15 September 2012, Volume 31 Issue 5

    

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  Three new species and three new Chinese records of Septobasidium (Septobasidiaceae)

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 651-655.

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  Three new species, Septobasidium elaeagni, S. hydrangeae and S. yunnanense are described. Three new Chinese records are Septobasidium atropunctum, S. conidiophorum and S. septobasidioides.
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  The species of Scolecobasidium from soil in the source areas of Yangtse River and Yellow River

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 656-659.

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  Eight species in the genus Scolecobasidium were identified from soil samples collected in the source areas of Yangtse River and Yellow River. Among them, S. chinense and S. qinghaiense were described as new species, S. dendroides was a new record for China. All specimens (dried cultures) and living cultures studied were deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP).
Papers
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  Fungal population in the Ips subelongatus body and gallery of Larix olgensis in Heilongjiang Province

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 660-667.

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  Samples of adult, larvae and pupa of Ips subelongatus, and the blue-stained tissue and phloem of Larix olgensis bearing pupa cells, egg and larval galleries were collected. The fungi in the inside and outside of the insect body and gallery of larch log were cultured and isolated by Martin and PDA media, and the detection frequency of the fungi were counted. A total of 24 fungal species were isolated and identified, of which 7 species belong to Ascomycota, 2 species Basidiomycota and 15 species anamorphic fungi. All these fungi can be isolated from the insect-bored gallery, 21 species from the body surface of the beetle, and 6 species from the inside of the body. Ceratocystis fujiensis was the most frequently isolated fungus.
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  Distribution of Fusarium species in henhouse and detection of potential trichothecene-producing isolates

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 668-675.

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  AGI-30 biological samplers were used to collect airborne samples, and various environmental substrates were also sampled, including feed, dust, soil and water from henhouses. It was aimed at investigation of Fusarium species distribution in henhouses and their potential trichothecene-producers. By means of morphological identification and tri5-PCR detection, 139 Fusarium isolates were obtained in 50 samples. The predominant Fusarium species in henhouses was F. verticillioides in either air or various substrates. The Fusarium concentration in soil was highest, reaching 4×102–1.35×104CFU/g, and it was in the next place in feed and water. In tri5-PCR test 42 tri5 positive strains were detected with the highest detection rate of F. graminearum. The investigation of Fusarium species distribution in henhouses and their trichothecene-producing ability is valuable to chicken disease management and health protection of human and animals.
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  Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with medicinal plants in Zhangzhou, Fujian

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 676-689.

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  An investigation of mycodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was carried out in the rhizosphere of 20 species of medicinal plants in southern Fujian. Sixty-six species of AM fungi were obtained, of which 12 species belong to Acaulospora, 1 to Archaeospora, 2 to Gigaspora, 42 to Glomus, and 9 to Scutellospora. Glomus aureum, Glomus arenarium and Glomus callosum are new records in China.
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  Effects of long-term fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community in calcareous purple paddy soil

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 690-700.

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  To determine the influence of long term fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species diversity in calcareous purplish paddy soil, rhizosphere soil samples collected from different designed plots continuously supplied with manure only (M), nitrogen fertilizer plus manure (NM), nitrogen and phosphoric fertilizer plus manure (NPM), nitrogen, phosphoric and potassium fertilizer plus manure (NPKM), mineral nitrogen (N), nitrogen-phosphoric fertilizer (NP), nitrogen and phosphoric and potassium fertilizer (NPK) and without treatment (CK), under rice-wheat rotations for 26 years were mycologically investigated. The results showed that there are 17 species of AMF, among them, 12 species belong to Glomus, accounting for 70.5 percent of the total isolated species. Three species belong to Acaulospora, accounting for 17.6 percent of the isolated species. One species belongs to Archaeospora and one species Entrophospora, accounting for 5.9 percent of isolated species. Regardless of wheat and rice, the AMF highest infection rate emerged in the control treatment (CK). Fertilizer treatments especially using phosphorus would decrease the infection rate, spore density, relative abundance and species richness of AMF. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed that both the AMF community structure and Shannon diversity index were the highest in the soil under CK as compared with those in the soil under any other fertilizer treatments. AMF diversity index in planting plots of wheat and rice were 2.68 and 3.02, respectively. In compared with the inorganic fertilizer treatments, the combining use of manure and inorganic fertilizer increased the AMF diversity index. The results suggested that the mixing of manure and inorganic fertilizer would be more beneficial to the development of the soil AMF.
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  Microsatellite sequences for identification of Agaricus blazei mutants induced by Co60 irradiation

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 701-709.

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  Based on the specifical combination between biotin and streptavidin coated magnetic beads, biotinylated probes composed of di-nucleotide repeat were used to isolate microsatellite sequences from genome of Agaricus blazei. DNA digested fragments of Agaricus blazei ligated with artificial adapters in both ends were hybridized with the labeled probes absorbed in magnetic beads. After eluting the unhybridized DNA, the enriched fragments in beads were released to establish the microsatellite library. Of 522 clones detected by PCR with corresponding repeat primers, 48 clones have shown to be positive reaction. After sequencing, 32 clones were proved to contain microsatellite sequences (SSR), with a microsatellite enrichment efficiency of 67% as against positive clones and of 6% as against the total detected clones. By deleting the duplicated and unavailable sequences, 12 microsatellite loci were selected to design primers for identifing 85 candidate mutants of Agaricus blazei induced by Co60 irradiation. The total 17 mutants could be determined by 4 pairs of primer. It demonstrates that some microsatellite loci can be applied to screen and distinguish the mutants of Agaricus blazei induced by Co60 irradiation.
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  Characteristics of the β-tubulin genes from three carbendazim- tolerant Alternaria species

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 710-716.

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  The β-tubulin genes from three Alternaria species which are tolerant to high concentration of carbendazim were amplified with two pairs of primers and sequenced. The lengths of three genes are 1,419bp for Alternaria cucumerina, 1,426bp for Alternaria solani, and 1,419bp for Alternaria alternata respectively. All genes have three introns and encode proteins with 398 amino acids. The protein sequences of β-tubulins of three Alternaria species are highly homologous to those of other plant pathogenic fungi that are sensitive to carbendazim. The main difference is that the 167th amino acid of β-tubulins in Alternaria is the residue Tyr instead of Phe, which is commonly found at the same position of β-tubulins in other fungi. These results suggest that carbendazim resistance of the three Alternaria species probably attributes to Tyr167.
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  Transcriptional analysis of different glycoside hydrolase genes in Trichoderma reesei

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 717-726.

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  Transcriptional analysis was performed for seven glycoside hydrolase genes identified by our previously RNA-seq, aiming to identify new genes whose protein products promote the lignocellulose degradation, and provide rational targets for optimizing cellulase system. The structure features of proteins encoded by selected seven genes were predicted via bioinformatic analysis. Quantitative real time PCR was used to analyze the transcriptional levels of seven genes encoding glycoside hydrolases (gene number designated as No. 4–10) along with three major cellulase genes (gene No. 1–3) of cbh1, cbh2 and egl1, under different carbon sources in QM 9414 and RUT C30 strains, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the protein products of seven genes belong to glycoside hydrolase family 47 (No. 4 and 5), 92 (No. 6–8), 16 (No. 9), and 31 (No. 10), respectively, and contain typical signal peptide sequences. The transcriptional levels of cbh1, cbh2, egl1 were significantly increased under induction of cellulase. Compared to lactose, cellulose induced higher fold change of the three genes in QM 9414 strain on mRNA level. However, in RUT C30 strain, mRNA abundances of the three genes were more abundant when the fungus was grown on lactose than that on cellulose as sole carbon source. The transcriptional levels of seven glycoside hydrolase genes showed the same tendency as those of the three major cellulase genes. The fold changes of gene No. 8 encoding α-mannosidase as well as gene No. 9 encoding β-glucanase were secondary to those of three major cellulase genes under the cellulose induction. However, the transcriptional levels of gene No. 8 and 9 showed more significant alterations when Trichoderma reesei grew on glycerol than that on cellulose. No significant alteration of transcriptional level was observed for gene No. 4, which is probably constitutively expressed by the fungus. The results indicated that the expressions of gene No. 5–10 were significantly dependent on carbon sources and strains. In addition, we found that seven glycoside hydrolase genes and three major cellulase genes were coordinately induced by cellulose and lactose.
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  Molecular mechanism of the interaction between amanitin and RNA polymerase II

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 727-735.

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  Molecular docking was introduced to study the molecular mechanism of the interaction between amanitin and RNA polymerase II. Through the analyses of docking results, the binding mode, the binding site, the docking energy, and the inhibition constant of nine amanitins were obtained, which were in accordance with the experimental results. In addition, the relationship between the toxicity and the structures of amanitins was carefully studied. The difference of toxicity in nine amanitins derived from the different substitutes of R2, and the binding ability was closely related with the toxicity. It deserved note that it was feasible to study the interaction between protein and polypeptide by molecular docking, and the method created great possibilities for the study of polypeptide-protein interaction at the molecular level.
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  Static liquid fermentative conditions for producing cellulase of Trametes trogii

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 736-744.

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  In order to investigate the influence of the factors such as the initial pH of fermentative medium, the kinds of carbon and nitrogen sources of fermentative medium and the types of inducers on CMC-Na (monosodium carboxymethylcellulose) cellulase activity of a new isolated producing cellulase strain from the rumen of sheep, the single factor and orthogonal test were respectively carried out. The CMC-Na cellulase activity was determined by DNS (3,5-dinitryl salicylate) method. The results displayed that the optimal initial pH value of fermentative medium was 5.0. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources of fermentative medium were respectively starch and yeast extract and their optimal additive amount were respectively 1% and 0.4%. The optimal inducer was dry bran (1.5%). Under the optimal condition, the highest value of CMC-Na cellulase activity was 56.62U/mL. All these results indicated that this was a new founding for looking for strain producing cellulase and using Trametes trogii to produce cellulase by static fermentation showed some advantages such as short fermentation time, and lower energy cost as compared with the reported Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma. Therefore, this study will display some certain substantial economic significance.
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  Effects of pretreatment by six species of white rot fungi on enzymatic hydrolysis of Populus tomentosa wood

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 745-753.

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  The pretreatment efficiency of different fungi and the effects of different components on enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated through chemical analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis experiments. Chemical components of Populus tomentosa were all degraded after pretreatment by six species of white rot fungi for 30 days. Hemicellulose loss was found to be the most significant, and 47.19% of the loss was caused by Trametes ochracea C6888. The losses of cellulose and acid insoluble lignin were less than those of hemicellulose. The samples treated by six species of white rot fungi displayed different patterns in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Reducing sugar yields were higher in the samples treated by Trametes ochracea C6888, T. pubescens C7571 and T. versicolor C6915 during the whole of the hydrolysis periods. 15.93% of reducing sugar yield was achieved by T. ochracea C6888 in 96h, increasing by 25% as compared with the untreated sample. The relationships between the loss of acid insoluble lignin and the yield of reducing sugar, and hemicellulose loss and reducing sugar yield were investigated. It was found that different fungi varied greatly during pretreatment with the same substrate, and the losses of lignin and hemicellulose could influence on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose.
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  Diosgenin biotranformed by Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 754-761.

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  Biotransformation of dioscin into diosgenin could be performed by a Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus strain isolated from Dioscorea nipponica. Diosgenin extraction through fermenting D. nipponica by the strain was carried out. HPLC measurement showed that biotransformed diosgenin was highly yielded, reaching 3.00%, while the extraction ratio was improved. This is a simple and environmentally beneficial method with high yield of diosgenin worthy to be popularized.
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  A study on enhancing memory activity constituents from Ganoderma tsugae

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 762-768.

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  The latent period experiment, the determination of ChAT (choline acetyltransferase), AchE (acetylcholinesterase), and ACh (acetylcholine), and the preparation of brain tissue slice were used to study capability of enhancing memory activity of mice induced by petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract, methanol extract and water extract of Ganoderma tsugae fruit body and 1-hydroxy-3-methylanthracene-9,10-dione obtained from petroleum ether extract. The results showed that the latent period of high dose methanol extract treatment group, high dose water extract treatment group, high dose chloroform extract treatment group, piracetam treatment group and 1-hydroxy-3-methylanthracene-9,10-dione treatment group were significantly different as compared with the group of pathological model. These groups not only could reduce AchE activity, but also could enhance the ChAT and Ach activity, and 1-hydroxy-3-methylanthracene-9,10-dione had the best effect. The number of nerve cells for water extract treatment group and methanol?extract treatment group were significantly increased, approach the youth?group. The nerve cells were sphere and had obvious?leveling effect. The nerve cells of aged group and model control group were coniform. comparison with the water extract treatment group and methanol?extract treatment group, the number of nerve cells of aged group were significantly decrease. Enhancing memory activity experiment results showed that 1-hydroxy-3-methylanthracene-9,10-dione treatment group and water extract treatment group had excellent enhancing memory activity effect.
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  A new diphenyl ether from an endolichenic fungal strain, Aspergillus sp.

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 769-774.

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  One new diphenyl ether (1) together with one known analogue (2) were isolated from the fermented extract of an endolichenic fungal strain Aspergillus sp. (No. 16-20-8-1) by means of silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated as 2-isopentenyldiorcinol (1) and diorcinol (2) by MS and NMR data analysis.
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  Chemical constituents and antitumor activity of fruiting body of Fomes fomentarius

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 775-783.

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  The compounds from the EtOH-extract of Fomes fomentarius were isolated and purified by using silicagel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. NMR, MS and other spectroscopy were used to identify the structures of compounds. Twelve compounds were determined: ergosta-7,22-dien-3-palmitate (1), stearic acid (2), palmitic acid (3), ergosta-7,22-dien-3-one (4), ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol (5), 5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol (6), ergosta-7,22-dien-3- one,dimethyl acetal (7), lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol,28-acetate (8), betulin (9), 3-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (10), 9,10- dihydroxystearic acid (11), daphnetin (12). The anti-tumor activities against NCI-H 460 and SGC-7901 were evaluated by Alamar Blue method, and the results showed that compound 4 had the highest antitumor activity against NCI-H 460 and compound 9 against SGC-7901.
short communications
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  Re-examinations of the Hypomyces specimens on deposit in HMAS

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 784-788.

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  Specimens of the genus Hypomyces deposited in the Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae were re-examined. Nine species were identified. Among them, H. marcrosporus, H. subiculosus and H. tegillum are new records for China.
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  Three species of Perenniporia (Polyporales) new to China

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 789-794.

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  Three species of wood-decaying fungi in the genus Perenniporia, P. bambusicola, P. dendrohyphidia and P. isabellina, are newly recorded in China. Perenniporia bambusicola was found in Yunnan Province, it is characterized by having vivid orange pore surface and growth on bamboo; P. dendrohyphidia collected from Guangxi Autonomous Region is distinguished by its dendrohyphidia in the dissepiments; P. isabellina found from Yunnan Province is characterized by its resupinate basidiocarps, greyish orange pores, large basidiospores and robust arboriform skeletal hyphae. Illustrated descriptions are given for the three species.
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  Three new records of the genus Agrocybe from China

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 795-799.

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  Three species of Agrocybe: A. elatella, A. brunneola and A. pediades var. cinctula, collected from different forest areas, are new to China. The morphological descriptions and illustrations were offered in this paper. They were compared and discussed with allied species. The specimens examined were deposited in the Herbarium of Mycology of Jilin Agricultural University (HMJAU).
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  EST-SSR markers in Agrocybe cylindracea and its application

  Mycosystema. 2012, 31(5): 800-806.

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  For the development of EST-SSR markers in Agrocybe cylindracea and the application of the marker in characterization of different mushrooms, 40 pairs of primers were designed based on the expressed sequence tags obtained from the shiitake Lentinula edodes. The results showed that 13 of 28 selected primer pairs could reveal high and stable polymorphisms among Agrocybe cylindracea varieties, which accounted for 46.4% of primers selected. Amplified PCR product has a total of 81 polymorphic bands, and the number of bands’ range is 2–14 with an average of 5.86 bands. Amplified fragment length is between 100–400bp. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.3750 to 0.8032, with an average of 0.7084. The results of this study indicated that EST-SSR markers could be used in the genetic diversity and comparative genomics studies among different edible fungus species.