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15 May 2007, Volume 26 Issue 3
    

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    Review
  • A new species of Gymnosporangium (Uredinales) occurring upon Sabina vulgaris Antoine (Cupressaceae)
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 321-323.
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    Gymnosporangium tianschanicum sp. nov. on Sabina vulgaris from Hami, Xinjiang Autonomous Region in northwest of China is described. The species is quite easily recognized by the presence of uredinial stage, and the unicellular teliospores occasionally intermixed with urediniospores in the uredinia.
  • Species of the genus Monodictys (Hyphomycetes) from China
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 324-35.
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    Two new species, one new combination, five new records to China and two indeterminate species in the genus Monodictys are reported. A key to 20 Chinese species of Monodictys is provided. The new species, Monodictys nigriglobulosa is characterized by having black and oblong conidia with broad septa, and Monodictys transversa is characterized by extending transversely conidia. The other two species having generic characters of Monodictys, but being lacking in sufficient comparable characters for identification in the present material are referred to Monodictys sp.1 and Monodictys sp.2 temporarily. The new combination is Monodictys quadrata (Atk.) G. Z. Zhao & T. Y. Zhang. All the specimens studied are deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP).
  • Species of Monodictys (Hyphomycetes) from soil in the warm temperate zone of eastern China
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 336-338.
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    Four species in the genus Monodictys were isolated from soil in the warm temperate zone of eastern China. Among them Monodictys chlamydosporoidea is a new species whose conidia consist of many dark brown, swollen and thick-walled cells. Monodictys glauca is a new record to China. Specimens (dried cultures) and living cultures studied are deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP).
  • A new pycnidioid basidiomycete family with gelatinized fruitbodies
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 339-342.
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    A new basidiomycete family Mycogelidiaceae with a new genus Mycogelidium is established to accommodate a Gelidium-like or coralloid macrofungus producing pycnidioid, long-beaked, basidium-bearing bodies, with transversely septate basidia and ellipsoid basidiospores. The gross morphology and anatomic structure of a new species are described and illustrated in a detail, and its distinctions from fungi with similar basidium-bearing structures are discussed. Basidiopycnidium is coined to term the well-developed, pycnidioid, basidium-bearing structure.
  • The lichen genus Ramalina from Qinling Mountains in China
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 343-348.
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    Eight species of the lichen genus Ramalina are reported from Qinling Mountains. Two of them, R. americana and R. aspera are reported from China for the first time. Anatomy, morphology and chemistry descriptions based on the materials for the new records are given. Key to the species found from the mountains is also provided.
  • Agarics and other macrobasidiomycetes from Ussuri River Valley
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 349-368.
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    A checklist of 328 species in 132 genera of agarics and other macrobasidiomycetes from Ussuri River Valley in northeast of China and Far East of Russia is provided. Among them, Amanita baccata, Basidioradulum radula, Clitocybe fuscosquamula, Conocybe cyanopus, Crepidotus calolepis, Crepidotus subsphaerosporus, Crepidotus subverrucisporus, Datronia scutellata, Entoloma byssisedum, Entoloma pleopodium, Gymnopus hariolorum, Hygrocybe insipida, Hygrocybe virginea, Inocybe curvipes, Inocybe obscurobadia, Inocybe tenebrosa, Lepiota tomentella, Mycena acicula, Mycena adonis, Mycena amicta, Mycena meliigena, Mycena niveipes, Psathyrella spadicea, Resinomycena japonica, Rhodophyllus dysthales, Rhodophyllus strigosissimus, and Russula pelargonia are new to China.
  • Studies on nuclear phase and genetic attribute of the basidiospores of Flammulina velutipes
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 369-375.
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    Nuclear phase and genetic attribute of the basidiospores were investigated for 3 strains of Flammulina velutipes. Fluorescence staining observation displayed that the majority of basidiospores were dikaryotic and the ratio of dikaryotic spores, monokaryotic ones and nuclear-free ones was 80.2%, 7.5% and 12.3% respectively. The mycelia derived from single spore isolates were confirmed as polykaryotic septate ones without clamp connection. In the mating test, mycelial protoplast pairs between single spore isolates of different strains formed colonies with clamp connection, while mycelial protoplast pairs between the same single spore isolates formed colonies without clamp connection, suggesting that the two nuclei of the spores possessed identical mating type factors. RAPD analysis indicated that the profiles of mycelial protoplasts obtained from same single spore isolates amplified by 10 random primers were entirely identical, corroborating that the two nuclei of a basidiospore were homogeneous. In addition, it is observed that there are 4 basidiospores growing on a basidium. Consequently, F. velutipes is a tetrapolar fungus possessing 4 basidiospores where there are two homogeneous nuclei.
  • Effects of Acremonium strictum on fruit-body formation of Psilocybe venenata
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 376-379.
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    The effects of Acremonium strictum on fruit-body formation of Psilocybe venenata were studied. The results suggested that the interference competition existed between Psilocybe venenata and Acremonium strictum although such an interferent competition was weak. The macro-sporocarps, mini-sporocarps and atypical sporocarps of P. venenata were formed on PDA plate and spent compost substrate. The polymorphism of the sporocarps of Psilocybe venenata, especially the formation of atypical ones may be the results of effects of Acremonium strictum. The study is helpful to the naturalization and further exploitation of Psilocybe venenata.
  • Biological studies on Pythium guiyangense, a fungal pathogen of mosquito larvae
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 380-388.
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    Biological characteristics of Pythium guiyangense (Pythiaceae, Peronosporales, Oomycota), a species of mosquito-killing fungus, were studied. Hyphal growth rate, sporulation and virulence to the first instar larvae of Culex quinquefaciatus were used as assessing indexes. Seven kinds of artificial media with different carbon and nitrogen sources were used in the study. The effect of different pH values and temperature, and different light-dark alternation treatments on the fungal growth were investigated. The results showed that 5℃~35℃ was the suitable temperature range for the fungal growth, with optimal temperatures of 25℃~30℃; suitable pH values were 5~12, with optimal pH range of 9~11 for development of both hyphae and zoospores; the media ranked by favorite for fungus growth were Czapek’s, SFE, PYG, KPYG2, SDAY, CMA, PDA, while SFE was the best medium for fungal sporulation and increase of pathogenicity to mosquitoes; glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, mannose and soluble starch were suitable hydrocarbon sources; media containing organic nitrogen were much better than those containing inorganic nitrogen; light-dark alternation treatments did not show influence on the fungal growth, but ultraviolet illumination has obviously inhibitory effect.
  • Head-space gas chromatographic analysis for the volatile flavor compounds from Ganoderma lucidum submerged-cultured broth
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 389-395.
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    The volatile flavor from Ganoderma lucidum submerged-cultured broth was investigated by head-space gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than thirty different volatile flavor compounds from the broth were detected, and twenty-one compounds were identified, which were mainly ketones, alcohols and lactones. Among all the compounds detected in the broth, the compound with its characteristic retention peaks at 22.41min was 4,5-dihydro-3,5-dimethyl-2-furanone, and its content was 64.12% of the total content of all the volatile flavor compounds. In addition, 3-penten-2-one and amyl vinyl carbinol with their characteristic retention peaks at 9.78min and 18.10min, respectively, were the known food spice substances. The results were useful to preliminarily understand the mechanism of light aroma emitted from the submerged-cultured broth of G. lucidum.
  • Extraction and determination of triterpenoids from Phaeo-porus obliquus
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 396-403.
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    A procedure of triterpenoid (TTP) extraction from Phaeoporus obliquus was developed. The result of screening of seven solvents proved that the optimal solvent for extraction of total TTP from P. obliquus was isopropanol with the extraction time of 24h. In this extraction method less isopropanol (6mL) and dry mycelia (100mg) were used and lots of samples were able to be extracted simultaneously. Using vanillin-acetic acid-perchloric acid spectrophotometry to detect total TTP in P. obliquus has proved to be simple, speedy, accurate, and repeatable. The detection result showed that TTP contents in natural sclerotia and fermentative mycelia were 59.86mg/g and 94.92mg/g respectively showing the TTP content in fermentative mycelia was higher than that in natural sclerotia. The results suggest that the product development of TTP from fermentative mycelia of P. obliquus can be an alternative to the collection of natural sclerotia of the fungus.
  • Some active components, free radical scavenging activity and anti-Candida albicans activity of the fermentation broth of Hirsutella sinensis
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 404-413.
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    The extracellular polysaccharide and nucleosides of the fermentation broth of Hirsutella sinensis RCEF0273 at different growth stages and the amino acids of the freeze-dried fermentation broth were analyzed. Free radical scavenging activity and anti-Candida albicans activity of the extracts of the fermentation broth of RCEF0273 were also detected. The results suggested that the highest contents of the extracellular polysaccharide, uridine, guanosine, inosine, thyminide and adenosine of the fermentation broth reached 1.9480g/L, 10.4132mg/g, 12.1929mg/g, 2.2698mg/g, 1.1000mg/g and 1.8181mg/g respectively. The content of amino acids of the freeze-dried fermentation broth reached 3.2560mg/g. Bioactive tests showed that n-butanol extract of the fermentation broth had the strongest free radical scavenging activity and inhibition activity. At the concentration of 10mg/mL, and incubation at 37℃ for 15min, the free radical scavenging activity reached 93.25%. At the concentration of 2mg/mL, the n-butanol extract had a 21.64mm inhibition ring.
  • Aminophenols and mold-water-extracts affect the accumula-tion of flavonoids and their antioxidant activity in cultured mycelia of Inonotus obliquus
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 414-425.
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    Flavonoids are one of the primary polyphenols in field-grown basidiomycetous fungus Inonotus obliquus responsible for the therapy of many diseases. In cultured I. obliquus, however, flavonoids are less accumulated, resulting in a significant reduction in pharmacological activities. In this study, three aminophenols and water extracts of four molds were evaluated for their effects on the accumulation of flavonoids and antioxidant activity of cultured I. obliquus L-Tyr, and the water extracts of Aspergillus flavus and Mucor racemosus evidently increased the accumulation of flavonoids, and suggested a greater advance towards those found in field-grown mycelia. Flavonoids in cultured I. obliquus consisted of more than four glycosides of quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. The antioxidant activity of cultured I. obliquus was positively associated with the accumulation of flavonoids. And the capacity for scavenging superoxide anion, hydroxyl and DPHH radicals was more effective in cultured I. obliquus with regulations of L-Tyr, A. flavus and M. racemosus water extracts.
  • The analysis of crude triterpenoids and flavonoids contents, antioxidative and antitumor activities of the crude extracts from culture broth of Volvariella volvacea
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 426-432.
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    The spawns of Volvariella volvacea were inoculated into potato dextrose liquid media of triangle-flasks and cultured by constantly shaking for 7 days. Mycelia and cultured filtrates were extracted by petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), ethanol (Eth), respectively, and the different organic portions were used to prepare the extracts of secondary metabolites. The component analysis indicated that there were crude triterpenoids and flavonoids in all the extracts, but the contents of crude triterpenoids and flavonoids in mycelia extracts were higher than those in cultured filtrates. There was the most crude triterpenoids content (17%) in the mycelia extracts obtained by PE. However, the most flavonoids content (9.31%) was in the mycelia extracts obtained by EA. Antioxidative assay showed three kinds of secondary metabolites possessed antioxidative activities, but the activities of the extracts from EA were visibly higher than those from PE. The mycelia extracts from EA and Eth had the highest antioxidative activities. MTT assay suggested that the extracts could inhibit the proliferation of BGC cancer cells and exhibit higher antitumor activitives, and there was a dose-effect relationship between the extracts concentration and the antitumor activitives.
  • Impacts of Beauveria bassiana on life parameters and control efficiency of Aphidius gifuensis
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 433-439.
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    Impacts of Beauveria bassiana on life parameters and control efficiency of Aphidius gifuensis were assessed in laboratory. The groups of aphids were sprayed with B. bassiana at the dose of 1900 conidia /mm2 at different stages of parasitism, and both mycosis infection rate or mummification rate of Myzus persicae and emergence rate of A. gifuensis from mummified aphids were recorded. The results suggested that mycosis in treated aphids or mummies, as well as adult emergence of A. gifuensis was significantly affected, varying with inoculation time of the fungal spores. Compared to the control spraying with 0.05% ( v/v) Tween-80 only, fungal inoculation at 1 day before, the same day and 3 days after A. gifuensis parasitization, caused about 59.6%, 56.2% and 34.8% aphids being infected, and reduced mummification rate by 94%, 59% and 47% and emergence rate of mummified aphids by 83%, 54% and 49%, respectively. However, spraying B. bassiana at 5 or 7 days after A. gifuensis parasitization, little impaction on mummification and emergence of A. gifuensis from mummified aphids were observed, yet mycosis infection rate was reduced to less than 8.2%. The fungal infection was almost undetected in mummified aphids at 5 or 7 days after A. gifuensis parasitization. When A. gifuensis adults ware sprayed with the fungal conidia, their life-span was shortened about 4 days as compared with control, and approximately 81.8% parasitized cadavers were infected by B. bassiana. The parasitic rate of A. gifuensis adults sprayed with the fungal conidia was not significantly affected, but the survival duration of them in parasitized aphids was shortened by 27.8%.
  • A long-term test on the safety of Pythium guiyangense to rats
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 440-447.
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    The present study is aimed at investigating if there possibly exist toxic effects of Pythium guiyangense, a mosquito-killing fungus isolated in Guiyang, China in 1994, on rats. 120 rats were treated for 90 and 180 days respectively with suspension of P. guiyangense mycelia orally, and the observation items involved growth index, biochemical and pathological changes of the body. Biochemical indexes including blood routine test and liver and kidney function tests. The results showed that the rats developed and gained their weight normally. The counts of their blood cells were within normal limits. No abnormality was found in biochemical or pathological examinations. It is concluded that P. guiyangense does not show pathogenicity to rats. The experiments were designed strictly following the national regulations for drug tests. The research results have given us confidence that P. guiyangense should be a safe agent for mosquito biocontrol.
  • Multiplex PCR detection of aflatoxigenic fungi able to contaminate food and feed
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 448-454.
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    In an attempt to develop a multiplex PCR system for rapidly detecting aflatoxigenic fungi that often contaminate food and feed, four pairs of primers (i.e., ApaF/ApaR, OmtF/OmtR, VerF/VerR and ITS1/ITS4) were designed based on the sequences of the three crucial genes aflR, ver-1 and omt-1 regulating aflatoxin biosynthesis and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of fungal rDNA. Amplified PCR products fell in the sizes of 1032, 452, 797 and 600bp respectively and were well in accordance with the corresponding DNA sequences in GenBank. The detection system was established by optimizing primary factors influential on the reaction system and successfully applied to detecting genomic DNA samples of six Aspergillus species and one Penicillium species. As a result, the four target DNA sequences were readily detected in three strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus known as aflatoxigenic fungi while only the ITS sequence was found in the rest fungal species. This shows an excellent specificity for the multiplex PCR system. Further sensitivity analysis indicated that the developed system was featured with a conserved sensitivity of 1ng/μL DNA sample, at which all the bands for the target DNA sequences were very clear. The target sequences except for that of aflR were also distinguishable even at the concentration of 0.1ng/μL DNA sample.
  • Biological characteristics and AFLP fingerprints of Phytophthora infestans strains DK98-1, DX98-2 and DX98-3
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 455-462.
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    Biological characteristics of the Phytophthora infestans strains DK98-1, DX98-2 and DX98-3 have been studied on the rye medium and V8-vegetable juice medium. As compared with the common strains, the colony growth of these strains was slow, the quantity of sporangia was few, and the quantity of oospore(2047～75623/cm2) produced was much more after sexual hybridization. DNA fingerprints of the 3 strains were detected by AFLP molecular marker. Strains DK98-1, DX98-2 and DX98-3 lack one band as compared with common strains on site of 330bp after they were amplified with the primer E+CG/M+CC, while they increase one band on site of 370bp after they were amplified with the primer E+AC/M+CT. It is indicated that these three strains distinguish from common strains at the genetic background. The frequency of the specific P. infestans strains could be investigated in nature by using these 2 specific primers.
    • Papers
  • Urocystis filipendulae，a smut fungus new to China
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 463-464.
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  • Three new records of thermophilic fungi in China
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 465-467.
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  • Newly observed characters of three holotypes of Entoloma species from South China
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 468-469.
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  • Mechanisms of anticancer action of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum: A review of recent researches
    Mycosystema. 2007, 26(3): 470-476.
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