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菌物学报, 2022, 41(3): 387-411 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.220008

研究论文

中国柑橘菌物病原名录

郑放, 焦晨, 谢艳, 李红叶,*

浙江大学生物技术研究所 浙江省病虫生物学重点实验室 农业农村部农作物病虫分子生物学重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310058

A checklist of pathogenic fungi on Citrus in China

ZHENG Fang, JIAO Chen, XIE Yan, LI Hongye,*

Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China

通讯作者:

李红叶 浙江大学农业与生物技术学院教授,博士生导师。现任国家现代农业(柑橘)产业技术体系岗位科学家,中国柑橘学会理事,浙江省植物病理学会理事。从事果树病理学研究37年,主持或参加20多项国家和省部级科研项目,获省部级奖励4项,发表真菌新种30多种。在《Fungal Diversity》《Persoonia》《Plant Disease》《Phytopathology》《Molecular Plant Pathology》《植物病理学报》和《菌物学报》 等刊物发表文章100余篇,主编和副主编出版教材或著作10余部。


收稿日期: 2022-01-7   接受日期: 2022-02-21  

基金资助: 国家柑橘产业技术体系(CARS-26)
浙江省重点研发计划(2019C02022)

Corresponding authors: * E-mail:hyli@zju.edu.cn

Received: 2022-01-7   Accepted: 2022-02-21  

Fund supported: China Agriculture Research System on Citrus Production(CARS-26)
Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2019C02022)

摘要

我国是世界上最大的柑橘生产国,柑橘产业在我国农业生产中占有重要地位。菌物病害是制约我国柑橘产业效益的重要因素。在过去一百余年里,我国植物病理学家和菌物学家描述和记载了大量柑橘上的病原菌物。然而随着分子系统学在菌物分类鉴定中的广泛应用,以及菌物命名法规的变化,一些菌物的分类地位和拉丁学名发生了较大的变化。为了方便使用者了解这些变化,方便柑橘菌物病害相关知识的交流,本文汇总了我国已经描述的柑橘菌物病害的病原种类,其中病原真菌103种,病原卵菌12种,此外还列出我国禁止入境病原菌5种,并依据最新分类系统和菌物命名法规对相关病原菌物的拉丁学名、中文名称以及病害中文和英文名称等进行了整理和修订。该项工作有利于我国柑橘产业相关工作者对柑橘病原菌物名称的检索和规范使用,促进学术交流和科学知识的普及。

关键词： 柑橘病害; 病原菌物; 病原学; 菌物分类学

Abstract

China is the largest citrus-producing country in the world, and the citrus industry plays an important role in national agricultural production. Fungal disease is an important factor restricting the benefit of citrus industry. In the past century Chinese phytopathologists and mycologists have been describing and recording a large number of pathogenic fungi on Citrus. However, with the extensive application of molecular phylogeny in the classification and identification of fungi, the taxonomic status and scientific names of some pathogenic fungi have been changed in recent years. In this paper, the species of pathogenic fungi of citrus diseases that have been reported in China are summarized and revised. This list includes 103 pathogenic fungi and 12 pathogenic oomycetes. In addition, five citrus pathogenic fungi listed in entry quarantine list of China are also included. The scientific and Chinese names of pathogenic fungi and disease names are sorted out and revised based on the latest taxonomy system and fungal nomenclature code. This is the latest standardized list of names of citrus pathogenic fungi and diseases found in China for the convenience of researchers and technicians who involved with the control of citrus fungal diseases.

Keywords： citrus disease; pathogenic fungi; etiology; fungal taxonomy

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本文引用格式

郑放, 焦晨, 谢艳, 李红叶. 中国柑橘菌物病原名录[J]. 菌物学报, 2022, 41(3): 387-411 doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.220008

ZHENG Fang, JIAO Chen, XIE Yan, LI Hongye. A checklist of pathogenic fungi on Citrus in China[J]. Mycosystema, 2022, 41(3): 387-411 doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.220008

柑橘是世界第一大水果,也是仅次于玉米和小麦的第三大国际农贸产品,广泛种植于热带、亚热带及温带大约140个国家和地区。我国是重要的柑橘原产地之一,迄今已有4 000多年的栽培历史,拥有丰富的种质资源(沈兆敏 2021)。我国也是世界上最大的柑橘生产国,根据国家统计局(http://www.stats.gov.cn/)数据,2020年我国柑橘种植面积达到12 646.28千hm2以上,产量达到5 121.87万t,约占世界柑橘面积和产量的1/3,为南方14省部分地区农民收入的重要来源之一。

柑橘菌物病害是制约我国柑橘产量和品质的重要因素。在1992年出版的《中国果树病虫志》 (中国农业科学院果树研究所和中国农业科学院柑橘研究所 1992)中收录了16种主要的柑橘菌物病害,并在“果树病虫害名录——柑橘病害”一章中列出了178条真菌病害条目;而近几年出版的《南方果树病虫害原色图鉴》(彭成绩等 2016)和《柑橘病害发生与防治彩色图说》(李红叶 2011)中分别收录了25和21种重要和常见的柑橘菌物病害。整体看,目前对中国柑橘产业影响较大的菌物病害有生长期的沙皮病(黑点病)、褐斑病、疮痂病、炭疽病、黑斑病、脂点黄斑病、灰霉病、脚腐病、褐腐病和煤烟病等,以及贮运期的绿霉病、青霉病、酸腐病、黑腐病、褐色蒂腐病等。

随着新品种引进和推广、栽培地区的扩张和栽培模式的改变,新的菌物病害随之出现。如由交链格孢Alternaria alternata和盖森链格孢A. gaisen引起的褐斑病(Wang et al. 2010;陈昌胜等 2011;黄峰等 2012);由柑橘假叶埋盘菌Pseudofabraea citricarpa引起的轮斑病(Zhu et al. 2012;Xiao et al. 2020);由极细枝孢Cladosporium tenuissimum和散黄枝孢C. xanthochromaticum引起的枝孢霉斑点病(吕靖雯等 2018);以及由假可可毛色二孢Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae引起的流胶病(Xiao et al. 2021)和小新壳梭孢Neofusicoccum parvum引起的壳梭孢腐烂病(雷建姣等 2018)等等。一些过去认为是一种菌物引起的病害实则由多种菌物引起,例如柑橘炭疽病菌病原之前只报道是胶孢刺盘孢Colletotrichum gloeosporioides一种,而现在发现至少还存在果生刺盘孢C. fructicola,喀斯特刺盘孢C. karstii,暹罗刺盘孢C. siamense和平头刺盘孢C. truncatum这4个种(Cheng et al. 2013;Huang et al. 2013a;焦雁翔等2014;Hu et al. 2018);柑橘黑斑病菌实则包括柑橘叶点霉Phyllosticta citricarpa和类柑橘叶点霉P. paracitricarpa (Wang et al. 2012;Guarnaccia et al. 2017);柚上发生的棕褐斑病(在我国习惯称黑斑病或黑星病)的病原并非柑橘叶点霉P. citricarpa而是亚洲柑橘叶点霉P. citriasiana (Wulandari et al. 2009;Wang et al. 2012)和柚叶点霉P. citrimaxima (Wikee et al. 2013;Guarnaccia et al. 2019)。

随着分类研究的深入,过去基于寄主范围和形态学特征建立起来的分类阶元已发生重大变动,随之许多病原菌物的分类地位也发生了变化。如被列入我国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录中的柑橘安哥拉斑点病菌,最初被描述为安哥拉尾孢Cercospora angolensis T. Carvalho & O. Mendes (Emechebe 1980),随后曾先后被纳入Phaeoramularia属(Kirk 1986)和Pseudophaeoramularia属(Braun & Melnik 1997),现已归入假尾孢属中,名称也被修订为安哥拉假尾孢Pseudocercospora angolensis (T. Carvalho & O. Mendes) Crous & U. Braun (Crous et al. 2001)。而检疫名录中的另一种真菌,柠檬干枯病菌Phoma tracheiphila (Petri) L.A. Kantsch. & Gikaschvili现在已被修订为Plenodomus tracheiphilus (Petri) Gruyter,Aveskamp & Verkley (Gruyter et al. 2013)。此外,一些重要柑橘病害的病原菌名称也已修改,如柑橘白粉病菌Oidium tingitaninum J.C. Carter被修订为Fibroidium tingitaninum (J.C. Carter) U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook (Braun & Cook 2012);柑橘赤衣病菌Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome被修订为Necator salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) K.H. Larss., Redhead & T.W (Stalpers et al. 2021);柑橘轮斑病菌Cryptosporiopsis citricarpa L. Zhu, K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Li (Zhu et al. 2012),曾被纳入Neofabraea 属中(Johnston et al. 2014),而最近又被纳入了新属Pseudofabraea中,学名也被更改为Pseudofabraea citricarpa (L. Zhu, K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Li) Chen Chen, Verkley & Crous (Chen et al. 2016a)。

此外,“一个真菌,一个名称”的命名法则已得到普遍的接受和应用,对拥有有性态和无性态2个学名的物种,其学名遵循发表日期的优先律竞争其合法名称(Hawkswort & Yao 2018)。根据这一规则,对过去拥有有性态和无性态2个名称的菌物物种,也根据此原则修订了其合法名称。如过去柑橘疮痂病的有性态学名Elsinoe fawcettii Bitanc. & Jenkins和无性态学名Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenkins均为合法的名称,而依据现有的命名法规只能保留这其中的一个,专家建议使用E. fawcettii,将S. fawcettii作为异名处理(Fan et al. 2017)。同样,柑橘树脂病的有性态学名为Diaporthe citri (H.S. Fawc.) F.A. Wolf,无性态学学名为Phomopsis citri H.S. Fawc.,根据新的命名法则,则只接受D. citri这一有性态学名,P. citri则作为异名(Udayanga et al. 2014)。

综上所述,随着菌物分类研究依据的变化、对柑橘菌物病原研究的深入,以及命名法规的变化,大量柑橘病原菌物的名称和分类地位已经发生了较大的变化,如果不及时更新将导致名称使用上存在一些混乱,影响柑橘病害研究、技术推广和生产实践中相关知识的交流。本文将依据目前最新的分类系统对我国常见的柑橘菌物病害和相应病原菌物名称进行整理和修订,以期促进读者对我国柑橘的病害种类、病原菌物名称及分类地位的认识,便于相关知识的交流畅通。

1 材料与方法

过去100多年,我国的植物病理学家和菌物学家已对柑橘的菌物病害做了很多的研究,描述了大量柑橘菌物病害。本文主要针对目前生产上常发性病害,查阅《中国果树病虫志》(1992)、《中国农业百科全书-植物病理学卷》(1996)、《南方果树病虫害原色图谱》(彭成绩等 2016)、《柑橘病虫害原色图谱》(蔡明段等 2011)、《柑橘病害发生与防治彩色图说》(李红叶 2011),以及1990年以来的《植物病理学报》《果树学报》和《中国南方果树》等国内相关专业期刊,对国内外学者发表在外文期刊上发表的病害名称进行广泛的收集,整理归纳出中国柑橘病害病原菌物名录。对相关病原菌物的拉丁学名、中文名称、分类地位和病害中文名称进行了整理和修订。菌物拉丁学名根据最新的《国际藻类、菌物和植物病名法规》,查阅MycoBank和Index Fungorum数据库以及相关文献确定;病原菌物的中文名称主要参考《拉汉-汉拉植物病原生物名称》(徐志刚 2007)和《真菌名词及名称》(科学出版社 1986),病害中文名称主要参考《英汉植物病理学词汇》(裘维蕃 2001)进行确定;病原菌的分类地位主要按照《真菌字典》第十版分类系统(Kirk et al. 2008)并结合最新的文献对相关菌物分类地位进行了更正;病害英文名称主要参考美国植物病理学会网站(https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/Citrus.aspx) 等。另外,使用上述方法,对《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》(http://www.customs.gov.cn/dzs/2746776/3699554/index.html)整理了我国柑橘检疫性菌物病原名录。

2 结果与分析

名录中的柑橘病原菌物名录依据发病器官划分为根部病害、枝干病害、叶部病害、花器和果实病害4个部分,再外加一个中华人民共和国进境柑橘检疫性有害菌物名录。这5个部分分别列出按最新分类系统和命名法规的每种病害病原菌物的拉丁学名和重要异名、中文名称以及病害的中、英文名称(表1-表5)。该名录共收集整理柑橘菌物病害51种,病原115种。其中根部病害11种,病原23种;枝干病害10种,病原39种;叶部病害16种,病原34种;花器和果实病害27种,病原66种;检疫性病原菌物5种。

表1   中国柑橘苗期和根部菌物病害及病原菌物名录

Table 1  Lists of disease and pathogenic fungi of citrus seedling and root

病害名称
Disease names		病原Pathogen参考文献
References
拉丁学名和主要异名
Scientific names and synonyms		中文名称
Chinese names		分类地位
Taxonomic status
白绢病
Southern
blight		Thelephora centrifuga
Weinm. (syn. Corticium
centrifugum (Lév.)
Bres. 刺孔伏革菌)		离心革菌担子菌门Basidiomycota
伞菌纲Agaricomycetes
革菌目Thelephorales
革菌属Thelephora		CAAS 1992
白纹羽病
White
root rot		Dematophora necatrix
R. Hartig (syn. Rosellinia
necatrix Berl. ex Prill.
褐座坚壳)		白纹羽束丝子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
炭角菌目Xylariales
束丝菌属Dematophora		CAAS 1992
猝倒病
Damping-off		Globisporangium debaryanum
(R. Hesse) Uzuhashi, Tojo
& Kakish. (syn. Pythium
debaryanum R. Hesse德氏腐霉)		德巴利球孢囊霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
腐霉目Pythiales
球孢囊霉属Globisporangium		Zhang & Huang
1994
Phytopythium helicoides
(Drechsler) Abad, de Cock,
Bala, Robideau, A.M. Lodhi
& Lévesque (syn. Pythium
helicoides Drechsler旋柄腐霉)		旋柄疫腐霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
腐霉目Pythiales
疫腐霉属Phytopythium		Chen et al. 2016b
Pythium aphanidermatum
(Edson) Fitzp.		瓜果腐霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
腐霉目Pythiales
腐霉属Pythium		Cai et al. 2011
Pythium hemmianum M. Takah.逸见腐霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
腐霉目Pythiales
腐霉属Pythium		Zhang et al. 1994
Pythium hydnosporum (Mont.)
J. Schröt.		齿孢腐霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
腐霉目Pythiales
腐霉属Pythium		Zhang et al. 1994
根黑点病
Foot black
spot		Phaeocytostroma sp.暗色座腔孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
间座壳目Diaporthales
暗色座腔孢Phaeocytostroma		Zhang et al. 1993a
菌核病
Sclerotinia
stem and
twig blight		Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
(Lib.) de Bary		核盘菌子囊菌门Ascomycota
锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes
柔膜菌目Helotiales
核盘菌属Sclerotinia		CAAS 1992
镰孢根腐病
Fusarium
root rot		Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.
(syn. Neocosmospora solani
(Mart.) L. Lombard & Crous
腐皮新赤壳)		腐皮镰孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
肉座菌目Hypocreales
镰孢属Fusarium		Liu & Yin 1993;
Zhang et al. 1993c;
Zhang et al. 1994
Fusarium oxysporum
Schltdl.		尖孢镰孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
肉座菌目Hypocreales
镰孢属Fusarium		Zuo et al. 1985;
Zhang et al. 1994
苗立枯病
Seedling
blight		Alternaria alternata (Fr.)
Keissl. (syn. A. citri Ellis
& N. Pierce 柑橘链格孢)		交链格孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
链格孢属Alternaria		Cai et al. 2011
Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn
(syn. Thanatephorus
cucumeris (A.B. Frank)
Donk瓜亡革菌)		立枯丝核菌担子菌门Basidiomycota
伞菌纲Agaricomycetes
鸡油菌目Cantharellales
丝核菌属Rhizoctonia		Chen & Zhu 1989;
Zhang et al. 1994
炭色根腐病
Charcoal
root rot		Macrophomina phaseolina
(Tassi) Goid.
(syn. Sclerotium bataticola
Taubenh.甘薯生小核菌)		菜豆壳球孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
壳球孢属Macrophomina		Zhang et al. 1994
疫霉根腐病
Phytophthora
root rot		Phytophthora cactorum
(Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt.		恶疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Xian et al. 1992
Phytophthora capsici
Leonian		辣椒疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Cheng et al. 2004;
Cheng et al. 2014
Phytophthora cinnamomi
Rands		樟疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		CAAS 1992
Phytophthora citrophthora
(R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian		柑橘褐腐疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Xian et al. 1992;
Zhang et al. 1994;
Cheng et al. 2004
Phytophthora melonis Katsura甜瓜疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Xian et al. 1992
Phytophthora nicotianae
Breda de Haan (syn. P.
parasitica Dastur 寄生疫霉)		烟草疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Zuo et al. 1985;
Xian et al. 1992;
Liu & Yin 1993;
Cheng et al. 2004
Phytophthora palmivora
(E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler		棕榈疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Xian et al. 1992;
Zhang et al. 1994;
Cheng et al. 2004
株腐病
Heart rot		Ganoderma applanatum
(Pers.) Pat.		树舌灵芝担子菌门Basidiomycota
伞菌纲Agaricomycetes
多孔菌目Polyporales
灵芝属Ganoderma		CAAS 1992
紫纹羽病
Violet
root rot		Helicobasidium mompa
Nobuj. Tanaka		桑卷担菌担子菌门Basidiomycota
柄锈菌纲Pucciniomycetes
卷担菌目Helicobasidiales
卷担菌属Helicobasidium		CAAS 1992

CAAS：中国农业科学院果树研究所,中国农业科学院柑桔研究所

CAAS: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fruit Research Institute & Citrus Research Institute.

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表2   中国柑橘枝干菌物病害及菌物病原名录

Table 2  Lists of disease and pathogenic fungi of citrus shoot

病害名称
Disease names		病原Pathogen参考文献
References
拉丁学名和主要异名
Scientific names and synonyms		中文名称
Chinese names		分类地位
Taxonomic status
白色膏药病
White felt
fungal disease		Septobasidium spp.革担菌担子菌门Basidiomycota
柄锈菌纲Pucciniomycetes
革担菌目Septobasidiales
革担菌属Septobasidium		CAAS 1992;
Cai et al. 2011
赤衣病
Pink disease		Necator salmonicolor
(Berk. & Broome) K.H.
Larss., Redhead & T.W
(syn. Erythricium salmonicolor
(Berk. & Broome) Burds.
鲑色赤衣菌;Corticium
salmonicolor Berk. &
Broome鲑色伏革菌)		担子菌门Basidiomycota
伞菌纲Agaricomycetes
伏革菌目Corticiales
Necator属		Chen & Liu 1996;
Cai et al. 2011
褐色膏药病
Brown
felt fungus		Helicobasidium sp.卷担菌担子菌门Basidiomycota
柄锈菌纲Pucciniomycetes
卷担菌目Helicobasidiales
卷担菌属Helicobasidium		CAAS 1992;
Cai et al. 2011
灰霉病
Gray mold		Botrytis cinerea Pers.
[syn. Botryotinia
fuckeliana (de Bary)
Whetzel富氏葡萄孢盘菌]		灰葡萄孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes
柔膜菌目Helotiales
葡萄孢属Botrytis		Cai et al. 2011
茎点霉茎枯病
Phoma
stem rot		Phoma sp.茎点霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
茎点霉属Phoma		CAAS 1992
枯梢病
Dieback		The tangerine pathotype
of Alternaria alternata (Fr.)
Keissl. (syn. A. citri Ellis
& N. Pierce)		交链格孢橘
致病型		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
链格孢属Alternaria		Chen et al. 2011;
Huang et al. 2012;
Zhang et al. 2020
The tangerine pathotype
of Alternaria gaisen
Nagano ex Hara		盖森链格孢
橘致病型		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
链格孢属Alternaria		Huang et al. 2015a;
Zhang et al. 2020
Colletotrichum citri
F. Huang, L. Cai, K.D.
Hyde & H.Y. Li		柑橘刺盘孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Huang et al. 2013a
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
(Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. [syn.
Glomerella cingulata
(G.F. Atk.) Spauld. & H.
Schrenk围小丛壳]		胶孢刺盘孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Chen & Liu 1996;
Huang et al. 2013a;
Jiao et al. 2014
Colletotrichum truncatum
(Schwein.) Andrus &
W.D. Moore		平头刺盘孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Huang et al. 2013a
Pseudofabraea citricarpa
(L. Zhu, K.D. Hyde &
H.Y. Li) Chen Chen,
Verkley & Crous (syn.
Cryptosporiopsis citricarpa
L. Zhu, K.D. Hyde &
H.Y. Li柑橘拟隐孢壳;
Neofabraea citricarpa
(L. Zhu, K.D. Hyde
& H.Y. Li) P.R. Johnst.
柑橘新叶埋盘菌)		柑橘假叶埋
盘菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes
柔膜菌目Helotiales
假叶埋盘菌属Pseudofabraea		Zhu et al. 2012;
Xiao et al. 2020;
Zhan et al. 2021
枯梢,树脂病,
沙皮病(黑点病)
Twig blight,
gummosis,
melanose		Diaporthe citri (H.S. Fawc.)
F.A. Wolf (syn. Phomopsis
citri H.S. Fawc.
柑橘拟茎点霉)		柑橘间座壳子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
间座壳目Diaporthales
间座壳属Diaporthe		Huang et al. 2013b;
Zeng et al. 2021
葡萄座腔菌流
胶病和枯梢病
Bot gummosis
and twig blight		Botryosphaeria dothidea
(Moug.) Ces. & de Not.		葡萄座腔菌子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
葡萄座腔菌属Botryosphaeria		Xiao et al. 2021
Botryosphaeria fabicerciana
(S.F. Chen bis, Pavlic,
M.J. Wingf. & X.D. Zhou)
A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves		非中葡萄座
腔菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
葡萄座腔菌属Botryosphaeria		Xiao et al. 2021
Diplodia seriata
de Notaris		色二孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
色二孢属Diplodia		Xiao et al. 2021
Dothiorella alpina
(Y. Zhang ter & Ming Zhang)
Phookamsak & Hyde		高山小穴
壳菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
小穴壳菌属Dothiorella		Xiao et al. 2021
Dothiorella citrimurcotticola
X.E. Xiao, P. W. Crous
& H.Y. Li		默科特小穴
壳菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
小穴壳菌属Dothiorella		Xiao et al. 2021
Dothiorella iberica A.J.L.
Phillips, J. Luque
& A. Alves		伊比利小穴
壳菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
小穴壳菌属Dothiorella		Xiao et al. 2021
Dothiorella plurivora
(Abdollahz. et al.)
Tao Yang & Crous		多寄主小穴
壳菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
小穴壳菌属Dothiorella		Xiao et al. 2021
Lasiodiplodia citricola
Abdollahzadeh, Javadi
& A.J.L.		柑橘毛色
二孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		Xiao et al. 2021
Lasiodiplodia guilinensis
X.E. Xiao, P.W. Crous &
H.Y. Li		桂林毛色
二孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		Xiao et al. 2021
Lasiodiplodia huangyanensis
X.E. Xiao, P.W. Crous
& H.Y. Li		黄岩毛色
二孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		Xiao et al. 2021
Lasiodiplodia linhaiensis
X.E. Xiao, P.W. Crous
& H.Y. Li		临海毛色
二孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		Xiao et al. 2021
Lasiodiplodia iranensis
X.E. Xiao, P.W. Crous
& H.Y. Li		伊朗毛色
二孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		Xiao et al. 2021
Lasiodiplodia microconidia
Y. Zhang ter & S. Lin		小孢毛色
二孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		Xiao et al. 2021
Lasiodiplodia ponkanicola
X.E. Xiao, P.W. Crous
& H.Y. Li		椪柑毛色
二孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		Xiao et al. 2021
Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae
A.J.L. Phillips,
A. Alves & Crous		假可可毛色
二孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		Xiao et al. 2021
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.)
Griffon & Maubl. (syn.
Botryosphaeria rhodina
(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx
红葡萄座腔菌;Botryodiplodia
theobromae Pat. 可可球二孢;
Diplodia natalensis
Pole-Evans 蒂腐色二孢)		可可毛色
二孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		Xiao et al. 2021
Neodeightonia subglobosa
C. Booth (syn. Botryosphaeria
subglobosa (C. Booth) Arx &
E. Muell近球形葡萄座腔菌)		近球形新格
孢腔菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
新格孢腔菌属Neodeightonia		Xiao et al. 2021
Neofusicoccum parvum
(Pennycook & Samuels)
Crous, Slippers & A.J.L.
Phillips		小新壳梭孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
新壳梭孢属Neofusicoccum		Xiao et al. 2021
Sphaeropsis linhaiensis
X.E. Xiao, P.W. Crous &
H.Y. Li		临海球壳孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
球壳孢属Sphaeropsis		Xiao et al. 2021
疫霉脚腐病
Phytophthora
foot rot		Phytophthora cactorum
(Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt.		恶疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Xian et al. 1992
Phytophthora capsici
Leonian		辣椒疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Zhang et al. 1993b
Phytophthora cinnamomi
Rands		樟疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		CAAS 1992
Phytophthora citrophthora
(R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.)
Leonian		柑橘褐腐
疫霉		卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Zuo et al. 1985;
Xian et al. 1992;
Zhang et al. 1993b;
Cheng et al. 2004
Phytophthora melonis
Katsura		甜瓜疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Xian et al. 1992
Phytophthora nicotianae
Breda de Haan (syn. P.
parasitica Dastur
寄生疫霉)		烟草疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Zuo et al. 1985;
Xian et al. 1992;
Zhang et al. 1993b;
Yan et al. 2016
Phytophthora palmivora
(E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler		棕榈疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Xian et al. 1992
肿胀和开裂
Swelling and
cracking		Fusarium oxysporum
Schltdl.		尖孢镰孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
肉座菌目Hypocreales
镰孢属Fusarium		Zhu 2012

CAAS：中国农业科学院果树研究所,中国农业科学院柑桔研究所

CAAS: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fruit Research Institute & Citrus Research Institute.

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表3   中国柑橘叶部菌物病害及病原菌物名录

Table 3  Lists of disease and pathogenic fungi of citrus leaf

病害名称
Disease names		病原Pathogen参考文献
References
拉丁学名和主要异名
Scientific names and
synonyms		中文名称
Chinese
names		分类地位
Taxonomic status
白粉病
Powdery
mildew		Fibroidium tingitaninum (J.C.
Carter) U. Braun & R.T.A.
Cook (syn. Oidium tingitaninum
J.C. Carter柑橘粉孢)		柑橘纤粉孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes
柔膜菌目Helotiales
纤粉孢属Fibroidium		Cai et al. 2011;
Jiang et al. 2011
棕褐斑病
Tan spot		Phyllosticta citriasiana
Wulandari, Crous & Gruyter		亚洲柑橘叶
点霉		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
叶点霉属Phyllosticta		Wulandari et al.
2009;
Wang et al. 2012
疮痂病
Citrus scab		Elsinoe fawcettii Bitanc. &
Jenkins (syn. Sphaceloma
fawcettii Jenkins柑橘痂圆孢)		柑橘痂囊
腔菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
多腔菌目Myriangiales
痂囊腔菌属Elsinoe		Hou et al. 2014
链格孢褐斑病
Citrus Alternaria
brown spot		The tangerine pathotype of
Alternaria alternata (Fr.)
Keissl. (syn. A. citri Ellis &
N. Pierce柑橘链格孢)		交链格孢
橘致病型		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
链格孢属Alternaria		Chen et al. 2011;
Huang et al. 2015a;
Zhang et al. 2020
The tangerine pathotype
of Alternaria gaisen
Nagano ex Hara		盖森链格孢
橘致病型		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
链格孢属Alternaria		Huang et al. 2015a;
Zhang et al. 2020
黑斑病
Citrus black
spot		Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine)
Aa (syn. Guignardia citricarpa
Kiely柑橘球座菌;Phoma
citricarpa柑橘茎点霉)		柑橘叶点霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
叶点霉属Phyllosticta		Wang et al. 2012;
Guarnaccia et al.
2017
Phyllosticta paracitricarpa
Guarnaccia & Crous		类柑橘叶
点霉		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
叶点霉属Phyllosticta		Guarnaccia et al.
2017
黄斑落叶病
Yellow leaf
spot		Pestalotiopsis microspora
(Speg.) G.C. Zhao & Nan Li		小孢拟盘多
毛孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
黑盘孢目Amphisphaeriales
拟盘多毛孢属Pestalotiopsis		Qin et al. 2017
灰霉病
Gray mold		Botrytis cinerea Pers.
(syn. Botryotinia fuckeliana
(de Bary) Whetzel富氏葡
萄孢盘菌)		灰葡萄孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes
柔膜菌目Helotiales
葡萄孢属Botrytis		Cai et al. 2011
轮斑病
Citrus target
spot		Pseudofabraea citricarpa (L. Zhu,
K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Li) Chen Chen,
Verkley & Crous [syn.
Cryptosporiopsis citricarpa
L. Zhu, K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Li
柑橘拟隐孢壳;Neofabraea
citricarpa (L. Zhu, K.D. Hyde &
H.Y. Li) P.R. Johnst.柑橘新叶埋盘菌]		柑橘假叶埋
盘菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes
柔膜菌目Helotiales
假叶埋盘菌属Pseudofabraea		Zhu et al. 2012;
Xiao et al. 2020
煤烟病
Sooty molds		Capnodium citri Berk. & Desm.
[syn. Limacinia citri (Briosi
& Pass.) Sacc.柑橘光壳炱]		柑橘煤炱子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
煤炱目Capnodiales
煤炱属Capnodium		Xiao et al. 2000;
Jin & Zhou 2009
Capnodium fuliginodes
Rehm [syn. Capnophaeum
fuliginoides (Rehm)
W. Yamam烟色刺壳炱]		烟色煤炱子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
煤炱目Capnodiales
煤炱属Capnodium		CAAS 1992
Capnodium tanakae Shirai & Hara
[syn. Neocapnodium tanakae
(Shirai & Hara) W. Yamam.
田中新煤炱]		田中煤炱子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
煤炱目Capnodiales
煤炱属Capnodium		CAAS 1992
Capnodium walteri Sacc.沃尔特
煤炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
煤炱目Capnodiales
煤炱属Capnodium		CAAS 1992
Chaetothyrium citricola
Sawada & W. Yamam		柑橘生
刺盾炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
刺盾炱目Chaetothyriales
刺盾炱属Chaetothyrium		CAAS 1992
Chaetothyrium javanicum
(Zimm.) Boedijn [syn.
Phaeosaccardinula javanica
(Zimm.) W. Yamam. 爪哇黑壳炱]		爪哇刺
盾炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
刺盾炱目Chaetothyriales
刺盾炱属Chaetothyrium		CAAS 1992
Dimerina citricola
Sawada & W. Yamam		柑橘生光
壳小煤炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
未定名Incertae sedis
光壳小煤炱属Dimerina		CAAS 1992
Limacinia clavatispora
W. Yamam.		棒孢光
壳炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
黑星菌目Venturiales
光壳炱属Limacinia		CAAS 1992
Meliola butleri Syd. & P. Syd.巴特勒
小煤炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小煤炱目Meliolales
小煤炱属Meliola		Xiao et al. 2000
Meliola camelliae (Catt.) Sacc.山茶小
煤炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小煤炱目Meliolales
小煤炱属Meliola		CAAS 1992
Phaeochaetia echinulata
(W. Yamam.) Bat. & Cif (syn.
Chaetothyrium echinulatum
W. Yamam小刺盾炱)		小暗刺
毛煤炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
刺盾炱目Chaetothyriales
暗刺毛煤炱属Phaeochaetia		CAAS 1992
拟脂点黄斑病
Greasy spot		Aureobasidium pullulans
(de Bary) G. Arnaud		出芽短
梗霉		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
座囊菌目 Dothideales
短梗霉属 Aureobasidium		Cai et al. 2011
Sporobolomyces roseus
Kluyver & C.B. Niel		粉红掷
孢酵母		担子菌门Basidiomycota
微球黑粉菌纲
Microbotryomycetes
锁掷酵母目Sporidiobolales
掷孢酵母属Sporobolomyces		Cai et al. 2011
沙皮病(黑点病)
Melanose		Diaporthe citri (H.S. Fawc.)
F.A. Wolf (syn. Phomopsis
citri H.S. Fawc.
柑橘拟茎点霉)		柑橘间
座壳		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
间座壳目Diaporthales
间座壳属Diaporthe		Huang et al. 2013b;
Chaisiri et al. 2020
炭疽病
Anthracnose		Colletotrichum fructicola
Prihastuti, L. Cai &
K.D. Hyde		果生刺
盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Huang et al. 2013a;
Hu et al. 2018
Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides (Penz.)
Penz. & Sacc. [syn.
Glomerella cingulata
(G.F. Atk.) Spauld. & H.
Schrenk围小丛壳]		胶孢刺
盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Huang et al. 2013a;
Jiao et al. 2014
Colletotrichum karstii Y.L.
Yang, Zuo Y. Liu, K.D.
Hyde & L. Cai		喀斯特
刺盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Huang et al. 2013a
Colletotrichum siamense
Prihast., L. Cai & K.D.
Hyde		暹罗刺
盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Cheng et al. 2013
Colletotrichum truncatum
(Schwein.) Andrus &
W.D. Moore		平头刺
盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Huang et al. 2013a;
Cheng et al. 2014a
叶斑病
Leave spot		Cercospora penzigii Sacc.蟹橙尾孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
球腔菌目Mycosphaerellales
尾孢属Cercospora		CAAS 1992
Paraeutypella citricola
(Speg.) L.S. Dissan., Wijayaw.,
J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde
(syn. Eutypella citricola Speg.
柑橘生弯孢聚壳)		柑橘生类
弯孢聚壳		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
炭角菌目Xylariales
类弯孢聚壳属Paraeutypella		CAAS 1992
棒孢霉叶斑病
Corynespora
leave spot		Corynespora citricola
M.B. Ellis		柑橘棒孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
棒孢属Corynespora		CAAS 1992;
Chen & Liu 1996
枝孢霉叶斑病
Cladosporium
leave spot		Cladosporium citri Massee柑橘枝孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
枝孢目Cladosporiales
枝孢属Cladosporium		CAAS 1992
脂点黄斑病
Greasy spot		Zasmidium citri-griseum
(F.E. Fisher) U. Braun &
Crous [syn. Cercospora
citri-grisea F.E. Fisher
柑橘灰尾孢;
Mycosphaerella citri
Whiteside 柑橘球腔菌;
Stenella citri-grisea
(F.E. Fisher) Sivan
柑橘灰色疣丝孢]		柑橘灰平
脐疣孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
球腔菌目Mycosphaerellales
平脐疣孢属Zasmidium		Huang et al. 2015c

CAAS：中国农业科学院果树研究所,中国农业科学院柑桔研究所

CAAS: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fruit Research Institute & Citrus Research Institute.

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表4   中国柑橘果实菌物病害及病原菌物名录

Table 4  Species lists of disease and pathogenic fungi of citrus fruit

病害名称
Disease names		病原Pathogen参考文献
References
拉丁学名和主要异名
Scientific names
and synonyms		中文名称
Chinese
names		分类地位
Taxonomic status
疤痕和灰霉病
Botrytis-induced
injury, gray mold		Botrytis cinerea Pers.
[syn. Botryotinia fuckeliana
(de Bary) Whetzel
富氏葡萄孢盘菌]		灰葡萄孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes
柔膜菌目Helotiales
葡萄孢属Botrytis		Zhu 2012
白粉病
Powdery mildew		Fibroidium tingitaninum
(J.C. Carter) U. Braun &
R.T.A. Cook (syn.
Oidium tingitaninum
J.C. Carter柑橘粉孢)		柑橘纤
粉孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes
柔膜菌目Helotiales
纤粉孢属Fibroidium		Cai et al. 2011;
Jiang et al. 2011
枝孢霉斑点病
Cladosporium
spot		Cladosporium tenuissimum
Cooke		极细枝孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
枝孢目Cladosporiales
枝孢属Cladosporium		Lü et al. 2018
Cladosporium
xanthochromaticum
Sand.-Den., Gené & Cano		散黄枝孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
枝孢目Cladosporiales
枝孢属Cladosporium		Lü et al. 2018
疮痂病
Citrus scab		Elsinoe fawcettii Bitanc.
& Jenkins
(syn. Sphaceloma fawcettii
Jenkins柑橘痂圆孢)		柑橘痂囊
腔菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
多腔菌目Myriangiales
痂囊腔菌属Elsinoe		Hou et al. 2014
壳梭孢腐烂病
Neofusicoccum
rot		Neofusicoccum parvum
(Pennycook & Samuels)
Crous, Slippers & A.J.L.
Phillips (syn. Fusicoccum
parvum Pennycook & Samuels
小壳梭孢)		小新壳
梭孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
新壳梭孢属Neofusicoccum		Lei et al. 2018
果腐病
Fruit rot		Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.
[syn. Neocosmospora solani
(Mart.) L. Lombard & Crous
腐皮新赤壳]		腐皮镰孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
肉座菌目Hypocreales
镰孢属 Fusarium		Fu et al. 2017
Aspergillus aculeatus Iizuka棘孢曲霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
散囊菌目 Eurotiales
曲霉属Aspergillus		Li et al. 2019
Aspergillus sydowii
(Bainier & Sartory)
Thom & Church		聚多曲霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
散囊菌目 Eurotiales
曲霉属Aspergillus		Xie et al. 2013
Botryosphaeria dothidea
(Moug.) Ces. & de Not		葡萄座
腔菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目
Botryosphaeriales
葡萄座腔菌属Botryosphaeria		Zhu et al. 2018
Botrytis eucalypti
Q.L. Liu & S.F. Chen		桉树葡
萄孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes
柔膜菌目Helotiales
葡萄孢属Botrytis		Liu et al. 2018
Colletotrichum acutatum
J.H. Simmonds		尖孢刺
盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Jiao et al. 2014
木霉果腐病
Trichoderma
rot		Trichoderma viride Pers.
[syn. Hypocrea rufa (Pers.)
Fr. 红棕肉座菌]		绿色木霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
肉座菌目Hypocreales
木霉属Trichoderma		CAAS 1992
垢斑病
Phyllachora
spot		Phyllachora pomigena
(Schwein.) Sacc.
[syn. Gloeodes pomigena
(Schwein.) Colby仁果粘壳孢]		仁果黑
痣菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
黑痣菌目Phyllachorales
黑痣菌属Phyllachora		CAAS 1992
链格孢褐斑病
Citrus Alternaria
brown spot		The tangerine pathotype
of Alternaria alternata (Fr.)
Keissl. (syn. A. citri Ellis
& N. Pierce)		交链格孢
橘致病型		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
链格孢属Alternaria		Chen et al. 2011;
Huang et al. 2015a;
Zhang et al. 2020
The tangerine pathotype of
Alternaria gaisen Nagano
ex Hara		盖森链格孢
橘致病型		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
链格孢属Alternaria		Huang et al. 2015a;
Zhang et al. 2020
褐色蒂腐病
Phomopsis
stem-end rot		Diaporthe citri (H.S. Fawc.)
F.A. Wolf
(syn. Phomopsis citri H.S.
Fawc. 柑橘拟茎点霉)		柑橘间
座壳		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
间座壳目Diaporthales
间座壳属Diaporthe		Huang et al. 2013b
Diaporthe citriasiana F. Huang,
K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Li		亚洲柑橘
间座壳		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
间座壳目Diaporthales
间座壳属Diaporthe		Huang et al. 2013b
Diaporthe citrichinensis
F. Huang,
K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Li		中华柑橘
间座壳		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
间座壳目Diaporthales
间座壳属Diaporthe		Huang et al. 2013b
Diaporthe passifloricola
Crous & M.J. Wingf.		西番莲
间座壳		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
间座壳目Diaporthales
间座壳属Diaporthe		Chaisiri et al. 2021
Diaporthe siamensis Udayanga,
Xing Z. Liu & K.D. Hyde		暹罗间
座壳		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
间座壳目Diaporthales
间座壳属Diaporthe		Cui et al. 2021
Diaporthe taoicola Dissan.,
J.Y. Yan, Xing H. Li &
K.D. Hyde		桃间座壳子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
间座壳目Diaporthales
间座壳属Diaporthe		Cui et al. 2021
黑斑病
Black spot		Phyllosticta citricarpa
(McAlpine) Aa
(syn. Guignardia citricarpa
Kiely柑橘球座菌;
Phoma citricarpa柑橘茎点霉)		柑橘叶
点霉		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
叶点霉属Phyllosticta		Wang et al. 2012;
Guarnaccia et al. 2017
Phyllosticta paracitricarpa
Guarnaccia & Crous		类柑橘叶
点霉		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
叶点霉属Phyllosticta		Wang et al. 2012;
Guarnaccia et al. 2017
黑腐病
Black rot		Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.
(syn. A. citri Ellis & N. Pierce)		交链格孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
链格孢属Alternaria		Huang et al. 2015a;
Zhang et al. 2020
Alternaria gaisen
Nagano ex Hara		盖森链
格孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
链格孢属Alternaria		Huang et al. 2015a;
Zhang et al. 2020
黑色蒂腐病
Diplodia
stem-end rot		Lasiodiplodia
pseudotheobromae
A.J.L. Phillips,
A. Alves & Crous		假可可毛
色二胞		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目
Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		Chen et al. 2021
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
(Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.
[syn. Botryosphaeria rhodina
(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx
红葡萄座腔菌;Botryodiplodia
theobromae Pat. 可可球二孢;
Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans
蒂腐色二孢]		可可毛
色二孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
毛色二孢属Lasiodiplodia		CAAS 1992
单端孢红腐病
Trichothecium
red rot		Trichothecium roseum
(Pers.) Link		粉红单
端孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
肉座菌目Hypocreales
单端孢属Trichothecium		CAAS 1992
轮斑病
Citrus target
spot		Pseudofabraea citricarpa
(L. Zhu, K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Li)
Chen Chen, Verkley & Crous
[syn. Cryptosporiopsis citricarpa
L. Zhu, K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Li
柑橘拟隐孢壳;
Neofabraea citricarpa
(L. Zhu, K.D. Hyde &
H.Y. Li) P.R. Johnst.
柑橘新叶埋盘菌]		柑橘假叶
埋盘菌		子囊菌门Ascomycota
锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes
柔膜菌目Helotiales
假叶埋盘菌属Pseudofabraea		Xiao et al. 2020
绿霉病
Citrus common
green mold		Penicillium digitatum
(Pers.) Sacc.		指状青霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
散囊菌目 Eurotiales
青霉属Penicillium		Min et al. 2007;
Xie et al. 2013
毛霉腐烂病
Mucor rot		Mucor piriformis A. Fisch
(syn. M. alboater Naumov
变孢毛霉)		梨形毛霉毛霉门Mucoromycota
毛霉纲Mucoromycetes
毛霉目Mucorales
毛霉属Mucor		CAAS 1992
煤烟病
Sooty molds		Capnodium citri Berk. &
Desm. [syn. Limacinia
citri (Briosi & Pass.)
Sacc.柑橘光壳炱]		柑橘煤炱子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
煤炱目Capnodiales
煤炱属Capnodium		CAAS 1992;
Xiao et al. 2000;
Jin & Zhou 2009
Capnodium fuliginodes
Rehm [syn. Capnophaeum
fuliginoides (Rehm)
W. Yamam烟色刺壳炱]		烟色煤炱子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
煤炱目Capnodiales
煤炱属Capnodium		CAAS 1992
Capnodium tanakae
Shirai & Hara (syn.
Neocapnodium tanakae
(Shirai & Hara) W. Yamam.
田中新煤炱)		田中煤炱子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
煤炱目Capnodiales
煤炱属Capnodium		CAAS 1992
Capnodium walteri Sacc.沃尔特
煤炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
煤炱目Capnodiales
煤炱属Capnodium		CAAS 1992
Chaetothyrium javanicum
(Zimm.) Boedijn [syn.
Phaeosaccardinula javanica
(Zimm.) W. Yamam.
爪哇黑壳炱]		爪哇刺
盾炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
刺盾炱目Chaetothyriales
刺盾炱属Chaetothyrium		CAAS 1992
Cladosporium cladosporioides
(Fresen.) G.A. de Vries		枝状枝孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
枝孢目Cladosporiales
枝孢属Cladosporium		Zhou et al. 2013
Limacinia spinigera Höhn.
[syn. Chaetothyrium spinigerum
(Höhn.) W. Yamam.刺盾炱;
Triposporiopsis spinigera
(Höhn.) W. Yamam. 刺三叉孢炱]		刺光壳炱子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
黑星菌目Venturiales
光壳炱属Limacinia		CAAS 1992;
Zhou et al. 2013
Meliola butleri Syd. & P. Syd.巴特勒
小煤炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小煤炱目Meliolales
小煤炱属Meliola		Xiao et al. 2000
Meliola camelliae (Catt.)
Sacc.		山茶小
煤炱		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小煤炱目Meliolales
小煤炱属Meliola		CAAS 1992
煤污病
Sooty blotch
and flyspeck		Dissoconium sp.锥梗孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
煤炱目Capnodiales
锥梗孢属Dissoconium		Mao 2010
Ramichloridium sp.枝氯霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
煤炱目Capnodiales
枝氯霉属Ramichloridium		Mao 2010
Stenella sp.疣丝孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
球腔菌目Mycosphaerellales
疣丝孢属Stenella		Mao 2010
Strelitziana sp.横断孢子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
刺盾炱目Chaetothyriales
横断孢属Strelitziana		Mao 2010
青霉病
Citrus blue
mold		Penicillium chrysogenum
Thom		产黄青霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
散囊菌目 Eurotiales
青霉属Penicillium		Min et al. 2007
Penicillium expansum Link扩展青霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
散囊菌目 Eurotiales
青霉属Penicillium		Min et al. 2007
Penicillium fructigenum
Takeuchi		果生青霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
散囊菌目 Eurotiales
青霉属Penicillium		CAAS 1992
Penicillium italicum
Wehmer		意大利
青霉		子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
散囊菌目 Eurotiales
青霉属Penicillium		Cai et al. 2011;
Zhang et al. 2014
Penicillium polonicum
K.M. Zalessky		波兰青霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
散囊菌目 Eurotiales
青霉属Penicillium		Min et al. 2007
Penicillium ulaiense H.M.
Hsieh, H.J. Su & Tzean		乌来青霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
散囊菌纲 Eurotiomycetes
散囊菌目 Eurotiales
青霉属Penicillium		Xu et al. 2018
沙皮病(黑点病)
Melanose		Diaporthe citri (H.S. Fawc.)
F.A. Wolf
(syn. Phomopsis citri
H.S. Fawc. 柑橘拟茎点霉)		柑橘间
座壳		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
间座壳目Diaporthales
间座壳属Diaporthe		Huang et al. 2013b
根霉软腐病
Rhizopus rot		Rhizopus stolonifer
(Ehrenb.) Vuill.		匍枝根霉毛霉门Mucoromycota
毛霉纲Mucoromycetes
毛霉目Mucorales
根霉属Rhizopus		Chen et al. 2020
酸腐病
Sour rot		Geotrichum candidum Link
(syn. Dipodascus geotrichum
(E.E. Butler & L.J. Petersen)
Arx地丝双足囊菌)		白地霉子囊菌门Ascomycota
酵母菌纲Saccharomycetes
酵母目Saccharomycetales
地霉属Geotrichum		Cai et al. 2011
Geotrichum candidum var.
citri-aurantii (Ferraris)
R. Ciferri & F. Cif.
[syn. G. citri-aurantii
(Ferraris) E.E. Butler
柑橘白地霉]		白地霉柑橘
致病变种		子囊菌门Ascomycota
酵母菌纲Saccharomycetes
酵母目Saccharomycetales
地霉属Geotrichum		Leng et al. 2017;
Zhao et al. 2017
炭疽病
Anthracnose		Colletotrichum fructicola
Prihastuti, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde		果生刺
盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Huang et al. 2013a;
Hu et al. 2018
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
(Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.
[syn. Glomerella cingulata
(G.F. Atk.) Spauld. &
H. Schrenk围小丛壳]		胶孢刺
盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Huang et al. 2013a;
Jiao et al. 2014;
Li & Long 2015
Colletotrichum karstii
Y.L. Yang, Zuo Y. Liu,
K.D. Hyde & L. Cai		喀斯特
刺盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Huang et al. 2013a
Colletotrichum siamense
Prihast., L. Cai & K.D. Hyde		暹罗刺
盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Cheng et al. 2013
Colletotrichum truncatum
(Schwein.) Andrus &
W.D. Moore		平头刺
盘孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes
小丛壳目Glomerellales
刺盘孢属Colletotrichum		Huang et al. 2013a;
Cheng et al. 2014a
棕褐斑病
Tan spot		Phyllosticta citriasiana
Wulandari, Crous & Gruyter		亚洲柑橘
叶点霉		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目
Botryosphaeriales
叶点霉属Phyllosticta		Wulandari et al. 2009;
Wang et al. 2012
疫霉褐腐病
Phytophthora
brown rot		Phytophthora cactorum
(Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt.		恶疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Cai et al. 2011
Phytophthora capsici
Leonian		辣椒疫霉卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Cai et al. 2011
Phytophthora citricola
Sawada		柑橘生
疫霉		卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Cheng et al. 2004;
Cai et al. 2011
Phytophthora citrophthora
(R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.)
Leonian		柑橘褐腐
疫霉		卵菌门Oomycota
卵菌纲Oomycetes
霜霉目Peronosporales
疫霉属Phytophthora		Zhang et al. 2009;
Jiang et al. 2019
脂点黄斑病
Greasy spot		Zasmidium citri-griseum
(F.E. Fisher) U. Braun & Crous
[syn. Cercospora citri-grisea
F.E. Fisher柑橘灰尾孢;
Mycosphaerella citri
Whiteside 柑橘球腔菌;
Stenella citri-grisea
(F.E. Fisher) Sivan
柑橘灰色疣丝孢]		柑橘灰色
平脐疣孢		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲 Dothideomycetes
球腔菌目Mycosphaerellales
平脐疣孢属Zasmidium		Huang et al. 2015c

CAAS：中国农业科学院果树研究所,中国农业科学院柑桔研究所

CAAS: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fruit Research Institute & Citrus Research Institute.

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表5   中华人民共和国禁止入境柑橘菌物名录

Table 5  Lists of pathogenic fungi of citrus prohibited from entry in China

拉丁学名和主要异名
Scientific names and synonyms		中文名称
Chinese names		分类地位
Taxonomic status		病害名称
Disease names
Cophinforma tumefaciens
(Hedges) F. Liu, Crous & L. Cai
(syn. Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
Hedges枝瘤球壳孢菌)		枝瘤棺孢腔菌
(异名：柑橘枝瘤病菌)		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
葡萄座腔菌目Botryosphaeriales
棺孢腔菌属Cophinforma		枝瘤病
Sphaeropsis
knot
Phytophthora hibernalis Carne冬生疫霉
(异名：柑橘冬生疫霉褐腐病菌)		卵菌门Oomycota
霜霉目Peronosporales
霜霉科Peronosporaceae
疫霉属Phytophthora		疫霉褐腐病
Phytophthora
brown rot
Phytophthora syringae
(Kleb.) Kleb.		丁香疫霉
(异名：丁香疫霉病菌)		卵菌门Oomycota
霜霉目Peronosporales
霜霉科Peronosporaceae
疫霉属Phytophthora		疫霉褐腐病
Phytophthora
brown rot
Plenodomus tracheiphilus (Petri)
Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley
[syn. Deuterophoma tracheiphila
Petri; Phoma tracheiphila (Petri)
L.A. Kantsch. & Gikaschvili
嗜管半知点霉]		嗜管丰满囊菌
(异名：柠檬干枯病菌)		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
格孢腔菌目Pleosporales
丰满囊菌属Plenodomus		柠檬枝枯病
Mal secco
of citrus
Pseudocercospora angolensis
(T. Carvalho & O. Mendes)
Crous & U. Braun [syn.
Phaeoramularia angolensis
(T. Carvalho & O. Mendes)
P.M. Kirk安哥拉色链隔孢]		安哥拉假尾孢
(异名：柑橘斑点病菌)		子囊菌门Ascomycota
座囊菌纲Dothideomycetes
球腔菌目Mycosphaerellales
假尾孢属Pseudocercospora		安哥拉斑点病
Fruit and leaf
spot disease

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3 讨论

基于菌物的分类系统和命名规则的重大变化,以及新病害和新病原菌不断被发现,本名录以我国已记录的菌物病害名录为基础,重点结合当前生产上常见的菌物病害,根据最新的分类系统和命名法规对病害中英文名和病原菌物的拉丁学名、中文学名、分类地位和病害中英文名称进行了整理,根据发生的部位,汇总成苗期和根部病害、枝干病害、叶部病害和花果病害,外加一个检疫性病害的名录(表1-表5)。目的是为了便于柑橘产业相关的研究者、技术推广和服务部门、农资经营商和果农朋友对柑橘菌物病害有关主题的交流,促进柑橘菌物病害防治水平的提高。

我国柑橘菌物病害发生的原因复杂多样,病原菌的群体结构也在不断更替。一些病原菌物可以为害柑橘的多个部位,引起完全不同的症状,而被赋予完全不同的名称,如柑橘间座壳Diaporthe citri为害幼嫩枝梢、叶片和果实引起沙皮病(也称黑点病),为害枝干和枝梢引起流胶和枯梢而称树脂病和枯梢病,为害果蒂引起贮藏期的褐色蒂腐病;柑橘褐腐疫霉Phytophthora citrophthora可为害根、茎基部和果实,分别引起根腐病、脚腐病和果实褐腐病;又如,交链格孢橘致病型The tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata为害叶片和果实引起链格孢褐斑病,而为害枝梢引起枯梢。这种“一原多病”情况在本名录中分别被列入根部病害、枝干病害和果实病害名录中(表2-表4)分别列出。

与之相反,不同病原引起相似、甚至相同症状病害的现象也很常见,特别是隐秘种的发现,使“一病多原”现象愈加普遍。在本名录中,收录的疫霉脚腐病的病原菌就有7种疫霉,包括Phytophthora cactorum、P. capsici、P. cinnamomic、P. citrophthora、P. melonis、P. nicotianae和P. palmivora;收录的柑橘炭疽病的病原有Colletotrichum fructicola、C. gloeosporioides、C. karstii、C. siamense、C. truncatum 5种刺盘孢;流胶病的病原十分复杂,本名录中收录的葡萄座腔菌科Botryosphaeriaceae真菌中,有16种真菌可引起枝干流胶;煤烟病的病原更种类加的复杂,由于研究有限,本名录仅收录了部分。

由于时代技术背景不同,病原菌种群鉴定标准和鉴定的手段存在很大的差异,即便相同背景下,研究团队的认知、研究条件和发表的期刊杂志都会影响所鉴定物种科学性和命名的准确合理性。作者才疏学浅,面对大量的文献,如何取舍一直困扰着我们。致病性测定被认为是确定所分离疑似病原物的病原性所不可缺少的环节,然而很多发表的有关菌物分类和病原鉴定的文章却缺少这个环节。如Wang et al. (2012)从柑橘果实和叶片上分离得到一个新种Phyllosticta citrichinaensis,并认为其能够造成果实和叶片上的斑点病;Peng et al. (2013)从患病的柑橘叶片中分离得到7种刺盘孢属真菌,除了表中列出炭疽病病原菌外,还分离出Colletotrichum boninense、C. brevispora、C. simmondsii和C. murrayae这4个种;最近发现在患有沙皮病的柑橘上,除柑橘间座壳Diaporthe citri外,至少有D. citriasiana、D. discoidispora、D. eres、D. lithocarpi、D. passifloricola、D. perniciosa、D. sojae和D. unshiuensis 8种间座壳可从该症状中分离出来(Huang et al. 2015b;Chaisiri et al. 2020;Zeng et al. 2021)。这些从发病部位分离的“病原菌”尚未进行科赫法则验证,其病原性有待确认,因此暂未列入本名录。同时也建议研究者在今后病原鉴定这一严肃问题上,采用的方法要先进而全面,并采用标准定名规则定名病原学名和病害名称,在学术交流时也使用准确病害和病原名称,同时建议在柑橘新病害的命名上采用“柑橘+病原菌属名+症状”的方式对病害进行科学命名。如柑橘链格孢褐斑病(Citrus Alternaria brown spot)。此外,所列的名录中,有部分条目被收录于《中国果树病虫志》《南方果树病虫害原色图鉴》等参考书目中,尽管查不到最初鉴定病原的原始文献,如柑橘的拟脂点黄斑病,但鉴于这些症状很常见,我们决定暂时予以保留。而对一些在《中国果树病虫志》中病原种类较多的病害,如膏药病、煤烟病等,结合美国植物病理学会网站(https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/Citrus.aspx)和日本病理数据库(https://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/databases-micro_pl_diseases_en.php),以及近年文献综合分析后只列出了属名或只将其中的部分收录到本名录中。

总之,希望本目录的出版能促进柑橘研究者、柑橘生产消费者对柑橘菌物病害相关知识的交流,从而提高病害防治的水平。

致谢

感谢中国农业大学国立耘教授对本文提出建设性意见,感谢浙江大学肖小娥、王文和汤洁静博士分别在枝干病害、叶部病害和根部病害梳理方面给予的帮助。

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The anamorphic genus Phoma was subdivided into nine sections based on morphological characters, and included teleomorphs in Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, suggesting the polyphyly of the genus. Recent molecular, phylogenetic studies led to the conclusion that Phoma should be restricted to Didymellaceae. The present study focuses on the taxonomy of excluded Phoma species, currently classified in Phoma sections Plenodomus, Heterospora and Pilosa. Species of Leptosphaeria and Phoma section Plenodomus are reclassified in Plenodomus, Subplenodomus gen. nov., Leptosphaeria and Paraleptosphaeria gen. nov., based on the phylogeny determined by analysis of sequence data of the large subunit 28S nrDNA (LSU) and Internal Transcribed Spacer regions 1 & 2 and 5.8S nrDNA (ITS). Phoma heteromorphospora, type species of Phoma section Heterospora, and its allied species Phoma dimorphospora, are transferred to the genus Heterospora stat. nov. The Phoma acuta complex (teleomorph Leptosphaeria doliolum), is revised based on a multilocus sequence analysis of the LSU, ITS, small subunit 18S nrDNA (SSU), p-tubulin (TUB), and chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1) regions. Species of Phoma section Pilosa and allied Ascochyta species were determined to belong to Pleosporaceae based on analysis of actin (ACT) sequence data. Anamorphs that are similar morphologically to Phoma and described in Ascochyta, Asteromella, Coniothyrium, Plectophomella, Pleurophoma and Pyrenochaeta are included in this study. Phoma-like species, which grouped outside the Pleosporineae based on a LSU sequence analysis, are transferred to the genera Aposphaeria, Paraconiothyrium and Westerdykella. The genera Medicopsis gen. nov. and Nigrograna gen. nov. are introduced to accommodate the medically important species formerly known as Pyrenocha eta romeroi and Pyrenochaeta mackinnonii, respectively.

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First report of Phyllosticta citricarpa and description of two new species, P. paracapitalensis and P. paracitricarpa, from citrus in Europe

Studies in Mycology, 87: 161-185

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Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to citrus

Molecular Plant Pathology, 20(12): 1619-1635

DOI:10.1111/mpp.12861      PMID:31512371      [本文引用: 1]

Several Phyllosticta species are known as pathogens of Citrus spp., and are responsible for various disease symptoms including leaf and fruit spots. One of the most important species is P. citricarpa, which causes a foliar and fruit disease called citrus black spot. The Phyllosticta species occurring on citrus can most effectively be distinguished from P. citricarpa by means of multilocus DNA sequence data. Recent studies also demonstrated P. citricarpa to be heterothallic, and reported successful mating in the laboratory. Since the domestication of citrus, different clones of P. citricarpa have escaped Asia to other continents via trade routes, with obvious disease management consequences. This pathogen profile represents a comprehensive literature review of this pathogen and allied taxa associated with citrus, focusing on identification, distribution, genomics, epidemiology and disease management. This review also considers the knowledge emerging from seven genomes of Phyllosticta spp., demonstrating unknown aspects of these species, including their mating behaviour.Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa, 1973. Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Botryosphaeriales, Family Phyllostictaceae, Genus Phyllosticta, Species citricarpa.Confirmed on more than 12 Citrus species, Phyllosticta citricarpa has only been found on plant species in the Rutaceae.P. citricarpa causes diverse symptoms such as hard spot, virulent spot, false melanose and freckle spot on fruit, and necrotic lesions on leaves and twigs.DOE Joint Genome Institute MycoCosm portals for the Phyllosticta capitalensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycap1), P. citriasiana (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycit1), P. citribraziliensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcit1), P. citrichinaensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcitr1), P. citricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycitr1, https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycpc1), P. paracitricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phy27169) genomes. All available Phyllosticta genomes on MycoCosm can be viewed at https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phyllosticta.© 2019 The Authors. Molecular Plant Pathology published by British Society for Plant Pathology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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In advancing to one scientific name for fungi, this paper treats genera competing for use in the phylogenetically defined class Leotiomycetes except for genera of Erysiphales. Two groups traditionally included in the so-called "inoperculate discomycetes" have been excluded from this class and are also not included here, specifically Geoglossomycetes and Orbiliomycetes. A recommendation is made about the generic name to use in cases in which two or more generic names are synonyms or taxonomically congruent along with the rationale for the recommendation. In some cases the recommended generic name does not have priority or is based on an asexual type species, thus needs to be protected and ultimately approved according to Art. 57.2 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (ICN). A table is presented listing all competing generic names and their type species noting the recommended generic name. New combinations are introduced for the oldest epithet in the recommended genus including Ascocalyx berenice, Ascoconidium purpurascens, Ascocoryne albida, A. trichophora, Blumeriella filipendulae, B. ceanothi, Botrytis arachidis, B. fritillariae-pallidoflori, Calloria urticae, Calycellina aspera, Dematioscypha delicata, Dermea abietinum, D. boycei, D. stellata, Diplocarpon alpestre, D. fragariae, Godroniopsis peckii, Grovesinia moricola, Heterosphaera sublineolata, Hyphodiscus brachyconium, H. brevicollaris, H. luxurians, Leptotrochila campanulae, Monilinia polystroma, Neofabraea actinidae, N. citricarpa, N. vagabunda, Oculimacula aestiva, O. anguioides, Pezicula brunnea, P. californiae, P. cornina, P. diversispora, P. ericae, P. melanogena, P. querciphila, P. radicicola, P. rhizophila, Phialocephala piceae, Pilidium lythri, Rhabdocline laricis, Streptotinia streptothrix, Symphyosirinia parasitica, S. rosea, Unguiculariopsis caespitosa, and Vibrissea laxa.

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Species of Diaporthe are important plant pathogens of a wide range of hosts worldwide. In the present study the species causing melanose and stem end rot diseases of Citrus spp. are revised. Three species of Diaporthe occurring on Citrus are characterised, including D. citri, D. cytosporella and D. foeniculina. Morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the complete nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions and partial sequences of actin, beta-tubulin, calmodulin and translation elongation factor 1-a were used to resolve species on Citrus and related Diaporthe species. Diaporthe citri occurs on Citrus throughout the Citrus-growing regions of the world. Diaporthe cytosporella is found on Citrus in Europe and California (USA). Diaporthe foeniculina, including the synonym D. neotheicola, is recognised as a species with an extensive host range including Citrus. Diaporthe medusaea, a name widely used for D. citri, was determined to be a synonym of D. rudis, a species with a broad host range. Diaporthe citri is delimited based on molecular phylogenetic analysis with the inclusion of the conserved ex-type and additional collections from different geographic locations worldwide. Diaporthe cytosporella, D. foeniculina and D. rudis are epitypified, fully described and illustrated with a review of all synonyms based on molecular data and morphological studies. Newly designed primers are introduced to optimise the amplification and sequencing of calmodulin and actin genes in Diaporthe. A discussion is provided of the utility of genes and the need for multi-gene phylogenies when distinguishing species of Diaporthe or describing new species.

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Phyllosticta is a geographically widespread genus of plant pathogenic fungi with a diverse host range. This study redefines Phyllosticta, and shows that it clusters sister to the Botiyosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes), for which the older family name Phyllostictaceae is resurrected. In moving to a unit nomenclature for fungi, the generic name Phyllosticta was chosen over Guignardia in previous studies, an approach that we support here. We use a multigene DNA dataset of the ITS, LSU, ACT, TEF and GPDH gene regions to investigate 129 isolates of Phyllosticta, representing about 170 species names, many of which are shown to be synonyms of the ubiquitous endophyte P. capitalensis. Based on the data generated here, 12 new species are introduced, while epitype and neotype specimens are designated for a further seven species. One species of interest is P. citrimaxima associated with tan spot of Citrus maxima fruit in Thailand, which adds a fifth species to the citrus black spot complex. Previous morphological studies lumped many taxa under single names that represent complexes. In spite of this Phyllosticta is a species-rich genus, and many of these taxa need to be recollected in order to resolve their phylogeny and taxonomy.

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Defoliation, dieback and mortality of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu), as well as kumquat (Fortunella margarita), in Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province, China was first noticed in 2006 and caused substantial economic losses to citrus production. The incidence of leaves infected approached 100% in some badly infected orchards. The disease prevailed only in late winter and early spring, where early symptoms were rounded and target-like spots on leaves. The disease was named target spot. Black conidiomata were observed on the upper surface of the leaves. A Cryptosporiopsis species was consistently recovered from the infected leaves, shoots, and branches. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating the conidial suspension of Cryptosporiopsis sp. onto the leaves of Satsuma mandarin. Phylogenetic analysis based on LSU sequence data indicated that this taxon clustered in Cryptosporiopsis (teleomorph: Neofabraea, Dermateaceae). Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, SSU, and TUB indicated that the isolates of Cryptosporiopsis sp. constituted a distinct clade. Further study also demonstrated that this taxon was morphologically distinct from other species of Cryptosporiopsis, thus suggesting it might belong to an undescribed species. The name Cryptosporiopsis citricarpa sp. nov. is given to accommodate the fungal pathogen in this study.

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