This study examines the relationship and dynamic changes between soil particle size, fractal dimension, and soil nutrients under different grazing treatments in a desert steppe region. The goal is to provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of grazing management strategies and the restoration of soil erosion in the region. The study analyzed the effects of grazing on soil particle size, fractal dimension, and nutrients using plots with four different grazing treatments and one control group, and further explored the relationship among these factors. The results showed:(1) Compared to the control group, as grazing intensity increased, the clay and silt content in the soil exhibited a declining trend, with clay content decreasing by 0.14% to 0.88% and silt content decreasing by 1.21% to 4.65%. In contrast, the sand content increased with grazing intensity, with an increase ranging from 1.07% to 5.53%. Enclosure and grazing exclusion effectively increased the fine particle content in the soil. (2) The soil fractal dimension gradually decreased with increasing grazing intensity, with the D value of the fractal dimension being highest in the control treatment and significantly lower under heavy grazing than in other grazing treatments. The fractal dimension was significantly positively correlated with soil clay and silt content ( P<0.01) and significantly negatively correlated with sand content ( P<0.01). Soil particle composition was identified as an important factor limiting the fractal dimension, which can serve as a critical indicator for assessing soil quality. In desert steppe regions, moderate grazing can effectively improve soil quality, but grazing intensity should be controlled to moderate levels or lower.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different cover cropping strategies on the soil's physical and chemical properties,as well as the bacterial community structure in organic kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis) orchards in the Guanzhong Area. This experiment was conducted in 2021 at the Yangling Baiheng Organic Kiwi Orchard in Shaanxi Province. Three artificial cover cropping measures were tested: Lolium multiflorum+ Astragalus sinicus, Lolium multiflorum+ Glycine max, Lolium multiflorum+ Vicia villosa,with natural grass used as a control. The chemical properties and bacterial community structure of the soil in the topsoil(0~20 cm) were determined. The results showed that the organic matter of artificial grass increased by 8.8%~11.9% compared to the control,with the organic matter content of Lolium multiflorum+ Vicia villosa reaching 26.69 g·kg ^-1;The activities of soil urease,alkaline phosphatase,catalase were increased ( P<0.05),with Lolium multiflorum+ Vicia villosa having the most significant effect ( P<0.05). The bacterial beta diversity and the interaction relationship between bacterial communities in artificial cover cropping measures increased,while the abundance of metabolic functional genes in organismal systems significantly decreased( P<0.05). In summary,planting Lolium multiflorum+ Vicia villosa. and Lolium multiflorum+ Astragalus sinicus in organic kiwifruit orchards in the Guanzhong area can enhance the soil micro-ecological environment.

To uncover the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on reseeding species at different growth period,a microcosm experiment was carried out using Bromus inermis, Agropyron cristatum, Leymus chinensis,and Poa pratensis as test material. This experiment was set up as a factorial design containing two AMF inoculation treatments (with AMF,without AMF) and three growth period (seedling,jointing,jointing after mowing). We measured above-ground and below-ground biomass,root colonization,soil hyphal density,mycorrhizal growth response,and plant-available phosphorus. Our results showed that AMF inoculation increased the above biomass and below biomass of B. inermis and L. chinensis,compared with none inoculation. However,AMF inoculation did not affect the above biomass and below biomass of A. cristatum and P. pratensis at jointing after mowing period,compared with none inoculation. Mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) of four species was positive at each period,and the lowest MGR of A. cristatum, L. chinensis,and P. pratensis was at jointing period after mowing. From seedling to jointing period,AMF root colonization of these four species significantly increased. Soil hyphal density in B. inermis, A. cristatum,and L. chinensis reached the maximum level at jointing period after mowing. Therefore,the symbiotic relationships between AMF and plants depend on growth periods of plants and were species specific. Overall,from seedlings to adults,the abundance of AMF in roots and outside roots increased,while the response of MGR showed a decreasing trend. This indicated that AMF had a strong growth-promoting effect on plant seedlings,and this growth-promoting effect was not related to AMF abundance.

The objective of this experiment was to explore the effect of Neolamarkia cadamba leaf essential oil (NCEO) on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of stylo ( Stylosanthes guianensis L.) and rice( Oryza sativa L.) straw silage. Based on the weight of fresh stylo and rice straw,adding the 0.5% and 1% NCEO into materials for 30 days ensiling. Vacuumed and sealed after three replicates of each treatment were packed into plastic bags (20 cm×30 cm). After 30 days of ensiling,the chemical composition and silage indexes of the samples were evaluated statistically. The results of fermentation parameter,protein fraction and bacterial community indicated that NCEO addition decreased ( P<0.05) pH value,ammonia-N content,and numbers of lactic acid bacteria and coliform bacteria both in stylo and rice straw silage. And lactic acid content and true protein proportion of rice straw silage increased ( P<0.05) with NCEO addition. Lactobacillus was the most dominant genus and increased with NCEO addition in rice straw silage. The NCEO addition also increased the relative abundance of Allorhizobium,Methylobacterium and Xanthomonas. In conclusion,the 1% NCEO addition was an effective way to improve the fermentation of stylo and rice straw silage.

Artificial grassland establishment is an effective method for managing grassland degradation in the Sanjiangyuan area. This study analyzed the availability of soil nutrients and the mechanism of carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus cycling and balancing by examining the content of key nutrient elements and their proportional relationships in soils sown with different pasture grasses in the Sanjiangyuan area. The finds suggest that the contents of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,and total phosphorus in the artificial grassland were significantly higher than those in the degraded grassland. Additionally,the soil nutrient improvement effect of mixed-seeded artificial grassland was better than that of single-seeded artificial grassland. Further correlation analyses revealed that soil C:N was limited by carbon and nitrogen,soil C:P was limited by carbon,and soil N:P was limited by carbon and nitrogen. In summary,the main limiting nutrient elements in the region are carbon and nitrogen. Therefore,supplementing these nutrients appropriately can improve the soil quality of artificial grassland. This study's results provide an valuable reference forsoil quality improvement in the Sanjiangyuan area through rational pasture mixing.

In order to qualitatively and quantitatively elucidate the research progress,research hot spots and development trends of ecology-livelihood research both domestically and internationally, 2 062 articles about the studies on relationship between ecology and livelihoods from 2011 to 2022 retrieved in the Web of Science (WOS) and CNKI databases were used to analyze the co-occurrence,hot spots,clustering and emergence of the literature data with the bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace. The results indicated that the number of publications on ecology-livelihood studies both domestically and internationally had increased slowly,and then rapidly,but had shown a downward trend in the past two years. International studies mainly focus on the fields of geography,sustainability and ecology,presenting a trend of interdisciplinary,diversified and refined research directions. Research hot spots mainly focus on biodiversity conservation,political ecology,ecological protection,livelihoods,impacts and influences. Domestic studies mainly focus on the fields of ecology and geographic sciences,with research hot spots mainly focused on livelihood and policy performance evaluation. The researches are oriented towards national policies and lacks innovation. Compared with studies of foreign countries,there is insufficient attention paid to biodiversity conservation,the relationship between ecosystem services and livelihood. Here we put forward proposals for future researches in this field in China to promote coordinated and sustainable development of ecology,society and economy.

In recent years, the Chinese government has continuously introduced policies to support oat cultivation. Encouraged by these policies and driven by market demand, the oat ( Avena sativa L.) industry has experienced new developments, characterized by:1) Increasingly refined support policies and a continually solidifying foundational status;2) Expanding planting scale and rising commercial rates of oat grass;3) Improving industry chains and the growing strength of outsourcing service organizations;4) Enhanced levels of intelligent production and significant advancements in digital management;5) Diversified planting models for the “three idle fields” (spring fallow fields, autumn fallow fields, winter fallow fields), with large-scale production becoming the norm. Despite the strong momentum of the oat industry, it faces several new challenges:insufficient innovation and utilization of oat germplasm resources;increasing constraints from arable land and water resources;a weak foundation for oat cultivation;and persistent contradictions between the supply and demand of high-quality oats. In response to the increasing national support and strong market demand for oat industry development, it is essential to first adopt a comprehensive food strategy by incorporating oats into livestock production elements and implementing integrated measures. Secondly, technology resources should be consolidated to enhance the utilization of oat germplasm resources and increase the innovation of new oat varieties. Finally, resource allocation should be optimized to address issues of limited arable land and water resources for oat cultivation, strengthen the utilization of oats in the “three idle fields”, and expand the planting area of oats.

In order to improve Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation efficiency of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.),we used alfalfa variety 'Zhongmu No.1' as plant material. The genetic transformation system of alfalfa mediated by agrobacterium was optimized by selecting the highly regeneration plant,using young leaves as explants,adjusting the hormone ratio in the medium,adding glutamine,and giving a cold treatment during agrobacterium infection. The results showed that the transient transformation efficiency of 'Zhongmu No.1' increased from 32% to 92% and the stable transformation efficiency increased to 31% by adding 150 μmol·L ^-1 acetosyringone to the bacterial suspensions solution,and using 300 μmol·L ^-1 glutamine during infection. The genetic transformation system of alfalfa reported in this paper provides technical support for efficient genetic improvement and gene functional study of alfalfa.

To reveal the composition and interspecific relationship of plant communities in Lhasa River basin,the composition,diversity,interspecific association and ecological group of community species were analyzed using 100 herbaceous quadrats. The results showed that:(1) There are a total of 25 families,58 genera,and 90 species of plants in the study area. (2) There are significant differences in the dominant species of different types of wetlands,and Eleocharis valeculosa, Argentina anserina, Kobresia pygmaea are the main dominant species. (3) Jiama Wetland has the largest diversity index,followed by Jiangxia Wetland. (4) X² test, AC (connection coefficient), PC (percentage of co- occurrence),and Ф(point correlation coefficient) test indicated that the dominant species are not strongly interconnected and are relatively independent of each other. (5) The overall connectivity of Yarang Wetland showed significant negative correlation,and Tangjiaguo Wetland showed no significant correlation with Jiama Wetland,and the other two types showed significant positive correlation,indicating that the diversity of wetland plant communities in Yarang Wetland was small and the distribution of species was uneven,and the wetlands were in the unstable succession stage. (6) Based on the clustering analysis and interspecific association determination of the community,16 main species were divided into 3 ecological species groups. Based on the similarity in ecological habits of species within the same ecological species group and the ecological characteristics of species between different ecological species groups,important basic data and scientific guidance are provided for the vegetation restoration of wetland ecosystems in the study area.

As the first national policy grassland insurance with the primary goal of protecting grassland ecology,grassland insurance will be of great significance in protecting grassland ecology and helping to realize the goal of "double carbon". In order to accurately identify the implementation effect of grassland insurance,this paper analyzed the current situation of grassland insurance implementation in Inner Mongolia by analyzing the current situation of grassland insurance implementation in Inner Mongolia and the existing problems in the pilot implementation process using the micro-data of herdsmen from household surveys in the pilot areas of Dorbod Banner of Ulanqab City,Otog Banner and Uxin Banner of Erdos City in the years 2022 and 2023. By analyzing the current situation of the implementation of grassland insurance in Inner Mongolia and combining the microdata of herdsmen in the household survey,the existing problems in the pilot implementation were discussed. The results found that while the current grassland insurance pilot results were outstanding,some problems were still existed,such as small pilot scope,flag county subsidy funds were not in place,the subsidy mechanism was failed to link with the policy objectives,the herdsmen's cognition and satisfaction was relatively low,and the compensation mechanism was not clear. From the perspective of the grassland insurance included in the central financial subsidy program,constructing a linkage mechanism between the financial subsidy and the ecological compensation,scientifically formulating the insurance clauses,and improving the publicity method,relevant policy suggestions were put forward for the high-quality development of grassland insurance in Inner Mongolia,with a view of further realizing the ecological protection goal of grassland insurance and contributing to the high-quality development of grassland insurance.

In the context of increasing global water resource shortage,how to improve the agricultural water using efficiency is of great significance for the sustainable development of agriculture. As a kind of efficient water-saving irrigation technology with good prospect,alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation is considered to be one of the most promising irrigation technologies in the future. At present,scientists around the world have carried out a lot of researches on the impact of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on crop growth and physiology,and analyzed its water-saving mechanism,which needs to be summarized and sorted out urgently. This paper reviewed the development history of alternate partial root-zone irrigation,reviewed the effects of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on crop growth and development,yield and quality,summarized the physiological mechanism of this technology affecting crop water use efficiency,and prospected the future research direction of alternate partial root-zone irrigation. In order to provide reference for the research of water-saving irrigation mechanism and innovation of water-saving irrigation technology for crop alternate partial root-zone irrigatio.

In order to exert the complementary effect of whole plant maize and leguminous grass on livestock production and improve the utilization rate of forage grass in northwest Sichuan,whole plant maize,whole plant soybean and whole plant vicia sativa were used as experimental materials in this study,and a total of 5 treatments were set up:three forage grasses single silage,70% whole plant maize and 30% whole plant soybean,and 70% whole plant maize and 30% whole plant vicia sativa. Samples were taken for analysis after 30,60,90,and 120 days. The results showed that the whole plant maize mixed with legume grass significantly improved the crude protein content of corn and soluble carbohydrate and lactic acid content of leguminous grass,significantly decreased pH,AT/NT and butyrate in legume grasses ( P<0.05). In the two mixed forage treatments,the content of soluble carbohydrates and lactic acid in the whole plant maize and whole plant Vicia sativa mixed silage group increased more,and the mean content of pH,propionic acid and butyric acid was the lowest,4.03,2.6 and 0.38 g·kg ^-1DM,respectively. In conclusion,the mixed silage of whole plant maize,whole plant soybean and whole plant vicia sativa could better balance the nutritional quality of the two forages and obtain better silage,and the combination of whole plant maize and whole plant vicia sativa was better in the Northwest Plateau Area of Sichuan region.

The bacterial community structure of Reaumuria soongorica, a desert plant, in the rhizosphere soil(RS) was investigated by studying both the rhizosphere and bulk soil of this dominant plant species in Qingtuhu area of Minqin County. High-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze the bacterial community characteristics in the rhizosphere soil, and correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationship between enzyme activity, physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil, and rhizosphere bacterial diversity. The results revealed that Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were dominant bacteria presenting in both types of rhizosphere and bulk soil. Although their composition was similar, there were differences observed in their relative abundance( P<0.05). Specifically, compared to control plots, RS ₃ plot exhibited a decrease in Actinobacteria's relative abundance by 41.82%, whereas an increase in Acidobacteria's relative abundance by 96.98%. Moreover, it was found that the bacterial Alpha diversity index of rhizosphere soil significantly exceeded bulk soil( P<0.05). In particular, Shannon index of rhizosphere soil bacteria increased by 12.11% for RS ₃ plot. Additionally, the activities of sucrase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase differed significantly between rhizosphere soil and bulk soil( P<0.05), and these activities demonstrated positive correlations with rhizosphere bacterial diversity( P<0.05). Urease activity increased by 88.61% in RS ₂ plot compared to the control，while alkaline phosphatase activity increased by 95.18% in RS ₃ plot. Significant differences in total phosphorus and available phosphorus were observed between the rhizosphere and bulk soil( P<0.05).The levels of available phosphorus in the rhizosphere soil showed the highest increase in RS ₁plot, with an elevation of 75.00%, compared to the control group. In conclusion, R.soongorica rhizosphere soil displayed significantly higher bacterial diversity and soil enzyme activity than its bulk soil, thereby contributing to enhancing the microenvironment of desert soils.

The grassland soil carbon pool is rich in organic carbon storage and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. Soil organic carbon (SOC), as the main storage form of carbon in the soil, is essential for regulating global climate. Grazing, as the most common grassland utilization pattern, affects the SOC content of grassland. However, the results of related research are inconsistent. The literature on the effects of grazing on SOC content in grasslands in China were comprehensively searched and the meta-analysis was used to carry out quantitative evaluation. The results showed that grazing significantly reduced SOC content by 20.78%. Under moderate and heavy grazing conditions, the SOC content of grassland decreased significantly by 14.62% and 45.5%, respectively, while light grazing had no significant effect on SOC content. Climatic factors (precipitation and temperature), environmental factors (elevation and soil depth), and management practices (grazing duration) affected the responses of grassland SOC content to grazing to varying degrees, respectively. This study quantitatively analyzed the effect of grazing on the SOC content of grasslands in China and provided scientific basis and theoretical references for grassland grazing management and responses to climate change.

In recent years,research on grassland carbon sinks has attracted much attention,and related research results have emerged. This paper assessed global research trends and priorities on grassland carbon sinks using bibliometrics based on the Web of Science Core Collection. The study found that the research focus on grassland carbon sinks had changed over the past three decades,from assessing the carbon sequestration potential of grasslands and the effects of high CO ₂ concentrations on plant and soil organic carbon,to the effects of land use and management practices on carbon and nitrogen storage of grasslands and the effects of plant communities on the carbon cycle. Finally,the study focused on the effects of organic carbon and climate change on grassland carbon sinks. Terms such as nitrogen,sequestration,dynamics,carbon,grassland and management were high-frequency keywords in the study of grassland carbon sinks,and hot research terms in recent years were organic carbon,climate change and the Loess Plateau. Based on the results of the current study,it was recommended fully considering the interaction of climate change,land use and management systems when assessing the potential of grassland carbon sinks;strengthening large-scale spatial and temporal monitoring to comprehensively assess the characteristics of grassland carbon sinks;and conducting in-depth research on the regulation of grassland carbon sinks by climate change and abiotic processes to provide theoretical support for grassland restoration and mitigation measures.

WRKY proteins are one of the largest families of transcription factors （TFs） found in plants. Members of this family play important bidirectional regulatory roles in plant growth and development， biomass formation， secondary metabolite synthesis， and response to biotic or abiotic stresses. This paper provided a comprehensive review of the structural features and classification of WRKY TFs in plants， as well as their biological functions in plant growth and development， secondary metabolite synthesis， and biotic and abiotic stresses unearthed in the last five years， and also provided an outlook on the subsequent related studies of WRKY family members， aiming to provide technical references for further excavation of plant WRKY family members and their biological function studies.

Reseeding Medicago falcata in Hulunbuir meadow grassland can effectively improve grassland productivity and forage quality,and promote the restoration of degraded grassland. In order to solve the problems of weak growth of yellow alfalfa seedlings and low success rate of establishment,this experiment adopted indoor pot experiment. The no-sterilized soil of degraded grassland in Hulunbuir was used as the matrix soil,and the commonly used species of degraded grassland,yellow alfalfa,was used as the research object to explore the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth of Medicago falcata seedlings. The results showed that the growth of alfalfa seedlings was regulated by the type and combination of AMF inoculation. After the single inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae,the aboveground and underground biomass of alfalfa decreased,while the simultaneous inoculation of F. mosseae and C. etunicatum significantly increased the underground biomass and total biomass of alfalfa,counteracting the negative effect of the single inoculation of F. mosseae. The joint inoculation of F. mosseae and C. etunicatum activated soil available phosphorus,increased soil nitrogen content,and promoted the absorption of Fe,K,Mg,Mn and P by the roots of alfalfa,thus promoting the growth of alfalfa. Therefore,simultaneous inoculation of F. mosseae and C. etunicatum might promote the growth of alfalfa seedlings and improve the success rate of alfalfa reseeding in Hulunbuir degraded meadow grassland.

Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China, serving as the cornerstone for safeguarding national ecological security, fostering ethnic unity, and propelling regional economic-social development. In the new era, the ecological conservation of grassland and the green and high-quality development of grass industry are confronting with both new opportunities and challenges. This article delves into several aspects, including grassland technological innovation, the utilization of “the third national land resource survey” data in grassland management, the establishment of germplasm resource breeding and multiplication base of native grass, and the cultivation of local advanced talents in the western region. The aim is to provide references for cultivating new quality productive forces in the grass industry and promoting its high-quality transformation and development under the new circumstances.

Forage is an important material basis for the benign development of herbivorous animal husbandry,and forage industry is an important part of its development,which plays an important role in optimizing agricultural structure. At present,Hulunbuir forage industry resources (27.96 million tons annual output) include mainly three plates:natural forage,artificial forage and straw forage,accounting for 32.8% of the effective utilization of resources. However,focusing on the industrial level,there are still many problems:no quantitative standard for classification and grading,loss and waste of grass resources,information asymmetry between market supply and demand,scientific and technological low level of forage industry,difficult formation of industrial chain,etc. At the same time,it is also facing with problems in resources,technology,policy and so on. This paper combed the present situation of the production of natural forage,artificial forage and straw forage industry in Hulunbuir,and comprehensively analyzed the problems existing in the development of Hulunbuir forage industry. Measures and suggestions were proposed,including optimized forage industry,strengthened forage storage construction to reduce waste and loss,diversified grass product technology research and development,artificial grassland construction to reduce grassland bearing pressure,supporting forage industry leading enterprises,and others,to provide reference for the high-quality development of Hulunbuir forage industry.

In the context of global climate change,precipitation change and nitrogen addition have significant effects on grassland species diversity and productivity,but alpine grassland is less studied,especially in long-term water and nitrogen control trials. For this reason,this experiment was carried out in the alpine grassland of purple-flowered needlegrass in the Triangle City Sheep Farm,Qinghai Province,to study the effects of long-term precipitation change and N addition on species diversity and productivity of alpine grassland according to vegetation cover,species diversity index,and aboveground biomass. The results showed that precipitation increase significantly increased community cover,while the decreased precipitation significantly decreased community cover;N addition significantly decreased the species diversity index of alpine grassland;N addition and the increased precipitation significantly increased aboveground biomass,while the decreased precipitation had the opposite effect on aboveground biomass;aboveground biomass showed a highly significant negative correlation with the species diversity index ( P<0.01). The results of this experiment will provide a scientific basis for the protection of grassland ecosystems and grassland management in China,as well as a theoretical basis for the establishment of subsequent ecological models and scientific predictions.