Parmelioid genera comprise about 40 genera. Some of these genera recently have been combined based on morphological and/or molecular evidence. The 33 genera are currently used with more than 1,500 species. Of which 20 genera with ca. 200 species were recorded in mainland China. Eight species new to China in parmelioid lichens, Arctoparmelia separata, Everniastrum lipidiferum, Everniastrum mexicanum, Flavoparmelia baltimorensis, Myelochroa hayachinensis, Parmelia marmorophylla, Parmelia pseudolaevior and Parmotrema pustulatum are reported in the paper.

Utilization of edible and medicinal lichen in China has a long history. Textual research of Chinese ancient and modern literatures and investigation of folk usages proved that lichen species used as medicine in China totalled 130 species belonging to 16 families and 43 genera, and as food 31 species belonging to seven families and 14 genera. A proposal concerning protection of the species with narrow distribution in special ecological environment, having important scientific significance is put forward.

Seven species in the lichen genera Hemithecium and Pallidogramme, including a new species H. duomurisporum, and a new record H. implicatum from China, are reported. The photographs of these species and working keys to the taxa are given.

This paper deals with a short sketch of the genus Diorygma. Six species of the genus from China are reported, and four of them, D. hieroglyphicum, D. macgregorii, D. pachygraphum and D. pruinosum are new to China. A description for each of the four species is given, and a working key to the Chinese species is also provided.

Altitude is one of the most important factors influencing lichen biodiversity. Understanding the altitudinal distribution patterns of lichens is the first step towards the effective protection of lichen biodiversity. The lichen genus Peltigera tends to distribute at higher altitudes [(2,022±995)m] with a narrow altitudinal range (68% species occurring between 1,694－2,954m), suggesting its biodiversity can be highly affected by global warming. A unimodal distribution pattern was detected for both species richness and individual richness of the genus. The eleven species examined in detail have different altitudinal patterns that seem to be related to altitude. The altitudinal distribution of the eleven species evidently supports the Rapoport rule. The following four lichens may be most sensitive to global warming due to their high altitude distribution and narrow altitude range, viz.: Peltigera continentalis, P. dolichospora, P. kristinssonii and P. venosa.

A short review of the lichenology in China is given by the present paper. A concept about the lichen systematic biology with three systems of storage and retrieval as a bridge between biodiversity in the nature and exploration of lichen resources is emphasized. The significance of lichen species and genes in desert biological carpet engineering is discussed. The secret that lichen doesn′t produce secondary metabolites is uncovered, and a new way to solve it has been found.

Nine species are reported as an addendum to the lichen flora of Mount Taibai in Qinling Mountains of northwestern China. Anaptychia runcinata, Lobaria quercizans and Physconia americana are new to China. The descriptions of the 3 new records are briefly given based on Chinese collections.

Twenty seven genera in parmelioid lichens are recently accepted by 42 famous lichenologists and molecular biologists based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence. Of which the genus Nipponoparmelia with 4 species is included. Four species of this genus from China are reported in the present paper. Diagnostic characters (morphology, chemistry and distributions) for each species are given. The name Parmotrema pustulatum used by the author in the previous paper is here corrected as Parmotrema neopustulatum.

Eighteen species of the lichen genus Ramalina are reported from northwestern China. Two species are new to China, and twelve species are new to northwestern China. Descriptions and illustrations of the new records, R. chihuahuana and R. complanata, are provided.

This paper deals with antioxidant ability of methanol extract from 4 Antarctic lichens, i.e. Usnea aurantiacoatra, Usnea antarctica, Sphaerophorus globosus and Cladonia sp. The antioxidant ability was detected by the linoleic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and reducing power systems, and compared with that of commercial antioxidant Vitamin C and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The results showed that the lichens collected from Antarctica exhibited high antioxidant activities, and the antioxidant activity was concentration-dependent. Among 4 lichens, Usnea aurantiacoatra had the maximum inhibitory ratio of lipid peroxidantion and reducing power, Cladonia sp. showed the maximum scavenging activity on DPPH free radical. Besides, usnic acid from Usnea aurantiacoatra also exhibited antioxidant activity, however, its activity was lower than that of the crude extract from Usnea aurantiacoatra.

DNA barcode is a technique to identify species using short sequence of DNA. This paper deals with rDNA-ITS as a barcode and microbarcode to identify the species of Umbilicaria. Our study would be a foundation for the aid of Umbilicaria rapid identification.

Five species of Bulbothrix and two species of Relicina are recognized for mainland China. Of these Bulbothrix goebelii, B. tabacina, Relicina abstrusa and R. sydneyensis are reported from China’s mainland for the first time, although they have been previously recorded in Hong Kong and/or Taiwan I. Bulbothrix yunnana is endemic to China.

Altitudinal patterns of the lichen genus Cladonia and 18 species in the genus were investigated based on herbarium collections. Species in the genus are inclined to grow at high elevation. Normal and lognormal probability patterns are ubiquitous for vertical distribution of these species, and vertical patterns are somewhat elevation-dependent. The altitudinal ranges of the species were found to decrease with increase of altitude. These evidences suggest an immediate threat from global warming to some species growing at higher elevation in the genus. Ecological evidence also confirms C. bacillaris and C. macilenta are conspecific.

One new diphenyl ether (1) together with one known analogue (2) were isolated from the fermented extract of an endolichenic fungal strain Aspergillus sp. (No. 16-20-8-1) by means of silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated as 2-isopentenyldiorcinol (1) and diorcinol (2) by MS and NMR data analysis.

Twenty-two lichens belonging to 16 genera, 13 families, and 5 orders from Shapotou region of Tengger Desert are reported in this paper. Bacidia heterochroa, Porina aenea, Buellia alboatra and Buellia venusta are new to China. The research has enriched the knowledge of lichen diversity in the studied region, and will provide more lichen resources for the basic research of desert biocarpet engineering.

In a survey of endophytic fungi associated with lichens in Zixi Mountains of Yunnan Province, three hyphomycetous new records in China, Memnoniella subsimplex, Nigrospora sacchari and Stachybotrys atra are reported. Their morphological characteristics are redescribed and illustrated. Strains were deposited in our research group.

A new lichen species Phaeographis fujianensis is described in the present paper. It can be distinguished from other taxa by its relatively small ascospores. It contains only stictic acid. Latin diagnosis, Chinese description and discussion together with photographs are given.

Group I introns in SSU (Small Subunit) rDNA of lichen forming fungi and their distribution modes were analyzed in this study. The data were obtained from eight species of the lichen genera Physcia and Phaeophyscia with some sequences retrieved from GenBank. Our result indicates that there are multiple group I introns insertion sites in SSU rDNA of lichen forming fungi, and their secondary structures gives the evidences of transposition when group I introns are in its nature states. Our result also demonstrates that group I introns are only suitable for the phylogenetic analysis at infraspecific levels.

The enrichment of heavy metals in Antarctic environments has increasingly evoked public interests. Lichens have been widely used in study of heavy metal atmospheric deposition in many ecosystems. Although a few studies using lichens to monitor atmospheric heavy metal deposition have been conducted in Antarctica, differences in enrichment capability of atmospheric heavy metals were not known among Antarctic lichens. Five lichen species collected from Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, western Antarctica, viz. Caloplaca regalis, Himantormia lugubris, Ramalina terebrata, Sphaerophorus globosus and Usnea aurantiacoatra were used to analyze differences in enrichment capability of Co, Cr, Pb and Cu. After being exposed to air for a period of 2 months at an urban site of Baoding, Hebei Province, heavy metal contents in lichen thallus were measured by atom absorption spectrometry. The results show that all species can enrich atmospheric Pb, in which Himantormia lugubris shows the highest capability, followed by Usnea aurantiacoatra and Ramalina terebrata. Usnea aurantiacoatra and Himantormia lugubris can enrich atmospheric Cu at the similar level, followed by Sphaerophorus globosus, while the other two species show no enrichment of atmospheric Cu during the experiment. The significant enrichment of atmospheric Co and Cr was only observed in Himantormia lugubris and Usnea aurantiacoatra, respectively. Our results indicate that a combination of Usnea aurantiacoatra and Himantormia lugubris is an indicator with great potential for monitoring atmospheric deposition of Co, Cr, Cu and Pb, and Himantormia lugubris is also applicable to the monitoring of atmospheric deposition of Co, Cu and Pb.

During the study on foliicolous lichens collected from Hainan Province, a new species, Enterographa hainanensis B. Gao & J. C. Wei, is described in the present paper. A Latin diagnosis, Chinese description and discussion with 3 photographs are given.

Thirteen species of the lichen genus Ramalina are reported from Northeastern China. Descriptions, comments and illustrations of two species new to China, R. conduplicans and R. yasudea are provided. The earlier reports of R. fraxinea and R. polymorpha are found to be misidentified, and the correct names of them are R. sinensis and R. sekika respectively.

In order to isolate the drought-resistant gene from the mycobiont of desert lichens, the desiccation-tolerance biological research and liquid culture were performed. The mycobiont isolated from the desert lichen Glypholecia scabra, was studied under the water stress. The results showed that the mycobiont isolated from G. scabra would accumulate soluble sugars and increase the concentration of total phenols and reduce glutathione (GSH) to protect itself from low water activities. It could be inferred that the genes relating to the metabolic pathways of phenols and GSH, may likely to be the candidates of drought-tolerance genes for cloning and expression analysis at aw=0.90 and aw=0.85. Additionally, in order to provide enough materials for cloning and expression analysis, optimal liquid culture conditions of the mycobiont isolated from G. scabra were studied using Plackett-Burman design and orthogonal arrays. The optimized medium (pH6.3) consisted of 15g glucose, 2g soy peptone, and 200μg Vitamin B12 in 1L potato extract. 150mL medium filled in 250mL triangular flask was shaken under revolving speed of 100r/min, at 18℃. The growth curve showed that the biomass of the mycobiont isolated from G. scabra was improved significantly under the optimized conditions.

Fourteen species of the lichen genus Lecanora are reported from Bailong river valley of Gansu province. Four of them, L. albella, L. flowersiana, L. garovaglii and L. symmicta are reported from China for the first time. Anatomy, morphology and chemistry descriptions based on our materials for the new records are given.

本文报导了分布在大兴安岭的10种黄梅属( Xanthoparmelia)地衣，很多文献曾报导过中国的菊叶黄梅(X. conspersa)，但是魏江春(1983)根据形态及化学两方面研究的结果指出，文献中的菊叶黄梅实际上分别是暗腹黄梅(X．Tinctina)和淡腹黄梅(X．Mexicana)。 本文作者在大兴安岭北部采到了真正的菊叶黄梅。本文还包括5个中国新记录种，它们是贴生黄梅(X. hypopsila)，线形黄梅(X. lineola)，新墨西哥黄梅(X．Novomexicana)，黑黄梅(X．Tasmanica)和离心黄梅(X．Centrifuga)。

Community structure and species diversity of the saxicolous lichens in forest ecosystem of mountainous area of southern Urumqi were analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis methods. Forty-nine saxicolous lichen species belonging to 23 genera in 13 families of 4 orders were found in this ecosystem. According to the results of multivariate analysis and universal characteristics of habitat, the saxicolous lichen community in this forest ecosystem can be classified into three types: (1) Hygro-lichen community: Acarospora verruculosa + A. alphaplaca + Lecidea tessellata; (2) Xero-lichen community: Lecanora polytropa + Lecidea carpathica; (3) Alpino-lichen community: Verrucaria iaequalis + Dermatocarpon miniatum. The community 1 has highest species diversity (1.875) and community 3 has the lowest (1.147). Altitude and substrate types were important environmental factors influencing the structural patterns of saxicolous lichen community in this area.

The natural products of Pestalotiopsis has become a research hotspot as they can produce diverse secondary metabolites including taxol, the antitumor agent. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS diagram analysis of the metabolites from endolichenic Pestalotiopsis sp. revealed that there were two metabolites with unique molecular weight. Further isolation with different chromatography approaches of the crude extract afforded two compounds with complex structural features. The structures of the compounds were elucidated to be a known torreyanic acid derivative (1) and a new analogue named pestalotiopsin (2) by extensive NMR experiments including ¹H, ¹³C, HMQC, HMBC, ROESY and HRESIMS data. The absolute configuration of the new compound (2) was determined by comparing the CD spectrum with known analogue (1). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited cytotoxic activity against human leukemia cell line K562 in vitro, with IC₅₀ values of 25.2 and 32.1µmol/L, respectively.

Six taxa of the lichen genus Fulgensia are reported from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Three species, Fulgensia australis, F. desertorum and F. schistidii are reported for the first time from China. Morphological, anatomical, chemical and ecological characteristics of each species are studied. A key and the photographs of each species are provided.

The order Peltigerales is an important group of N-fixing lichens that are essential for ecosystem N cycling in many terrestrial ecosystems. But differences in N-fixing activity among species are not well understood at present. Twelve peltigeralean species collected in different localities and subjected to various desiccation durations, namely Collema subflaccidum, C. subnigrescens, C. tenax, Leptogium hildenbrandii, L. menziesii, L. pedicellatum, L. saturninum, L. trichophorum, Peltigera canina, P. didactyla, P. praetextata and P. rufescens, were cultured in the same condition. N-fixing activity was measured using acetylene reduction assay after 1d, 10d and 15d cultivation. No significant differences in N-fixing activity for all lichens were found between 10d and 15d cultivation, suggesting N-fixing activity for lichens was fully recovered after 10d cultivation. A significant difference in N-fixing activity among species was found in terms of mean N-fixing activity averaged over 10d and 15d cultivations (P<0.001), with the highest value for Leptogium trichophorum [(4.532±0.368)μmol C2H4/gdw·h] which is about 2 times higher than that for Peltigera canina [(2.349±0.223)μmol C2H4/gdw·h]. N-fixing activity of the other 10 lichens was roughly similar (2.635－3.379μmol C2H4/gdw·h). These results show lichens have high N fixation plasticity, which can be an evidence for the adaption of lichens to fluctuating environment conditions.

Deterioration of stone cultural relics mainly caused by biotic factors is analyzed, and the present domestic and international situation of preservation, treatment and restoration methods of the cultural relics are reviewed. Lichens are the key organisms causing biodeterioration of stone cultural relics. As compared with the foreign countries, lichens causing deterioration of stone cultural relics and their treatment are still imperfectly known in China. Scientific investigations of the lichen species composition on stone cultural relics and the mechanism of lichen biodeterioration are urgently necessary. Developing effect and safe methods to remove the erosive lichens and the methods of monitoring and prevention of lichen deterioration are need fully formulated.

Ocellularia subfumosa is described as new to science from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Yunnan Province, China. O. cavata, O. leioplacoides and O. pyrenuloides are reported as new records of China. Descriptions and known distribution of each species are given. The studied specimens are deposited in HMAS-L, KUN-L and SDAU.

Three new records of lichen genus Acarospora (Acarosporaceae) are reported from China, viz. Acarospora obpallen (Nyl. ex Hasse) Zahlbr., A. rosulata (Th. Fr.) H. Magn. and A. aeginaica H. Magn. The specimens were collected from Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. Morphological description, figures, ITS and mtSSU sequences are provided for each species. The materials are deposited in the Herbarium of Lichen Research Center in Arid Zones of Northwestern China of Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (XJU-NALH).

鹿蕊属地衣(又称驯鹿地衣)广布于北极以及低纬度高寒地带；在我国多见于北方林带以及高山苔原带。在大兴安岭林区本属地衣往往是一定林型的伴生成员，又为大兴安岭驯鹿群的理想天然牧场，还是地衣抗菌素的重要资源之一。本属地衣在国内外文献记载中我国约有8种以及若干种下单位，其中(Cla-dina portentosa)一种我们尚未见到。本文记载了9种，其中黄雀鹿蕊(Cladinaaberrans)与亚林鹿蕊(Cladina imshaugii)两种我国新记录。此外，对于前人已发表的错误鉴定进行了订正。

Stereocaulon incrustatum, a new record in China, and St. massartianum and St. sorediiferum have several special chemical races, and the absence of atranorin in the genus is reported for the first time. Investigation results show that chemistry is not very important in taxonomy of the genus. Evolutionally, the cephalodia of St. incrustatum are possibly a transition characteristic from poorly developed cortex to protosacculate cephalodia.

Eight hundred and thirty specimens of cyanobacterial Lobaria from Hengduan Mountains were examined morphologically and chemically. Eighteen new nuclear ITS sequences were generated and a phylogeny based on ITS sequences is presented. Three species of Lobaria are described as new to science: L. hengduanensis, L. irrugulosa and L. latilobulata. L. hengduanensis can be recognized by its soredioid isidia; L. imrugulosa is characterized by its indistinct reticulately ridged upper side of the thallus; L. latilobulata differs from other species of the genus in having wide and rounded tips of lobes. These new species formed independent clades on the ITS phylogenetic tree. A key to the cyanobacterial species of Lobaria from China is presented.