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收稿日期: 2015-02-2
接受日期: 2015-05-10
网络出版日期: 2015-09-22
版权声明: 2015 中国科学院微生物研究所《菌物学报》编辑部 版权所有
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△并列第一作者
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摘要
对猴头菌属药用真菌的次级代谢产物化学、生物活性研究进行了综述。目前已经从猴头菌属真菌中发现了83个不同类型的活性次级代谢产物,主要包含二萜类、酚类、脂肪酸类、甾体、生物碱类化合物;这些化学成分显示了抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗糖尿病、促进神经生长因子合成等多种活性。文中讨论了目前研究的主要问题并对其前景进行了展望。
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Abstract
The chemistry and the biological activities of the secondary metabolites from Hericium species are reviewed. Up to dates, 83 bioactive compounds belonging to terpeniods, phenolics, fatty acids, steroids, alkaloids have been reported in the mycelia and the fruiting bodies of Hericium species. These compounds show various bioactivities, such as antitumor, antibacterial and hypoglycemic effects, and stimulatory effects to the synthesis of nerve growth factor. The problems existing in researches and the development trends of studies on Hercium medicinal mushrooms are discussed in this review.
Keywords:
猴头菌属 Hericium Pers.世界范围内有15个种,戴玉成等(2010)在《中国食用菌名录》中收录了4种我国常见食用猴头菌:高山猴头菌 H. alpestre Pers.、卷须猴头菌 H cirrhatum (Pers.) Nikol. [=Steccherinum cirrhatum (Pers.) Teng]、珊瑚猴头菌 H coralloides (Scop.) Pers. [=H. caput-ursi (Fr.) Corner= H. laciniatum (Leers) Banker=H. ramosum (Bull.) Letell. ]、猴头菌 H. erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. [=H. caput-medusae (Bull.) Pers. ]。猴头菇是我国传统的食药兼用大型真菌(戴玉成和杨祝良2008),兼具很高的食用价值和药用价值,三国时期《临海水土异物志》中称:“民皆好啖猴头羹,虽五肉臛不能及之,其俗言曰:宁负千石粟,不负猴头羹。”《新华本草纲要》中记载其利五脏,主治消化不良,神经衰弱,身体虚弱等多种疾病。
现代医学研究发现,猴头菌的活性成分具有保肝护胃、降血糖、保护神经、抗癌、抗衰老、抗氧化等功效。本文对近20多年来国内外陆续报道的次级代谢产物的化学结构以及药理活性进行了综述,以供读者参考。
作为一种重要的食药兼用大型真菌,猴头菌次级代谢产物的研究起始于1990年,此后在其子实体、菌丝体中分离得到了多种化合物,目前为止共发现了83个不同类型的活性成分,包括二萜类化合物、酚类化合物、脂肪酸类化合物、甾体化合物、生物碱类化合物,并对其中一些重要化合物的药理活性进行了深入的研究。现将猴头菌中分离得到的化合物信息归类整理(表1)。
猴头菌中吡喃酮类化合物均从菌丝体中分离得到,Qian et al.(1990)从猴头菌菌丝体中分离得到2个吡喃酮类化合物(5,6),Kawagishi et al.(1992)从该种的菌丝体中也发现了2个吡喃酮类化合物命名为Erinapyrone A (1)和Erinapyrone B (2),并报道了该化合物对于HeLa细胞系的弱细胞毒活性(1为0.88mmol/L,2为1.76mmol/L)。Arnone et al.(1994)发现了一个带有三元氧环结构的吡喃酮类化合物(5),并发现该化合物具有中等强度的抗革兰氏阳性菌活性。Wu et al.(2015)从猴头菌菌丝体中分离得到一系列吡喃酮类化合物 (1,2,4,6)并发现它们抑制生菜根生长活性,该发现说明猴头菌在生物防治方面的应用具有一定前景(图1)。
酚类化合物在猴头菌子实体和菌丝体中均有发现,Okamtoto et al.(1993)从猴头菌菌丝体中发现3个具有抗菌活性的化合物(7,8,9);Kurz et al.(1999)从猴头菌菌丝体中发现3个具有降血糖活性的酚类化合物Hericenal A (10),Hericenal B (11),Hericenal C (12)并申请欧洲专利一项;Kawagishi et al.(1991)从猴头菌子实体中分离得到3个带有脂肪酸长链的酚类化合物,命名为Hericenone D (16),Hericenone E (17),Hericenone F (18),并发现该类化合物具有较强的促进神经生长因子合成活性(33µg/mL);Ma et al.(2010)也从猴头菌子实体中分离得到了2个带有脂肪酸长链的酚类化合物Hericenone I (19)和Hericene D (20),并发现了该类化合物对人食管癌细胞系EC109的细胞毒活性;近年,韩国Li et al.(2014)也发现一个新的具有核因子κB抑制活性的脂肪酸长链酚类化合物Hericene D [该化合物的命名与Ma et al. (2010)的命名重复],同时也发现了化合物13,14,15,16,17,19的核因子κB抑制活性,证明了该类化合物在免疫系统疾病中的作用;该类带有脂肪酸长链的酚类化合物同样在猴头菌菌丝体中发现,Arnone et al.(1994)从猴头菌菌丝体中也分离到3个带有脂肪酸长链的酚类化合物,命名为Hericene A (13),Hericene B (14),Hericene C (15),并报道了Hericene A (13) 的弱HeLa细胞系细胞毒活性(图2)。
表1 猴头菌中分离得到的化合物(1-83)
Table 1 Compounds isolated from Hericium erinaceus (1-83)
编号 No. | 化学名称 Chemical name | 生物来源 Biological source | 生物活性 Biological use | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|---|---|
吡喃酮类化合物 pyrones | ||||
1 | Erinapyrone A | 菌丝体Mycelium | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity 抑制生菜根生长活性 Suppress the growth of lettuce | Kawagishi et al. 1992 Wu et al. 2015 |
2 | Erinapyrone B | 菌丝体Mycelium | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity 抑制生菜根生长活性 Suppress the growth of lettuce | Kawagishi et al. 1992 Wu et al. 2015 |
3 | Erinapyrone C | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抗菌活性Anti-bacteria activity | Arnone et al. 1994 |
4 | Herierin III | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抑制生菜根生长活性 Suppress the growth of lettuce | Qian et al. 1990 Wu et al. 2015 |
5 | Herierin IV | 菌丝体Mycelium | Qian et al. 1990 | |
6 | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抑制生菜根生长活性 Suppress the growth of lettuce | Wu et al. 2015 | |
酚类化合物 phenols | ||||
7 | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抗菌活性Anti-bacterial activity | Okamtoto et al. 1993 | |
8 | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抗菌活性Anti-bacterial activity | Okamtoto et al. 1993 | |
9 | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抗菌活性Anti-bacterial activity 抑制生菜根生长活性 Suppress the growth of lettuce | Okamtoto et al. 1993 Wu et al. 2015 | |
10 | Hericenal A | 菌丝体Mycelium | 降血糖活性 Hypoglycemic activity | EP0902002, 1999 |
11 | Hericenal B | 菌丝体Mycelium | 降血糖活性 Hypoglycemic activity | EP0902002, 1999 |
12 | Hericenal C | 菌丝体Mycelium | 降血糖活性Hypoglycemic activity | EP0902002, 1999 |
13 | Hericene A | 菌丝体Mycelium | 细胞毒活性 Cytotoxicity | Arnone et al. 1994 |
核因子κB(NF-κB)抑制活性 Nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) inhibitory activity | Li et al. 2014 | |||
14 | Hericene B | 菌丝体Mycelium | 核因子κB(NF-κB)抑制活性 Nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) inhibitory activity | Arnone et al. 1994 Li et al. 2014 |
15 | Hericene C | 菌丝体Mycelium | 核因子κB(NF-κB)抑制活性 Nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) inhibitory activity | Arnone et al. 1994 Li et al. 2014 |
16 | Hericenone C | 子实体Fruiting body | 促进神经生长因子活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Kawagishi et al. 1991 |
核因子κB(NF-κB)抑制活性 Nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) inhibitory activity | Li et al. 2014 | |||
17 | Hericenone D | 子实体Fruiting body | 促进神经生长因子活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Kawagishi et al.1991 |
细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity | Ma et al. 2010 | |||
核因子κB(NF-κB)抑制活性 Nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) inhibitory activity | Li et al. 2014 | |||
18 | Hericenone E | 子实体Fruiting body | 促进神经生长因子活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Kawagishi et al. 1991 |
19 | Hericenone I | 子实体Fruiting body | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity 核因子κB(NF-κB)抑制活性 Nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) inhibitory activity | Ma et al. 2010 Li et al. 2014 |
20 | Hericene D | 子实体Fruiting body | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity | Ma et al. 2010 |
21 | Hericene D | 子实体Fruiting body | 核因子κB(NF-κB)抑制活性 Nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) inhibitory activity | Li et al. 2014 |
苯并呋喃酮类化合物 Benzofurans | ||||
22 | Erinaceolactone A | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抑制生菜根生长活性 Suppress the growth of lettuce | Kobayashi et al. 2014 |
23 | Erinaceolactone B | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抑制生菜根生长活性 Suppress the growth of lettuce | Kobayashi et al. 2014 |
24 | Erinaceolactone C | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抑制生菜根生长活性 Suppress the growth of lettuce | Kobayashi et al. 2014 |
25 | Hericenone A | 子实体Fruiting body | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity | Kawagishi et al.1990 |
26 | Erinacerin B | 子实体Fruiting body | Yaoita et al. 2005 | |
27 | Hericenone I | 子实体Fruiting body | Ueda et al. 2008 | |
28 | Hericenone J | 子实体Fruiting body | Ueda et al. 2008 | |
色原酮类化合物 Chromones | ||||
29 | Hericenone F | 子实体Fruiting body | 促进神经生长因子活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Kawagishi et al. 1993 |
30 | Hericenone G | 子实体Fruiting body | 促进神经生长因子活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Kawagishi et al. 1993 |
31 | Hericenone H | 子实体Fruiting body | 促进神经生长因子活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Kawagishi et al. 1993 |
32 | 3-hydroxyhericenone F | 子实体Fruiting body | 内质网应激抑制剂活性 Endoplasmic reticulum stress- suppressive activity | Ueda et al. 2008 |
生物碱类化合物 alkaloids | ||||
33 | Hericirine | 子实体Fruiting body | 抗炎活性 Anti-inflammatory activity | Li et al. 2014 |
34 | Hericerin | 子实体Fruiting body | 抑制花粉管生长活性 Pollen tube growth suppressive activity | Kimura et al. 1991 |
35 | Hericenone B | 子实体Fruiting body | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity | Kawagishi et al. 1990 |
36 | Erinacerin A | 子实体Fruiting body | Yaoita et al. 2005 | |
37 | Eriacerin C | 菌丝体Mycelium | 葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity | Wang et al. 2015 |
38 | Eriacerin D | 菌丝体Mycelium | 葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity | Wang et al. 2015 |
39 | Eriacerin E | 菌丝体Mycelium | 葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity | Wang et al. 2015 |
40 | Eriacerin F | 菌丝体Mycelium | 葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity | Wang et al. 2015 |
41 | Eriacerin G | 菌丝体Mycelium | 葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity | Wang et al. 2015 |
42 | Eriacerin H | 菌丝体Mycelium | 葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity | Wang et al. 2015 |
43 | Eriacerin I | 菌丝体Mycelium | 葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity | Wang et al. 2015 |
44 | Eriacerin J | 菌丝体Mycelium | 葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity | Wang et al. 2015 |
45 | Eriacerin K | 菌丝体Mycelium | 葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity | Wang et al. 2015 |
46 | Eriacerin L | 菌丝体Mycelium | 葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity | Wang et al. 2015 |
脂肪酸类化合物 fatty acid | ||||
47 | 子实体Fruiting body | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity | Kawagishi et al. 1990 | |
甾醇类化合物 sterols | ||||
48 | Erinarol A | 子实体Fruiting body | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity PPAR α,γ激动剂活性 PPAR α, γ transactivational effect | Li et al. 2014 |
49 | Erinarol B | 子实体Fruiting body | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity PPAR α,γ激动剂活性 PPAR α, γ transactivational effect | Li et al. 2014 |
50 | Erinarol C | 子实体Fruiting body | Li et al. 2014 | |
51 | Erinarol D | 子实体Fruiting body | 细胞毒活性 Cytotoxicity | Li et al. 2014 |
52 | Erinarol E | 子实体Fruiting body | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity | Li et al. 2014 |
53 | Erinarol F | 子实体Fruiting body | 细胞毒活性Cytotoxicity | Li et al. 2014 |
54 | 子实体Fruiting body | Li et al. 2014 | ||
55 | 子实体Fruiting body | Li et al. 2014 | ||
56 | 子实体Fruiting body | Li et al. 2014 | ||
57 | 子实体Fruiting body | Li et al. 2014 | ||
58 | 子实体Fruiting body | Li et al. 2014 | ||
二萜类化合物 diterpenes | ||||
59 | Cyatha-3,12-diene | 菌丝体Mycelium | Kenmoku et al. 2001 | |
60 | Cyatha-3(18),12-diene | 菌丝体Mycelium | Kenmoku et al. 2001 | |
61 | Erinacol | 菌丝体Mycelium | Kenmoku et al. 2004 | |
62 | 11-O-acetylcyathin A3 | 菌丝体Mycelium | Kenmoku et al. 2004 | |
63 | Erinacine A | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis 抗MRSA活性Anti-MRSA activity | Kawagishi et al. 1994 Kawagishi et al. 2006 |
64 | Erinacine B | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Kawagishi et al. 994 |
65 | Erinacine C | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis 抗MRSA活性 Anti-MRSA activity | Kawagishi et al. 1994 Kawagishi, et al. 2006 |
66 | Erinacine D | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Kawagishi et al. 1996 |
67 | Erinacine E | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis κ阿片受体激动剂活性 Kappa opioid receptor agonist 抗MRSA活性Anti-MRSA activity | Kawagishi et al. 1996 Saito et al. 1998 Kawagishi et al. 2006 |
68 | Erinacine F | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Kawagishi et al. 1996 |
69 | Erinacine G | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Kawagishi et al .1996 |
70 | 菌丝体Mycelium | κ阿片受体激动剂活性 Kappa opioid receptor agonist | Saito et al. 1998 | |
71 | 菌丝体Mycelium | κ阿片受体激动剂活性 Kappa opioid receptor agonist | Saito et al. 1998 | |
72 | 菌丝体Mycelium | Saito et al .1998 | ||
73 | Erinacine H | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Lee et al. 2000 |
74 | Erinacine I | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | Lee et al. 2000 |
75 | Erinacine J | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抗MRSA活性 Anti-MRSA activity | Kawagishi et al. 2006 |
76 | Erinacine K | 菌丝体Mycelium | 抗MRSA活性Anti-MRSA activity | Kawagishi et al. 2006 |
77 | Erinacine P | 菌丝体Mycelium | Kenmoku et al. 2000 | |
78 | Erinacine Q | 菌丝体Mycelium | Kenmoku et al. 2002 | |
79 | Erinacine R | 菌丝体Mycelium | Ma et al. 2008 | |
80 | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | JP8073486 1996 | |
81 | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | JP8073486 1996 | |
82 | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | JP7070168 1995 | |
83 | 菌丝体Mycelium | 促进神经因子生长活性 Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis | JP7070168 1995 |
Wu et al.(2015)从猴头菌子实体中分离得到了一个具有弱细胞毒活性的苯并呋喃酮类化合物Hericenone A (25),近日该实验室又从猴头菌菌丝体中发现了3个具有抑制生菜根生长活性的苯并呋喃酮类化合物Erinaceolactone A (22),Erinaceolactone B (23),Erinaceolactone C (24) 并通过X射线单晶衍射确定了化合物24的绝对结构;Yaoita et al.(2005),Ueda et al.(2008)也分别从猴头菌子实体中发现了3个新的苯并吡喃酮类化合物Erinacerin B (26),Hericenone I (27),Hericenone J (28)(图3)。
Kawagishi et al.(1993)从H. erinaceus子实体中发现了3个具有强促进神经生长因子合成活性的具有脂肪酸长链的色原酮类化合物Hericenone F (29),Hericenone G (30),Hericenone H (31);Ueda et al.(2008)也从猴头菌子实体中分离出一个具有内质网应激诱导剂活性的色原酮类化合物32(图4)。
对于猴头菌中生物碱类化合物的报道较少,Kawagishi et al.(1990)、Kimura et al.(1991)和Yaoita et al.(2005)分别从猴头菌子实体中发现了具有细胞毒活性的Hericenone B (35),抑制花粉管生长活性的Hericerin (34),以及Heriacerin A (36);Kobayashi et al.(2012)完成了化合物Hericerin (34)的全合成与结构修正。Li et al.(2014)从猴头菌子实体中分离得到了一个抑制iNOS,COX-2蛋白表达的生物碱Hericirine (33),说明了猴头菌在抗炎症方面的作用。近日,本课题组Wang et al.(2015)从一株采自西藏地区的猴头菌H. erinaceus菌丝体中分离得到一系列具有葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性和弱细胞毒活性的生物碱类化合物 (34,37-46),这是首次从猴头菌菌丝体中发现的生物碱类化合物(图5)。
在猴头菌中除发现具有营养作用的脂肪酸类物质外,Kawagishi et al.(1990)还从猴头菌子实体中发现了一个具有细胞毒活性的十八碳烯酸衍生物47(图6),同时该化合物还表现出对茶树花粉生长的抑制作用,随后Kuwahara et al.(1992)完成了该化合物的合成与绝对构型的确定。
近年来有研究表明(Wang et al. 2014),甾醇类物质对胃黏膜有保护作用,猴头菌药物产品对胃炎、慢性萎缩性胃炎及浅表性胃炎的良好疗效可能就与猴头菌中的甾醇类物质有关。Li et al.(2014)从猴头菌子实体中分离得到了一系列带有脂肪酸长链的甾醇类化合物(53-58)并报道了部分化合物的细胞毒活性(48,49,51,52,53)与PPARα,γ激动剂活性(48,49)(图7)。
自从1994年Kawagishi et al.(1994)从猴头菌H. erinaceus菌丝体中发现了一类具有5-6-7元环鸟巢烷型二萜类化合物Erinacine A (63),Erinacine B (64),Erinacine C (65)并报道了该类化合物的强促进神经生长因子合成活性之后,猴头菌中的二萜类化合物受到了广泛的关注(Shen et al. 2009)。目前,已经从猴头菌中分离得到25个鸟巢烷型二萜类化合物 (59-83)(图8),并发现了该类化合物的促进神经生长因子合成活性(Kawagishi et al. 1994;Kawagishi et al. 1996;Kawagishi et al. 1996;Lee et al. 2000),抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌活性 (63,65,67,75,76)(Kawagishi et al. 2006),κ阿片受体激动剂活性 (67,70,71)(Saito et al. 1998),并完成了其中重要化合物的全合成(Wright et al. 1999;Ward et al. 2004)及生源合成途径的推测(Kenmoku et al. 2002)。
目前,猴头菌属真菌活性次级代谢产物的研究已经比较深入,从猴头菌属真菌子实体、菌丝体中发现多类化学成分,包括吡喃酮类化合物、甾体化合物、脂肪酸、萜类化合物、酚类化合物、生物碱类化合物,这些成分显示了抗肿瘤、保肝护胃、降血糖、保护神经、抗癌、抗衰老、抗氧化等多种生物学功能。猴头菌产品在保健食品和药品方面都有了一定的进展,其中猴头菌制剂在临床上已被广泛用于治疗胃肠道消化系统疾病。在治疗神经系统疾病、高血脂、糖尿病等方面也都显示出了较好的疗效(张鹏等 2011)。
对于猴头菌属真菌活性次级代谢产物的研究还存在一些问题,猴头菌中部分二萜类化合物、色原酮类化合物的绝对构型并未确定,这限制了活性化合物构效关系研究及后续开发;对于具有促进神经生长因子合成活性的二萜类化合物只在菌丝体中发现、猴头菌子实体中是否含有该类化合物仍不明确,值得深入研究;对于猴头菌属真菌活性次级代谢产物的研究基本只局限于猴头菌H. erinaeus一个种上,对于该属其他真菌的成分研究还有待进一步丰富,这对于猴头菌真菌资源的开发和利用都具有较高价值。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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