“Yadongheier” is a unique and precious edible fungus, which has been received much attention in Tibet of China in recent years, but its taxonomic status has not been determined. Specimens of Exidia resemblance to “yadongheier” from East Asia, Europe and North America were studied based on morphological examination and phylogenetic analyses. It is found that Exidia recisa is a species complex which includes four species, E. recisa and E. repanda from Europe, E. crenata from North America, and “yadongheier” from East Asia. Asian species is described as E. yadongensis. These four species are closely related in phylogeny and they are more or less similar morphologically, but E. yadongensis has basidiomata with almost entire edge and basidiospores measuring 12-16×3-4μm with Q=3.62-3.83, while European E. recisa and North American E. crenata have basidiomata with lobed edge and basidiospores measuring 13-15.5×2.8-3.8μm with Q=4.51 and 12-14×3-4μm with Q=4.11, respectively. The European E. repanda differs from other three species with discoid to auriculate basidiomata by its turbinate to gyros folded basidiomata and basidiospores measuring 12.7-15.7×2.8-3.7μm with Q=4.33-4.57. In addition, E. yadongensis has both dendrite and forked hyphidia, while the other three species have dendrite hyphidia only. Although E. yadongensis is widely distributed in East Asia, “Yadongensis” is proposed as epithet because the Chinese name “yadongheier” has already widely been used in China.
A new leaf spot disease occurred on Houttuynia cordata in Shibing County, Guizhou Province tends to harmful aggravation. Tissue isolation method and in vitro inoculation method were used to isolate and culture the pathogen and determine its pathogenicity. The morphological characteristics and rDNA ITS and Tef1 gene sequence analysis indicated the pathogen was Pestalotiopsis sp. which was first reported on Houttuynia cordata. The biological characteristics of the pathogen were studied. It was found that glucose and peptone were most suitable for the growth of the mycelium. The optimum growth temperature was 25°C and the most suitable pH was 8. The pathogen grew well on the corn flour medium.
Seven Chinese differential hosts and 30 single gene identification lines were used to identify and analyze the physiological races, pathogenicity, pathogenic type and avirulence genotype of 1 161 rice blast Magnaporthe oryzae strains isolated from 37 major rice-growing counties or cities in Jiangxi Province during 2006 and 2018. The results showed that all the Magnaporthe oryzae strains were divided into 49 physiology races belonging to 7 groups, of which ZA, ZB and ZC groups were dominant, and ZB13 was the dominant race with occurrence frequency of 18.00%. Magnaporthe oryzae strains of Jiangxi Province were mainly the strains of strong virulence, and they behaved a periodicity of 3 to 5 years in terms of dominance and virulence. The pathogenic types were relatively abundant and exhibited year’s difference. The annual percentage of pathogenic types was 82.79% to 98.21%, and the annual percentage of dominant pathogenic type was 3.57% to 5.77%. The number of avirulent genes of Magnaporthe oryzae in Jiangxi Province was found to be 24 to 29 in 2006-2018, and the avirulent genes of Avr-Pizt, Avr-Piz 5, Avr-Pik, and Avr-Pik(C) occurred more frequently, implying that the resistant genes corresponding to the avirulent genes have large application value in disease-resistant breeding in Jiangxi Province.
ITS1 sequencing method was used to analyze the diversity of fungi in fresh feces of Tibetan newborn piglets and weaned piglets. Five phyla, 13 classes, 25 orders, 33 families and 38 genera were discovered in feces of newborn Tibetan piglets. Five phyla, 12 classes, 20 orders, 24 families and 28 genera were discovered in feces of weaned piglets. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were dominant phyla; Bulleribasidiaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Aspergillaceae, Trichosporonaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae, Nectriaceae, Saccharomycetaceae and Pichiaceae were dominant families. Diversity of fungi and relative abundance of dominant fungi in feces varied with the growth of piglets, indicating that different growth stages could affect microflora in Tibetan piglet feces.
The differences of rhizosphere soil fungal composition and diversity among three different vegetation types (wetlands, grassy slopes, and shrublands) in the Caohai Basin were investigated by using second-generation high-throughput sequencing technology. Correlation between soil fungal diversity and physical and chemical properties and enzyme activities of the soil was analyzed. The results showed that rhizosphere soil fungi of the three vegetation types belonged to 4 phyla, 34 classes, 109 orders, 250 families, and 537 genera, and the fungal community of shrubland and wetland was similar and the dominant populations belonged to Dothideomycetes, accounting for 21.18% and 11.13% of the total classes, respectively. The dominant taxa in grassy slopes are undetermined genera, accounting for 29.26% of the total genera. The diversity richness of soil fungi showed a tendency of shrubbery land>grass slope>wetland. Rhizosphere soil enzyme activity in the vegetations decreased with the depth of the soil layer. The rhizosphere soil enzyme activity was the highest in the shrubland and the lowest in the wetland. The fungal diversity of the rhizosphere soil was significantly related to soil total nitrogen, total potassium and available potassium. The physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil of the three different vegetation types were significantly related to the composition, abundance and diversity of soil fungi (P<0.05). The litter of different vegetation types brought about the differences of physicochemical properties and enzyme activity of the rhizosphere soil and thereby affected the composition and diversity of rhizosphere soil fungi.
Nothapodytes pittosporoides is a medicinal plant with anticancer activity. In our experiment, 1 339 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from Nothapodytes pittosporoides in different regions and plant parts. The result of preliminary ITS DNA sequence analysis showed that there were 268 isolates belonging to Colletotrichum, indicating Colletotrichum was one of the most dominant genera of endophytic fungi in Nothapodytes pittosporoides. A total of 31 representative isolates was selected for phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequence data (ITS, GAPDH, ACT and TUB2) and morphology. The results showed that Colletotrichum hyphae were distributed in all parts of plant except for flowers, and leave and stems were the main sources of the isolates. Colletotrichum distributed in all areas investigated but the isolation frequencies varied with different localities. It seems that Guiyang and Jishou are most aboundant. The selected 31 representative isolates were divided into 19 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Our results showed that Colletotrichum in Nothapodytes pittosporoides had certain preference and selectivity toward habitats, but no obvious specificity.
Pathogenic fungi in training environment and sports equipments in gymnasium have an important bearing on public security of rhythmic gymnasts, and the safety rick research should be attentive. The test samples from palms, sole and shoe cavity of 37 female gymnasts with average age of 19.5 years old in a sports university were collected, and the samples from gymnastic apparatuses (balls, hoops, etc.), ballet barre and carpet were collected as well. The samples tested were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing based on rDNA-ITS region and the fungal community compositions, α-diversity, common and unique genera, the correlation between the samples and fungal community were further analyzed. The results showed that fungal taxa of the specimens comprised 4 phyla, 22 classes, 57 orders. The dominant genus from hands was Aleuria, with the relative abundance (RA) of 84.9%, that from shoe cavity was Candida with the RA of 17.55%, that from carpet was Alternaria with the RA of 50.9%, and that from the barre was an unclassified genus of Davidiellaceae. α-diversity analysis showed that fungal diversity of the barre (G) was highest, followed by the shoe cavity (D) and hoop (F). Venn diagram indicated that there was only one common genus among the six samples including palm (A), sole (B), carpet (C), shoe cavity (D), ball (E) and barre (G). Comparison between two samples showed that the common genera in G and D, and G and E were 27 and 24, respectively; the unique genera of G was the most, followed by D and E; there were no more than 10 unique genera in other samples. The correlation analysis showed G was at the maximum value in three centrality (degree centrality was 0.793; closeness centrality 0.715; betweenness centrality 0.754). In the network consisted of gymnasts and sports equipments, G was in the center of the network, followed by E and D. The minimum value of the degree centrality and betweenness centrality occurred in A (0.077/0.053) and C (0.048/0.001). The results concluded that there were obvious differences of fungal community composition among the samples tested. The fungal communities in the barre, shoe cavity, ball and hoop were richer, while those in carpet and hands were poor. The fungal species in barre were abundant, including many potential human pathogenic species. It was possible that the carpet and barre in gymnasium environments were habitats of various potential pathogenic fungi, being worthy of attention due to possibility causing public health safety problem.
Using culture dependent approach, fungi from the sediments of the Philippine Sea Basin were isolated. In total, 132 fungal isolates were obtained, taxonomically belonging to two phyla, 10 classes, 16 orders, 27 genera and 32 known species. At the genus level, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus were most abundant. Salinity adaptation investigation showed that seven isolates among the tested 16 isolates could grow well in salinity concentration of 45‰-60‰, indicating halophilic characteristics. The yeast Udeniomyces megalosporus OUCMBII170060 showed high resistance to salt and low temperature, with maximum cell proliferation under the condition of 30‰ salinity and 5°C. These fungal isolates are worthy of further study physiologically, biochemically and phylogenetically.
A fungal isolate from Qilian Mountain was identified as Agaricus subfloccosus based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence. The biological characteristics and domestic cultivation of the fungus were studied. The effects of carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, pH value, inorganic salt and vitamins on growth of the mycelium were investigated by single factor test and optimized by orthogonal experiments. The results showed that carbon source, inorganic salt and pH were considered to be important to mycelial growth. The mushroom grew well on PDA medium (25g sucrose, 2g potassium nitrate, 2g magnesium sulfate and 1 000mL water) with additional VB12. The optimal pH was 5.0. For the sack cultivation, 79% sawdust, 5% bran, 5% corn starch, 1% gypsum and 10% wheat bran were used, and the mycelia were sackful in 90 days at 16°C. Fruiting occurred after casing.
Long-term subculture on the traditional glucose potato integrated medium (PDA) lead to degeneration of cultivated Volvariella volvacea. Sucrose, fructose, mannitol and trehalose were used to replace glucose carbon source in PDA to study the rejuvenation of V. volvacea original strain (D0) and degraded strains (D1-D3). The results showed that the change of carbon source hadn’t significant effect on D0. Sucrose, fructose, mannitol and trehalose could effectively increased aerial mycelium density, mycelium growth rate and mycelium biomass of V. volvacea degenerated strains, induced sporulation of chlamydospores, and increased the content of mycelial polysaccharide and protein, and effectively inhibited the accumulation of O2 -· and H2O2. At the same time, the activity of mycelium superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased, but the change of catalase activity was not significant. The higher the degradation degree, the better the strains rejuvenated. Trehalose proved to be highly effective to rejuvenation. Compared with the experimental control, trehalose increased the mycelium growth rate and biomass by 75.00% and 66.67% respectively of the seriously degraded D3. The content of polysaccharides and proteins increased by 22.49% and 16.58%. O2 -· and H2O2 decreased by 12.50% and 12.83%, and POD and SOD increased by 33.33% and 255.56%, respectively. These results indicated that by changing the carbon source of the medium, the V. volvacea degenerated strains were effectively rejuvenated.
Cucumber seedlings were inoculated with 27 strains of Alternaria isolated from asymptomatic cucurbit plants. There were 14 strains causing albinism of cucumber seedlings and all of them belong to A. alternata. The secondary metabolites of a representative strain 5F29 were extracted after solid fermentation, and the crude extract was mixed into the substrate in an appropriate amount for pot experiments. The results showed that cucumber (Cucumis sativus), sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) and melon (Cucumis melo) were sensitive to the crude extract, and albino seedlings appeared; pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) were not sensitive to the crude extract, showing normal growth. The result of plant seedlings treated with the crude extract were consistent with that inoculated with the fungal mycelia. An active compound was separated and purified by chromatography on silica gel column, Sephadex LH-20 column, and high performance liquid chromatography. The minimum concentration of the compound causing cucumber seedling albinism was determined to be 12.5μmol/L. At this concentration, the compound caused albinism of cucumber seedling growth point, and at a concentration of 15μmol/L, it resulted in albinism of most tissues of cucumber seedlings, rendering quick death of the seedlings. Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry techniques were used to determine the structure of the compound which was identified as a phytotoxin—tentoxin. The results revealed the mechanism of A. alternata-caused albinism of cucurbit seedlings and different sensitivity of different plant species to tentoxin.
As one of the most common entomopathogenic fungi throughout the world, Beauveria bassiana parasitizes diverse insects belonging to 15 orders, 149 families and 750 species. SSR molecular marker technique has been performed to study the genetic diversity in natural population, relationship between population heterogeneity and host range and the host specificity of 85 isolates of B. bassiana parasitic on 24 species in 7 orders of insects from Langya Mountain National Forest Park in Anhui Province. A clustering tree was also constructed to analyze the relationship between genotypes and hosts. The results indicated that Nei’s gene diversity was 0.2906, Shannon’s information index was 0.4510 and the percentage of polymorphic loci was 100% for B. bassiana population in Langya Mountain. The genetic diversity of B. bassiana on different hosts decreased from high to low in the proper order of Coleoptera>Hymenoptera>Homoptera>Diptera> Lepidoptera>Orthoptera>Hemiptera and genetic diversity of subpopulations on Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Homoptera constituting the majority of isolates showed higher and closer at diversity level. Cluster analysis showed that 85 B. bassiana isolates were divided into 29 genotypes by 8 SSR primers and merged to 3 branches at 0.70 genetic similarity coefficients. Isolates of the same genotype can infect different hosts, and the same type of hosts could also be infected by different genotypes of the fungus. In summary, genetic diversity of B. bassiana population in Langya Mountain was rich and there was no significant correlation between the genetic lineage and host range, and the host specificity of the fungus was weak.
The preparation and regeneration of protoplasts are the basis of genetic transformation of Agaricus bisporus. In this study, an efficient system for protoplast preparation is established through shake culture of 15 days old hyphae for 7 days in liquid medium. Using 1mg/mL dissolving cell wall enzyme 0.6mol/L KCl solution resulted in transformation of 4×10 6/mL protoplasts in 10h digestion under the temperature of 30°C and shake of 45r/min. The quality of the isolated protoplasts was verified using vector with Ab-eGFP label. Transient transformation of protoplasts was carried out using PEG4000, and GFP fluorescence was observed in 20min, 24h and 48h. Restoration of cell wall was observed in 24 hours and 48 hours. Our result provides a basis for stable genetic transformation of Agaricus bisporus and the subsequent establishment of the crispr-cas9 genome editing system.
Optimum culture medium for Lactarius deliciosus rcb-74, L. vividus rll-107 and L. vividus rmsh-118 was screened by measuring diameter and dry weight of mycelia. The results showed that all isolates had relatively large diameter of mycelia and the maximum dry weight on modified biotin-aneurine-folic acid (BAF) medium. Lactarius mycelium cultured in modified BAF liquid medium was inoculated to Pinus yunnanensis, P. massoniana and P. tabuliformis, and mycorrhizae were observed in combinations of L. deliciosus rcb-74 with P. yunnanensis and P. tabuliformis, combination of L. vividus rll-107 with P. massoniana, as well as combination of L. vividus rmsh-118 with P. yunnanensis in 13-30 days.
The single-factor experiment was used to analyze the effects of mycelium cultivation time, enzymolysis time, enzymolysis temperature, enzyme concentration, and type of osmotic stabilizer on the preparation of the protoplast in Oudemansiella raphanipes. The medium for protoplast regeneration was optimized. Through fluorescence staining, the process of protoplast preparation was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope, and the yield and viability of protoplasts were determined by flow cytometer. The results showed that the highest protoplast production was 2.0×10 7cells/mL under the optimal conditions as follows: cultivation in liquid medium for 5 days, using mannitol as osmotic pressure stabilizer, and lywallzyme digestion for 5h at the enzyme concentration of 2% under 30°C. Flow cytometer analysis indicated that about 57.69% of the protoplast cells were alive. In the optimal solid regeneration medium (RM), the regeneration rate of protoplasts was (0.103±0.025)%.
A precious medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus has attracted great attention because of its significant therapeutic effect on diabetes, digestive disorders, cardiovascular diseases, liver ailments and cancer etc. Inotodiol is regarded as a characteristic lanostane-type triterpenoid of Inonotus obliquus with various anticancer activities. The effect of addition of elicitors on inotodiol production and enzyme activity in inotodiol synthesis pathway of Inonotus obliquus was investigated. The results showed that the best elicitor tested was geraniol. The appropriate addition concentration was 0.02% (V/V) and suitable point of addition was 144th hour of fermentation. Under the optimal conditions, the product of inotodiol (27.89mg/L) was 3.02 times of that of the experimental control (9.23mg/L) at the end of fermentation (240h). The mechanism of action of geraniol was explored by comparing the changes of inotodiol production and the activity of four enzymes (farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, squalene synthase, squalene epoxidase and lanosterol synthase) in the biosynthesis pathway. It was indicated that the activities of the four enzymes were significantly higher in comparison with the control group, and the product of inotodiol was correspondingly increased, demonstrating that the four enzymes played a positive role in the biosynthesis pathway of inotodiol.
The immunifaction mechanism of Sparassis latifolia polysaccharide (SLP) was explored by observing the effects of SLP on intestinal microflora, expression of cytokines and short chain fatty acids in immunocompromised mice. The immunosuppressive mice model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide for 3 consecutive days. The mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control group, model group, low, medium and high dose Sparassis latifolia polysaccharide group, and positive group. The experiment lasted for 30 days. The tissue section of small intestine was determined by hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the small intestine was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The changes of intestinal microflora were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The content of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Administration high dose of SLP can significantly improve the swelling and shortening of villi, increase the ratio of villi length to crypt depth (V/C value), increase the levels of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ in small intestine (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and improve the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Alloprevotella, Butyrivibrio, Integinimonas and Streptococcus (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the content of six main short chain fatty acids in cecum of each dose group were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The trends of the test groups were the same as that of the positive control group. SLP can effectively regulate the intestinal immune function of immunosuppressed mice by improving intestinal mucosal morphology, increasing the levels of intestinal cytokines, modulating the structure of gut microbiota, increasing the relative abundance of SCFAs-producing bacteria and promoting the content of short chain fatty acids, etc., and increase the content of short-chain fatty acids in the cecum to regulate the intestinal immune function of immunosuppressed mice.
Antioxidant activities and immunoregulatory effects of polysaccharides from fruiting bodies of Cordyceps japonica were investigated. Cordyceps japonica polysaccharides (CJPs) were obtained by hot water extraction. The antioxidant activities of CJPs were evaluated by the scavenging ability of ABTS free radical, DPPH free radical and ·OH free radical. The immunoregulatory effects of CJPs on immunosuppressive mice injected with hydrocortisone were investigated. The results showed that CJPs exhibited a dose-dependent scavenging activity against ABTS, DPPH and ·OH radicals, and IC50 was 0.165, 0.098 and 0.253mg/mL, respectively. Compared with model experimental group, the immune organ indexes, phagocytosis index of macrophage, cytokine levels and immunoglobulin content of mice fed with CJPs were enhanced, and LDH and ACP enzyme activities in spleen were significantly heightened (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The results suggested that CJPs were potential antioxidant and could improve the immune function of immunosuppressed mice, worthy of further research and development.
Five indicative data (polysaccharide content, polyphenol content, flavonoid content, triterpenoid content, in vitro antitumor activity) of Sanghuangporus baumii grown on oak segment (BO), sawdust of mulberry branch (BS) and artificial media (fermented S. baumii, FB) were evaluated. The spectrophotometric assay via anthrone-sulfuric acid, folin-phend, sodium nitrite-aluminum nitrate, vanillin-glacial acetic acid methods respectively was applied to determine the content of these ingredients. The antiproliferation activities were evaluated by CCK-8 assay on six human cancer cell lines, human large cell lung cancer cell (H460), human prostate cancer cell (PC3), human breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231), human hepatoma cell (SMMC-7721 and BEL-7402) and human neuroblastoma cell (SH-SY5Y). The result showed that FB produced the highest content of polysaccharides (29.64%), while the content of polysaccharides from BS and BO were both less than 2.57%. BS-1 and BS-2 were significantly superior in terms of polyphenol content and flavonoid content, especially BS-1 with content of 4.02% and 32.13% respectively. The content of polyphenols and flavonoids from fermented mycelia were the lowest, being 0.24% and 0.68% respectively. The content of triterpenoids had no obvious difference in S. baumii cultivated in different substrates. The most potent antiproliferation ability to the six tumor cells in vitro was BS, followed by BO and FB with no obvious cytotoxicity within the setting concentration range. Different cultivation substrates result in different antitumor activities of S. baumii in vitro, and this difference is directly related to the content of active ingredients. Facts have proved that polyphenols and flavonoids from S. baumii contribute significantly to the anti-tumor capacity.
The optimization of medium components for the endochitinase (ECH42) biosynthesis by recombinant Pichia pastoris was investigated at shake flask level by response surface analysis. The critical medium components that had obvious influence on the activity of endochitinase was first screened by Plackett-Burman design. The optimal concentrations were further determined by Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. Yeast extract, oleic acid and Tween-80 were found to play an important role in the biosynthesis of the recombinant endochitinase, and their optimal concentrations were 2.45%, 0.17% and 0.62%, respectively. The optimized medium consisted of 0.50% methanol, 0.50% yeast nitrogen base (YNB), 2.00% tryptone, 0.17% oleic acid, 2.45% yeast extract, 0.4% PTM1 and 0.62% Tween-80. The activity of the recombinant endochitinase was up to 92.26U/mL in a 250mL shake flask under the optimized condition. The optimal reaction condition of chitin degradation catalyzed by ECH42 included powder chitin concentration 4%, pH 7.0, temperature 30°C and reaction time 10h. These results provide a basis for the large-scale production of the endochitinase and chito-oligosaccharide in the fermentor.
Resina draconis is a resinous medicine secreted by Dracaena sp. (Liliaceae) resulted from physical damage and fungal induction. In this study, HPLC fingerprints of resina draconis induced by fungi were established to provide evaluation and analysis methods for quality control of resina draconis. Using ZORBAX SB-C18 column (5μm, 4.6mm×250mm) with mobile phase A of 30% acetonitrile + 0.3% glacial acetic acid, and mobile phase B of 100% acetonitrile, separation was carried out by gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0mL/min, the column temperature was 25°C, and the detective wavelengths were 278nm and 309nm. The similarity between the fingerprints of resina draconis sample and the reference sample was high. In total, 14 characteristic peaks were selected, and four major characteristic ingredients, 7,4’-dihydroxyfl avone, loureirin A, loureirin B and resveratrol, in resina draconis were detected. The active fungus-induced products with good quality could be used as substitute for natural resina draconis, and this induction technique seems effective as compared with the natural depletive process.
The fruit bodies of Auricularia heimuer were used as the material to compare the apparent structure and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity as well as the activity of inhibiting tumor cell proliferation in vitro of the flocculating polysaccharide HJD-1 prepared by chitosan flocculation method and the alcohol precipitation polysaccharide HJD-2 prepared by traditional water extraction and alcohol precipitation method. The results showed that the average yield of crude polysaccharide prepared by chitosan flocculation method was 4.76%, being 2.17 times the yield of polysaccharides prepared by alcohol precipitation method; the loss rate of polysaccharide prepared by alcohol precipitation method was 33.87%, being 1.36 times that prepared by flocculation method. Apparent evaluation and resolubility analysis of flocculating polysaccharide HJD-1 and alcohol precipitation polysaccharide HJD-2 showed that flocculating polysaccharide HJD-1 was bright white transparent crystal with uniform color and regular particles, while alcohol precipitation HJD-2 was brown, granular, and sandy, and resolvability of the former is better than that of the latter. Analysis of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and anti-tumor ability indicated that at the same concentration, the inhibitory effect of polysaccharide prepared by chitosan flocculation on α-glucosidase activity was better than that prepared by alcohol extraction. The inhibition of proliferation of HepG2 cells by flocculating polysaccharide HJD-1 was stronger than that by alcohol precipitation polysaccharide HJD-2.
