Twenty-six home and abroad strains of Ganoderma were identified as Ganoderma lingzhi, Ganoderma sinense, and Ganoderma sessile through phylogenetic analyses based on ITS+tef1 sequence dataset. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze mycelial triterpenoids of Ganoderma. The mass spectrometry analysis results indicated that in the mycelia of G. lingzhi, 10 common compounds, including ganoderic acid T and ganoderic acid S, were found. In the mycelia of G. sinense, 12 common compounds, including lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3β,15α,22β-triacetoxy-26-oic acid, were detected. In the mycelia of G. sessile, ganodermic acid Ja, lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3α-hydroxy- 26-oic acid, and 5 unknown compounds were identified. Similarity analysis was further conducted on the UV profiles of triterpenoids in G. lingzhi and G. sinense. The results showed that the similarity of samples from twelve strains of G. lingzhi to the reference profile was above 0.951, and the similarity of samples from ten strains of G. sinense to the reference profile was above 0.920, indicating high similarity among different strains in the same species. The results of the cluster analysis confirmed that using triterpenoids as indicators could correctly classified the twenty-six Ganoderma strains. The Ganoderma triterpenoid fingerprint profiles using LC-MS technology can serve as an auxiliary tool for Ganoderma identification.

Six crude polysaccharide fractions, BC-50, BC-70, MZK-50, MZK-70, DM-50, and DM-70, were obtained by graded alcohol precipitation with 50% and 70% ethanol from Tremella fuciformis cultivated on Bentham’s cress (BC) substrate and cottonseed husk (MZK) substrate in Gutian, Fujian Province, and on cut-log (DM) substrate in Tongjiang, Sichuan Province. The polysaccharide content, protein content, glucuronic acid content, molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide composition, antioxidant activity and immunological activity of the crude polysaccharide fractions from different matrix sources were analyzed and studied. The results showed that the highest polysaccharide content appeared in DM-70 fraction, reaching (80.68±0.23)%; the highest crude polysaccharide yield obtained in BC-70 fraction, reaching 14.27%; the highest glyoxylate content appeared in BC-50 fraction, reaching (21.04±0.35)%; the molecular weight distribution of 70% alcohol-precipitated polysaccharides of T. fuciformis on Bentham’s cress substrate was comparatively small, being 8.098×10⁴ Da, and that of 50% alcohol-precipitated polysaccharides of T. fuciformis on cut-log was 2.184×10⁶ Da. The 50% alcohol-precipitated polysaccharide was mainly composed of fucose, glucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid, while the 70% alcohol-precipitated polysaccharide was mainly composed of fucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid. In vitro antioxidant and immune activity tests showed that the 50% alcohol-precipitated polysaccharide fraction of T. fuciformis cultivated on Bentham’s cress substrate had a higher free radical scavenging rate of DPPH and ABTS at an action concentration of 2 mg/mL. It was also found that the polysaccharide fraction had the strongest ability to stimulate the release of NO from macrophage cells in vitro. The in vitro repair activity test on UVB-damaged HSF cells showed that the BC-70 fraction had the best effect on HSF cells from UVB damage.