode. The results showed that geraniol, citronellol, α-terpineol and linalool could be synthesized de novo by the strain using glucose as a carbon source. This is the first report of a S. vini strain capable of synthesizing monoterpenes.
Biological characteristics and domestic cultivation of Polyporus tuberaster were evaluated. The wild isolate of P. tuberaster was obtained from Dongsheng tree farm, Lushuihe County, Jilin Province. Cross-hatch method was used to study the effects of different carbon and nitrogen source, pH value and temperature on the mycelium growth. Three optimal levels were selected from four single factor experiments for orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the optimal growth conditions for P. tuberaster were 20mg/mL dextrin as C source, 2mg/mL yeast extract powder as N source, pH of 5.0 and temperature of 25°C. The enzyme activity of the strain 2690 determined in liquid culture showed P. tuberaster exhibited strong laccase activity reaching 386.96U/L, while lignin peroxidase activity 5.23U/L. No manganese peroxidase activity (0U/L) was detected. Cultivation experiment indicated that P. tuberaster required 20 days to fully colonize 160g of the bottled wheat spawn and 26 days to colonize 520g of sacked substrate (78% poplar tree chips, 20% wheat bran, 1% lime powder, 1% gypsum and 65% water content). The culture needed 13 days to form primordia and 32 days to form matured fruiting bodies under the temperature of 24-25°C, humidity of 97%-98% and illumination of astigmatism.
A manganese superoxide dismutase gene (Tlmnsod1) from Thermomyces lanuginosus was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The full-length cDNA of the MnSOD was 791bp and contained a 654bp open reading frame encoding 217 amino acid residues. No signal peptide or leader peptide was present in the putative amino acid sequence of TlMnSOD1. The enzyme belongs to the Mn/Fe-binding family. The highly conserved motif of the MnSOD family, DXWEHAYY, was found in TlMnSOD1. The gene was transformed into Pichia pastoris. The recombinant TlMnSOD1 was shown to be a glycosylated MnSOD. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity at 55°C and pH 8.0 and had high thermostability. Analysis of subcellular localization and phylogeny of the TlMnSOD1 and 39 other fungal MnSODs from Ascomycota predicted three kinds of MnSODs (mitochondrial, cytoplasmic, and extracellular MnSODs). Each of three MnSODs from thermophilic fungi was clustered together with non-thermophilic mesophilic fungi in different groups in the phylogeny tree. The results of this study provide evidences that MnSOD may be glycosylated and used as a molecular marker for identification of closely related fungal species.
The protoplast preparation and regeneration of Lepista sordida mycelium were studied. The preparation and regeneration conditions including different enzymatic hydrolysate, digestion duration, digestion temperature and different osmoticum were optimized by using response surface methodology. The results showed that using 0.6mol/L mannitol as osmoticum and the mixture of 1% lysozyme + 1% snailase + 1% cellulose as enzymatic hydrolysate, under digestion temperature of 30°C and shake culture at 60-70r/min for 4h, the number of protoplasts amounted to 2.31×107CFU/mL, and the best regeneration rate was 25% using sucrose as osmoticum.
Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on degrading toxic organic compounds, rehabilitating polluted soils, and enhancing plant growth are paid more attention to. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate efficiency of AMF and PGPR on remediation of soil polluted with phenanthrene and pyrene. Totally 36 treatments were designed. The experimental plants Festuca elata were inoculated with or without Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri), Glomus versiforme (Gv), Pseudomonas fluorescens Ps2-6, Bacillus velezensis Ps3-2, Ri+Ps2-6, Ri+Ps3-2, Gv+Ps2-6, Gv+Ps3-2. The soil was added with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (phenanthrene:pyrene=1:1 in weight) at the concentrations of 0, 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg, and 150mg/kg. Untreated controls were set up. The results showed that inoculation with AMF promoted the colonization of PGPR, while PGPR significantly increased the colonization percentage of AMF. AMF, PGPR or AMF+PGPR treatments could reduce the content of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil, promote the absorption of phenanthrene and pyrene and significantly increase the content of phenanthrene and pyrene in roots and leaves of F. elata. Under the level of PAHs 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg, Gv and Ps2-6, and Ri and Ps2-6 stimulated each other in removing PAHs from the soil, and the treatment with Gv+Ps2-6 combination showed the highest removal percentage, 95%-98%. The activities of polyphenol oxidase, dehydrogenase and catalase in Gv+Ps2-6 inoculation soil were significantly higher than those in single inoculation and control soil, while the activity of acid phosphatase showed a decreasing trend. The activity of polyphenol oxidase in the soil treated with Gv+Ps2-6 was the highest, being 0.17mg/g and 1.9 times higher than the control; dehydrogenase activity and catalase activity reached 1.32µg/(g·h) and 1.81mL/g respectively; acid phosphatase was 27%-45% lower than that of the control soil. The content of easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein and total glomalin-related soil protein in the soil inoculated with Gv+Ps2-6 was 1.6 times and 1.5 times higher than that in the control, respectively. It is concluded that joint inoculation of AMF and PGPR could improve the content of glomamycin and the activity of soil enzymes. AMF and PGPR could enhance mutually in remediation of polluted soil under certain conditions, and Gv+Ps2-6 was the best combination with application potential.
This study aims at obtaining optimum ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction process for yellow pigment from Cordyceps militaris (YPCM). The response surface methodology with Box-Behnken test was designed on the basis of the single-factor designs. The antioxidant activities of YPCM were systematically investigated in vitro. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions of YPCM were ethanol concentration of 57.00%, solvent-to-solid ratio of 32.00:1 and extraction period of 18.00min. Under these conditions the extraction yield of YPCM was (1.976±0.017)mg/g. The data of IR and HPLC showed that YPCM was composed of a set of cordyxanthin. Analysis of the antioxidant activities of YPCM showed the DPPH free radical scavenging force IC50 was 0.59mg/mL, and the total antioxidant power reached 0.587 when the mass fraction of YPCM was 5mg/mL, and the iron ion reduction force reached 1.488 when the mass fraction of YPCM was 10mg/mL.
Different polarity extract was prepared from Trametes cinnabarina fruiting body powder by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The antioxidant activities of three kinds of the extract were evaluated by scavenging free radical ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical. The results indicated that the extract possessed antioxidant activity in vitro. In terms of antioxidant activity, the ethyl acetate extract is the best among the three kinds of extract. The highest scavenging rate of DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical was 60.23%, 74.49% and 63.84%, respectively. The anti-tumor activities of different extract were evaluated by MTT method via measuring inhibition rate of cell proliferation of HepG2 cell lines. The results showed that all kinds of extract displayed anti-tumor activities in vitro. The anti-tumor activity of ethyl acetate extract is the best, compared with ethanol extract and petroleum ether extract. The highest inhibition rate of the ethyl acetate extract to HepG2 cells was 55.93%. The chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate extract were isolated and purified using silica gel column chromatography. NMR and MS spectral analysis were used to identify the structure of obtained compounds. Eleven kinds of compounds were finally isolated and identified as follows: ergosterol (1), phthalic acid dibutyl ester (2), methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (3), ergosta-7,22-dien-3-one (4), 1-[(12E,16E)-12,16-eicosadienoyl]-2-[(E,E)-7,11-octadecadienoyl]-3-stearoylglycerol (5), cinnabarin (6), ergosterol peroxide (7), uracil (8), mannitol (9), adenosine (10) and (22E, 24S)-24-methyl-5α-choleata-7, 22-diene-3β, 5, 6β-triol (11). All compounds except for cinnabarin were isolated from the fruiting body of T. cinnabarina for the first time. The results provide scientific basis for development and utilization of fruiting body of T. cinnabarina.
The effect of ethanol extract on proliferation of prostate cancer cell LNCaP from ten mushrooms, Grifola frondosa, Agaricus blazei, Hericium erinaceus, Pleurotus eryngii, Coprinus comatus, Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lingzhi, Lentinula edodes, Sanghuangporus sanghuang and Inonotus obliquus, were evaluated. Ethanol extract from G. lingzhi showed the highest inhibition effect on proliferation of LNCaP cells and activity of 5α-reductase as well as prostate specific antigen (PSA) released by LNCaP. It was revealed that G. lingzhi ethanol extract induced cell apoptosis, increased the activities of Caspase-3, Bax and P53, and decreased the activities of PARP and Bcl-2. Autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and autophagy activator rapamycin were used to observe the role of autophagy on the antitumor effect of ethanol extract of G. lingzhi. The results indicated that autophagy weakened the antitumor effect of G. lingzhi ethanol extract through stimulating cell autophagy protection in LNCaP cells in vitro.
The proportional differences between polysaccharides extracted from ARTP mutagenic strains and those from strain of Hericium erinaceus were compared. The polysaccharide of mycelia obtained from liquid fermentation were extracted with boiling water and graded by ethanol precipitation. Eight crude intracellular polysaccharide fractions were obtained and their physicochemical properties, structural characteristics and in vitro immunological activity were studied. The results indicated that polysaccharide content of mycelia of mutants 414, 321, 236 was significantly higher than that of the original strain. The proportion of ethanol-precipitated polysaccharides of H. erinaceus mutagenic strains was significantly higher than that of the ten million-level of high-molecular-weight polysaccharides of the original strain, and the proportion of polysaccharides with a million-level molecular weight was relatively close. The 20% ethanol-precipitated polysaccharide fraction of the mutants had higher molecular weight than that of the original strain, and the proportion of polysaccharides increased. The molecular weight of the 60% ethanol-precipitated polysaccharide fractions of the mutants was slightly larger than that of the original strain, and the proportion was similar. 20% ethanol-precipitated polysaccharides mainly consist of galactose, glucose, and mannose. The proportion of glucose and mannose in the polysaccharide components of the mutants was significantly higher than that of the original strain, and there was no significant difference in the monosaccharide composition of the 60% ethanol-precipitated polysaccharides. All eight polysaccharide fractions had the activity of stimulating NO release from macrophages in vitro. The activity of 20% ethanol-precipitated polysaccharides was better than that of 60% ethanol-precipitated polysaccharides and showed significant immunological activity in vitro. The biological activity of mutagenized strains was better than that of the original strain. This study might provide a reference for obtaining high quality resources of H. erinaceus and developing related products.
